Activation of systemic disease resistance in pea by an avirulent bacterium or a benzothiadiazole, but not by a fungal leaf spot pathogen

Inoculation of first expanded leaves of pea seedlings with an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi , or treatment with sprays of a benzothiadiazole (20 or 100  μ g a.i. mL⁻¹), decreased the susceptibility of subsequent leaves 7 or 14 days later to challenge inoculation with Mycosphaerella pinodes . Inoculation of first leaves with a virulent strain of P. syringae pv. pisi or with M. pinodes did not decrease the susceptibility of plants to M. pinodes . Treatments effective in decreasing susceptibility to M. pinodes were similarly active against Uromyces viciae-fabae and virulent P. syringae pv. pisi . Effective treatments also enhanced the activities of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase in untreated upper leaves 6 days later. Ineffective treatments for decreased susceptibility had no effect on the activity of the enzymes. None of the treatments enhanced peroxidase activities. The results are discussed in relation to the reported signalling effects of the benzothiadiazole and in relation to a suggested high activity of the avirulent P. syringae pv. pisi strain and inactivity of M. pinodes in enhancing natural signalling.     

Evaluation of carrot resistance to alternaria leaf blight in controlled environments

The objective of this study was to find a technique for plant resistance screening to alternaria leaf blight (ALB), caused by the fungus Alternaria dauci , in controlled environments. Glasshouse and laboratory screening methods were compared using three cultivars and F₂ genotypes segregating for ALB resistance evaluated against self-pollinated F₃ field-grown plants. Plant disease was assessed through a disease index obtained from the size and number of symptoms on carrot leaves. The results indicated the value of glasshouse evaluation and the inadequacy of detached leaf and hypocotyl assays for carrot screening for ALB resistance. Spearman's rank correlation, applied to results obtained with both F₂ plants and their progeny, indicated that the optimal evaluation stage for ALB resistance in carrot is 20 days after inoculation. This test was powerful enough to be used as a prescreening test in breeding programmes.     

Effects of benzothiadiazole and acetylsalicylic acid on β-1,3-glucanase activity and disease resistance in potato

Benzothiadiazole (BTH), as Bion WG50, and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatments of potato foliage of field- and glasshouse-grown potato plants were compared for control of two foliar diseases, early blight ( Alternaria solani ) and powdery mildew ( Erysiphe cichoracearum ). The effect of these treatments on harvested tubers wound-inoculated with the dry rot fungus ( Fusarium semitectum ) was also evaluated. BTH (50 mg a.i. L⁻¹) gave almost complete control of both foliar pathogens on inoculated glasshouse-grown plants and reduced the severity of leaf spotting diseases (mainly early blight) in the field. BTH (100 mg a.i. L⁻¹) and ASA (400 mg a.i. L⁻¹) reduced the severity of dry rot in field-grown tubers in some post-harvest wound-inoculated treatments but not others and a similar reduction occurred with tubers inoculated post-harvest from BTH-treated plants grown under glasshouse conditions. BTH treatment increased β-1,3-glucanase activity in leaves > stem > tubers > stolons but not in roots. Increased enzyme activity was recorded for up to 45 days post-treatment.     

苯并噻二唑对漂浮育苗烟草白粉病的诱导抗性及其对烟苗安全性研究

测定了苯并噻二唑对烟草白粉病菌的毒力、防治烟草白粉病的持效期以及对烟苗的安全性。结果表明,苯并噻二唑对烟草白粉病具有很高的诱导活性,随着药剂浓度的增加,烟草白粉病的发病率和病情指数均显著降低,它对烟草白粉病菌的EC50和EC90分别为3.30μg/mL和10.49μg/mL;苯并噻二唑对烟草白粉病具有较长的持效期,50%苯并噻二唑水分散粒剂23g/hm2 2次喷雾处理4叶期烟苗,30d后的防效仍然达到100%,它对烟草新生烟叶具有良好的保护作用;此外,50%苯并噻二唑水分散粒剂>95g/hm2喷雾烟苗会给烟苗造成严重药害,主要表现为烟苗生长滞缓,叶片坏死和黄化。     

Induction of systemic resistance to Sclerotiniasclerotiorum by oxalic acid in oilseed rape

Treatment of the lowermost leaf of flowering plants of oilseed rape cv. Linetta with 20 m m oxalic acid induced systemic disease resistance in the three next youngest leaves. Resistance was not caused by the translocation of fungitoxic concentrations of oxalic acid. Resistance was also expressed in the stem; in oxalic acid-treated plants the vertical spread of stem lesions was halted and the signal travelled both acropetally and basipetally. Expression of resistance in the leaves was detected 6 h after treatment and continued for at least 5 weeks. Twenty-four h after treatment, resistance was detectable in the leaves following the use of as little as 0.5 m m oxalic acid. Local resistance in the oxalic acid-sprayed leaf was detectable only at certain times (12 and 48 but not 24 h after treatment) and at very low (0.25 m m ) or high (≥40 m m ) oxalic acid concentrations. When oxalic acid was applied to a discrete area of the leaf, significant local resistance was expressed in the surrounding leaf tissue, maximum resistance being exhibited by the tissue closest to the site of petiole attachment.     

Genetics of resistance to cotton leaf curl disease in Gossypium hirsutum

Twenty-two cotton varieties were screened for resistance to cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), a disease of viral origin, using three procedures: field evaluation, whitefly transmission assay and graft inoculation. Viral infection of cotton varieties was determined by visual symptom assessment as well as dot-blot and multiplex PCR diagnostic techniques. Crosses were made between the most susceptible variety (S-12) and highly resistant varieties (CP-15/2, LRA-5166 and CIM-443). All F₁ plants of these crosses were resistant, showing dominant expression of the resistance as well as the absence of extrachromosomal inheritance. The F₂ plants of the crosses CP-15/2 × S12, LRA-5166 × S-12 and CIM-443 × S12 exhibited a ratio of 13 resistant (symptomless) to three susceptible (with symptoms). Screening of the F₂ generation for virus infection by multiplex PCR further subdivided the resistant class into those exhibiting a high level of resistance (HR; PCR-negative) and those exhibiting resistance (R; symptomless, yet showing virus replication by PCR analysis). Hence, the final ratio was 3:10:3 (HR:resistant:susceptible). The F₃ progeny of susceptible F₂ plants segregated for resistance, indicating the probable presence of a suppressor gene ( S ). These findings are consistent with three genes being involved in G. hirsutum resistance to CLCuD, two for resistance ( R _1CLCuDhir and R _2CLCuDhir ) and a suppressor of resistance ( S _CLCuDhir ).     

氟节胺和氟乐灵复配打顶对棉花农艺性状及抗逆性的影响

为了筛选适合于南疆机采棉田的化学打顶剂配方,于2017—2018年在新疆阿拉尔垦区开展棉田打顶试验。试验采用田间喷雾法,研究了氟节胺和氟乐灵按1∶1,2∶1,3∶1,4∶1,5∶1这5种比例喷施对棉花株型、产量和纤维品质的影响。结果表明,随着氟乐灵喷施比例增大,药后30～60 d的棉花株高增幅减小,控顶持效性增强;相反,氟节胺比例越高,棉花冠层横切面积越小,株型越紧凑。各配方中以氟节胺∶氟乐灵为3∶1处理棉花产量最高,单产可达6 036±162 kg·hm~(-2);与人工打顶处理相比,该配方处理棉花平均株高增加7.5±1.6 cm,单产、衣分、纤维长度、纤维伸长率间无明显差异,棉叶POD酶和SOD酶活性分别提高17.8%、7.1%,对棉花抗高温胁迫能力有积极作用。     

Effect of treating soybean with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and benzothiadiazole (BTH) on seed yields and the level of disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in field and greenhouse studies

Field or greenhouse grown soybeans were treated with 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid or benzothiadiazole and subsequently assessed for severity of white mold disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Three or four applications of 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid to field plots in 1993–1995 reduced severity of white mold after natural infection by 20–70% compared with water-treated controls in soybean cultivars Elgin 87 and Williams 82, which are considered to be highly susceptible to the disease. The effect was not as large in the cultivars Corsoy 79 and NKS19-90 which are more resistant to white mold. Two or four applications of benzothiadiazole to field plots in 1995 and 1996 reduced white mold severity by 20–60%, with the greatest reductions again observed in the more susceptible cultivars. Corresponding yields were increased compared with controls, particularly for the susceptible cultivars under conditions of high disease pressure. In greenhouse trials multiple applications of either compound resulted in significantly smaller lesion diameters following subsequent leaf inoculations with the fungus. The compounds did not result in observable phytotoxicity or inhibit growth of Sclerotinia sp. in vitro. We hypothesize that the decrease in disease severity following treatment with INA or BTH is a result of resistance induction.     

Protection of Brassica seedlings against downy mildew and damping-off by seed treatment with CGA 245704, an activator of systemic acquired resistance

Control of seedling diseases is a major priority in many crop systems. Seed treatments that induce systemic resistance after seedling emergence may be an ideal way to provide protection against disease during the establishment of the crop. CGA 245704, a chemical activator of systemic acquired resistance, was tested as a seed treatment against two Brassica diseases with contrasting infection biologies, the airborne downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora parasitica, and the soilborne fungus, Rhizoctonia solani. Seeds of two Brassica spp. were either imbibed with various concentrations of the compound or imbibed and then dried. Both the imbibition treatment alone and the imbibition treatment followed by seed drying had a significant effect on the sporulation intensity of P. parasitica for all concentrations of the compound used, whereas the imbibition treatment provided some control of damping-off caused by R. solani, with the degree of control being highly dependent on the concentration applied to the seed. Seed treatment with the plant activator CGA 245704 might therefore simultaneously control several seedling diseases, thereby providing a novel option for management of these diseases. © 1998 SCI.     

春夏大白菜黑斑病病原鉴定和抗性鉴定方法比较

为大白菜抗黑斑病新品种选育和种质创新,对陕西省春夏大白菜黑斑病进行调查、病样采集、病菌分离及形态和分子鉴定。结果表明,甘蓝链格孢Alternaria brassicicola是唯一病原。利用3个不同抗性的白菜品种研究了孢子浓度、苗龄和温度对大白菜黑斑病发病的影响,建立了大白菜抗甘蓝链格孢黑斑病的人工接种鉴定方法,即采用二叶期幼苗,以1×104pfu/mL孢子浓度喷雾接种,随后置25℃条件下,先黑暗下保湿24h,接着正常管理3天,从第4天开始夜间保湿,白天揭开,第8天保湿24h后调查发病情况,其结果客观反映大白菜品种的抗病性能。     

Incidence,pathogenicity and diversity of Alternaria spp. associated with alternaria leaf spot of canola (Brassica napus) in Australia

Studies were undertaken to determine Alternaria spp. associated with leaf spot symptoms on canola (Brassica napus) in two cropping seasons (2015, 2016) across southern Australia. Major allergen Alt a1 and plasma membrane ATPase genes were used to identify Alternaria spp. In 2015, 112 isolates of seven Alternaria spp. were obtained, with A. metachromatica predominating. In 2016, 251 isolates of 12 Alternaria spp. were obtained, with A. infectoria predominating. Alternaria spp. isolates were morphologically and phylogenetically identified and studies to determine their pathogenicity on both B. napus (cv. Thunder TT) and B. juncea (cv. Dune) confirmed 10 species (A. alternata, A. arborescens, A. brassicae, A. ethzedia, A. hordeicola, A. infectoria, A. japonica, A. malvae, A. metachromatica and A. tenuissima) as pathogenic on both Brassica species. Alternaria ethzedia, A. hordeicola and A. malvae were recorded for the first time in Australia on any host and the record of A. arborescens was the first for New South Wales (NSW) and South Australia (SA). Other first records included A. infectoria on B. napus in NSW; A. japonica on B. napus in NSW and Western Australia (WA); A. metachromatica on any host in NSW, Victoria (VIC), WA and SA; and A. tenuissima on B. napus in NSW, SA and WA. It is evident that alternaria leaf spot on canola across southern Australia is not solely caused by A. brassicae, but that a range of other Alternaria spp. are also involved to varying degrees, depending upon the year and the geographic locality.     

植物对虫害的系统获得性抗性及抗虫与抗病信号途径间的相互作用

受病原体感染后,植物会获得一种持久广泛的抗性,称为系统获得性抗性,受到昆虫侵害时也会获得类似的系统获得性抗性.植物系统抗虫与抗病信号分子不同,前者是茉莉酸(JA)、甲基茉莉酸(Me-JA)或系统素,而后者是水杨酸(SA).SA介导的系统抗病信号途径与JA等介导的系统抗虫信号途径并非完全独立,而是存在所谓的"交叉对话",但"交叉对话"结果是相互促进还是抑制仍不清楚.植物系统抗性信号及其互作研究无疑会完善植物保护策略.     

Identification of a 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic-acid-sensitive protein kinase from tobacco by affinity chromatography on benzothiadiazole-sepharose and NIM-metal chelate adsorbent

In the search for the target site of inducers of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a BTH-binding protein kinase (BBPK) has been identified from tobacco by affinity chromatography on benzothiadiazole-sepharose (CGA 324041-sepharose) and NIM-metal chelate affinity resin. The substrate selectivity of the isolated enzyme (phosphorylation of histone type III-S, I kappa B alpha,IkB alpha S32A/S36A and NIM1) suggested a possible BBPK-mediated regulation of NIM1 in tobacco. The measurement of the effect of different SAR-inducers showed an inhibition of BBPK by 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and, to a lower extent, by benzothiadiazoles and salicylic acid. Comparison between BBPK cell-free inhibition and in vivo PR-1 induction revealed that BBPK could be the target site of INA.     

Persistence and translocation of a benzothiadiazole derivative in tomato plants in relation to systemic acquired resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato

A reproducible and accurate procedure, based on HPLC analysis, has been developed to determine simultaneously acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (CGA 245 704) and its acid derivative (CGA 210 007) in tomato leaves. The limit of detection and quantification of the method are 0.015 and 0.15 mg litre^?1 for CGA 245 704 and 0.030 and 0.30 mg litre^?1 for CGA 210 007. In tomato plants treated with 250 µM CGA 245 704, it was found that the inducer rapidly translocates from treated leaves (cotyledons, 1st and 2nd) to untreated leaves (3rd to 5th), with the maximum translocation (40% of the total quantity found) occurring 8 h after the treatment. CGA 245 704 residues decreased as time elapsed in both treated and untreated tomato leaves, reaching negligible values 72 h after treatment. The acid derivative, CGA 210 007, was formed in tomato plants as early as 2 h after CGA 245 704 treatment, albeit only in the treated leaves. CGA 210 007 residues decreased in treated tomato leaves with a trend similar to that observed for CGA 245 704. Treatment of tomato plants with CGA 245 704 or CGA 210 007 at 250 µM systemically protected the plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato attacks, the causal agent of bacterial speak disease. Evidence of this were reductions in the degree of infection, the bacterial lesion diameter and the bacterial growth in planta. Since neither CGA 245 704 nor CGA 210 007 inhibited bacterial growth in vitro and the protection against bacterial speak of tomato was observed when the two compounds were completely degraded, the protection must be due to the activation of the plant's defence mechanisms. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

转 Bt基因抗虫棉对棉大卷叶螟抗性的研究

:转Bt基因抗虫棉对棉铃虫有很好的抗性,对棉大卷叶螟(SyleptaderogataFabricius)的抗性未见报道。作者研究表明,棉大卷叶螟在棉田为聚集分布型,低龄幼虫有集中为害习性;抗虫棉对其有很好的抗性,平均虫株率为2.2%,较常规棉中棉所12降低96.6%;百株虫量为133.8头,较常规棉降低88.4%。     

转双价基因抗虫棉对主要害虫的抗性观察与防治技术要点

在比较研究转双价基因(Bt+CpTI)和转单价基因(Bt)抗虫棉对主要害虫的控制作用及其对非靶标害虫种群动态影响的基础上,研究提出了转双价基因抗虫棉主要害虫的综合防治技术。     

黄瓜抗细菌性角斑病诱抗药剂的筛选及抗性机制研究

为筛选诱导黄瓜抗细菌性角斑病(angular leaf spot, ALS)的最佳诱抗药剂,选取11种商品诱抗剂,研究其室内诱导黄瓜抗细菌性角斑病的作用效果。结果显示11种诱抗剂的预处理均能有效提高黄瓜植株的长势,提高黄瓜对细菌性角斑病的抗性,表现为叶片病斑面积显著下降。其中药剂信号施康乐(SK)能有效减小叶片病斑面积,防效最好,而药剂顶花增瓜嫩直长(DH)处理的植株叶片病斑面积最大。为了进一步明确诱抗剂的作用机制,对诱抗剂SK和DH处理后的抗性相关基因SOD、SSU以及PR1-1a的相对表达量进行了初步分析。结果表明,SK和DH处理后3个基因的相对表达量均显著提高,SK处理的相对表达量显著高于DH处理。综上所述,合理施用信号施康乐可以诱导黄瓜幼苗提高对细菌性角斑病的抗性,对于黄瓜细菌性角斑病的早期预防和减少农药使用具有重要意义。     

Management of resistance to pesticides in cotton pests

Abstract

In recent years, nationwide insecticide resistance management (IRM) strategies in Zimbabwe, Egypt and Australia have successfully overcome existing resistance problems on cotton and prevented further outbreaks in some key pests. These strategies, which rely heavily on pragmatic assumptions regarding the efficacy of counter‐measures and the biology of the pest, relate little to theoretical models of resistance management whose tenets have so far not been experimentally appraised. These IRM strategies are compared with a simple but rigid programme used throughout Francophone countries of Africa that has successfully controlled the pest complex on cotton and increased yield without eliciting resistance in any pests. We examine the motivations, philosophies and logistics of these control programmes on cotton, and outline scope for improvements to existing and future IRM.     

红铃虫对Bt棉花抗性治理的研究进展

综述了Bt棉花对红铃虫的抗性效率和红铃虫对Bt棉花的抗性机理、抗性遗传、抗性监测及治理对策的研究进展.研究结果表明,不同种植区Bt棉花对红铃虫的抗性水平有较大差别.红铃虫中肠内Bt毒素结合位点数量减少是产生抗性的主要机制.抗性由具1个主效应的多位点基因控制,高水平抗性的产生与编码钙蛋白基因变异有关.避难所策略是红铃虫抗性治理的主要措施.抗性监测表明,自1997年以来,美国亚历桑那州红铃虫田间种群对Bt棉花的抗性频率无显著性变化.     

Induced systemic resistance of Chinese cabbage to bacterial leaf spot and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alternaria </Emphasis>leaf spot by the root endophytic fungus, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Heteroconium chaetospira</Emphasis>

 The root endophytic fungus Heteroconium chaetospira isolate OGR-3 was tested for its ability to induce systemic resistance in Chinese cabbage against bacterial leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola and Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicae of the foliar diseases. Chinese cabbage seedlings planted in soil infested with an isolate of H. chaetospira were incubated in a growth chamber for 32 days. The first to fourth true leaves of the seedlings were challenge-inoculated with P. syringae pv. maculicola or A. brassicae. Chinese cabbage planted in soil infested with H. chaetospira showed significant decreases in the number of lesions of bacterial leaf spot or Alternaria leaf spot when compared to the control plants not treated with H. chaetospira. The results indicated that colonization of roots by H. chaetospira could induce systemic resistance in Chinese cabbage and reduce the incidence of bacterial leaf spot and Alternaria leaf spot. Received: April 24, 2002 / Accepted: August 9, 2002