北京市延庆县不同土地利用方式下的土壤可蚀性研究

以北京市延庆县上辛庄小流域为研究区域,选择区内农地、杏林、侧柏林、乔灌混交林这4种土地利用方式,通过对土壤水稳性团聚体特征、有机质含量变化以及土壤可蚀性K值进行计算和分析,研究了该区不同土地利用方式下的土壤可蚀性差异特征。结果表明,不同地类土壤团聚体破坏率表现为:农地>杏林>侧柏林>乔灌混交林,林地土壤团聚体结构破坏率显著低于农地(p < 0.05)。农地土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加呈现一定的上升趋势,林地的土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加而减小。不同土地利用方式的土壤可蚀性K值存在差异,表现为:乔灌混交林<侧柏林<杏林<农地。表层0-20cm土层土壤可蚀性K值小于20-40cm土层,表明其土壤抗侵蚀能力高于深层土壤,反映出保护表层土壤的重要性。对土壤可蚀性影响因子的分析结果表明,土壤黏粒含量、有机质含量和水稳性团聚体与土壤可蚀性K值的相关关系最为密切(p < 0.05)。     

不同土地利用方式对干热河谷地区土壤可蚀性的影响

以四川宁南县金沙江下游的河谷地带为研究区域,选择相同海拔下7种主要的土地利用方式为研究对象,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,研究不同土地利用方式下的土壤可蚀性变异特征。结果表明：在干热河谷区,天然植被水桐树林破坏改为其它土地利用方式后,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷和碱解氮含量显著降低,速效磷和容重没有显著变化,速效钾有一定程度升高,不同利用方式对其影响作用不同,但总体来说改造为合欢林和撂荒草地对土壤理化属性的影响相对较少。相对于天然水桐林,其它土地利用方式土壤可蚀性明显增加,其大小依次为：花椒地〈撂荒地〈草地〈新银合欢地〈桑地〈甘蔗地。相比较而言,无论是天然林地还是人工经济林地,其土壤可蚀性都处于较低的水平;受人为活动影响强烈的农业用地,其土壤可蚀性水平一般较高。说明该地区农业耕作措施可导致土壤对侵蚀营力分离和搬运作用敏感性增强,抗蚀性能较低,更加容易遭受侵蚀,因此在金沙江干热河谷区,从水土保持角度出发,应该尽可能地减少人为活动对土地的干扰,提高土地抵抗侵蚀的能力。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

关于土壤可蚀性指标的讨论

该对主要土壤可蚀性指标进行了评述，指出土壤的可蚀性是一个相对概念，同一土壤在不同侵蚀动力条件下，其抗侵蚀能力是不同的。每一土壤均具有抗蚀性的抗冲性，在土壤侵蚀过程中，何居主导地位，主要取决于侵蚀动力的方式和强度。     

冀北山地植被恢复对不同坡位土壤可蚀性与养分的影响

[目的] 了解不同坡位和不同土地利用引起的土壤可蚀性和养分差异,讨论各因素对土壤可蚀性和养分情况的影响状况。[方法] 通过土壤和根系取样,使用加权求和法计算不同坡位和不同土地利用下的综合土壤可蚀性指数(CSEI)和综合土壤养分指数(CSNI)。[结果] (1)不同坡位下的CSEI和CSNI均存在差异,其中CSEI的最大、最小值分别出现在坡上(0.653)和坡下(0.275),CSNI的最大、最小值分别出现在坡顶(0.715)和坡上(0.341);(2)不同土地利用下的CSEI和CSNI均存在差异,其中CSEI的最大、最小值分别出现在撂荒地(0.617)和林地(0.252),CSNI的最大、最小值分别出现在林地(0.793)和撂荒地(0.322);(3)CSEI与黏粒含量、砂粒含量、根长密度和地上生物量呈显著负相关,与粉粒含量和土壤容重呈显著正相关,其中容重的直接影响最大(0.26);CSNI与黏粒含量、砂粒含量、根长密度和地上生物量呈显著正相关,与粉粒含量和土壤容重呈显著负相关,其中黏粒含量的直接影响最大(0.45);CSEI、CSNI二者间呈显著负相关。[结论] 坡位对CSEI和CSNI均有显著影响,在植被恢复中应注重坡上和坡中;各地貌部位植被恢复均有效降低CSEI并提升CSNI,其中乔木对水土流失的控制更为有效。     

应用不同人工模拟降雨方式对土壤可蚀性K值的研究

运用两种人工模拟降雨方式研究土壤的可蚀性K值，结果表明II方式人工模拟降雨的土壤可蚀性K值比I方式更能显著的反映自然状态下实测的土壤可蚀性K值，因此用II人工模拟降雨试为研究土壤可蚀性K值将更为优越。     

土壤可蚀性研究进展

土壤可蚀性(K值)是反映土壤侵蚀规律的重要指标,有关其研究成果已有大量研究论文报道。通过总结前人的研究成果,从土壤可蚀性评价指标的确定、空间变异性和不确定性以及研究方法等方面,介绍土壤可蚀性的研究进展。同时,指出了在今后的研究中需要形成统一的评价指标对土壤可蚀性进行评价,可利用泥沙平衡原理分析和验证可蚀性公式的适用程度,并建议建立K值数据库为水土流失监测、预报和治理提供参数基础。     

北京山区典型土地利用方式对土壤理化性质及可蚀性的影响

延庆县地处北京市西北部,作为北京生态环境建设工程的重要组成部分,是北京五大风沙口之一,此区属于生态环境脆弱地带,加之人类对土地资源的不合理利用,导致了严重的土壤侵蚀性问题。针对北京市延庆县山区不同土地利用类型的土壤,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,对研究区农田、果园、苗圃幼林地、山地灌木林和土路5种土地利用类型下土壤可蚀性及其理化性质进行研究,结果表明:各土地利用类型中,山地灌木林的土壤总孔隙、土壤贮水能力、土壤饱和持水量和有机质显著大于其它土地类型（P < 0.05）。不同土地利用方式的土壤可蚀性K值存在差异,由大到小依次表现为:土路（0.047 4） > 农田（0.043 5） > 果园（0.042 1） > 苗圃幼林地（0.040 8） > 山地灌木林（0.034 2）。对土壤可蚀性和土壤理化性质进行相关性分析结果表明:土壤可蚀性与砂粒、粉粒含量、黏粒含量、非毛管孔隙、土壤贮水能力和容重相关性较好（P < 0.05）,可作为土壤可蚀性评价的指标。     

福建省主要土壤可蚀性特征初探

本以USLE中的土壤可蚀性因子K为指标，利用土壤普查资料对全省主要土壤类型的K值进行了计算分析，结果说明我省主要土壤表层K值为0＝17－0．28之间，属中等易蚀范围，坡耕地K值较高，平均K值为0．25，且因松耕，土壤抗侵蚀力仅为自然坡地的1／11，提出要注意坡耕地的保护，土壤B层K值明显高于A层K值，说明随土壤侵蚀的加剧，土壤抗侵蚀力减弱。     

基于土地利用结构特征的土壤侵蚀强度预测研究——以四川省为例

研究计算四川省土地利用结构特征指数和土壤侵蚀强度指数结果表明,该省土地利用结构特征指数与土壤侵蚀强度指数的变化具有同步性,用土地利用结构特征指数预测其土壤侵蚀强度变化是合理可行的。     

河北省坝上风电场建设区水土流失特点与植被恢复途径

以河北省坝上风电场建设区为研究对象,探讨风电场建设区水土流失特点、分区、防治重点及植被恢复措施。结果如下：风电场建设区水土流失特点为风电场工程的特殊性与坝上水土流失特征的相互耦合的表现;风电场建设区水土流失特点表现为点状与线状侵蚀并存,风蚀与水蚀共存,植被破坏点多面广、植被恢复难度大,土石方量较小、弃渣相对较少,水土流失重点在施工建设期等;风电场建设区的水土流失主要来自升压站、风机区、施工生产生活区、道路区、集电线路区和弃渣场等6个区域,不同区域的水土流失特点和防治重点各有侧重;坝上风电场建设区的植被恢复可采取封育恢复自然植被,清理表土集中覆盖、利用土壤种子库恢复植被及人工植被建设3类途径。     

Landscape analysis of dynamic soil erosion in Subtropical China: A case study in Xingguo County, Jiangxi Province

As a case study on landscape pattern analysis of soil erosion change, Xingguo County in Jiangxi Province, China, was once one of the most severely eroded regions in Subtropical China. However, its soil erosion has been completely controlled in recent years. This county was historically full of forest as well as waterways that were well protected and soil erosion was seldom seen even by the mid-19th century. However, large areas of forest were destroyed after that period due to over-logging, which resulted in excessive erosion, bare hills, and mountains devoid of vegetation. Fortunately, soil erosion in Xingguo has been controlled gradually since 1982 after the county was appointed as 1 of the 8 Key National Level Erosion Control Regions. In this study, a raster (grid) soil erosion map was collected on the basis of soil erosion intensity maps from 1958, 1975, 1982 and 2000 with the aid of GIS software (ARC/INFO). Over 10 landscape indices were calculated using FRAGSTATS software for landscape pattern analysis. A set of free spatial statistics that address a fundamental problem in GIS, and soil erosion distribution patterns and their changes in the county were quantitatively analyzed at the landscape and class levels, respectively. Moreover, transformations of soil erosion types from 1958 to 1975, 1975 to 1982, and 1982 to 2000 were also calculated using the CROSSTAB module in IDRISI software. Results showed that at the landscape level, heterogeneity of soil erosion decreased. This was supported by decreasing tendencies of patch indices SHDI (Shannon’s diversity index), SHEI (Shannon’s evenness index), and IJI (Interspersion and juxtaposition index). This indicates that most of the severely eroded soil types were transformed into non-apparently eroded or slightly eroded types. Meanwhile, at the class level, a consistent pattern was found where the surface areas of non-apparently eroded or slightly eroded lands increased, and moderately, severely, very severely and extremely eroded lands deceased. In general, soil erosion in Xingguo County experienced three pronounced phases during the study periods: the exacerbation phase (1958–1975), the alleviation phase (1975–1982), and the overall alleviation phase (1982–2000). By the year 2000, 74.6% of total territory of this county was covered by land with no significant soil loss, indicating that severe soil erosion had been substantially controlled.     

中国首都圈土地沙化过程及防治对策——以河北省丰宁县小坝子乡为例

以河北省丰宁县小坝子乡的土地沙化为例，从地质过程、生物过程、人文过程探讨和研究了沙化演变与治理对策，指出了治穷和治沙的关系，绿化与水平衡的因果关系，提出绿色、人文、科技结合，林草兼顾、经济发展与环境建设是步，是为北京堵沙源、保水源的有效措施。     

不同监测方法对土壤侵蚀监测结果的影响——以江西省潋水河流域为例

分析土壤侵蚀监测的尺度大小问题,认为在南方红壤区,区域尺度面积范围在500km^2以上较为合理,属于土壤侵蚀宏观监测范畴。将人机交互目视解译法、RUSLE模型法和流域卡口站观测法3种方法应用于江西省兴国县潋水河中尺度流域内,进行土壤侵蚀监测及对比。结果表明：用人机交互目视解译法监测的2000年土壤侵蚀量最大,约是流域卡口站观测结果的6．2倍,约是模型法监测结果的1．9倍,差异很大。其主要原因是流域卡口站观测法只观测了悬移质输沙量,推移质输沙量无法观测。此外,利用模型法,不同比例尺DEM对监测结果影响很大,其差异主要体现在土壤侵蚀强度为轻度和微度级别上。在分析不同监测方法对土壤侵蚀监测结果差异的基础上,对我国今后土壤侵蚀宏观监测工作提出了建议。     

Implications of decadal changes in precipitation and land use policy to soil erosion in Basilicata,Italy

This paper examines the implications of changes in precipitation and land use to soil erosion from 1955 to 2002 in Basilicata, a hilly portion of southern Italy. Analysis of daily precipitation records reveals statistically significant trends using both non-parametric and parametric approaches. The inter-annual variability of precipitation increases in intensity; primarily between October and January. From 1955 to 2000, the length of dry spells greatly increased, while wet days decreased. A land use change map was produced for the three study areas using aerial photos (1955) and orthophotos (1997 and 2002), integrated with field surveys. Results show that land use is highly dynamic in Basilicata, especially due to the application of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) measures. The EU policies resulted in reclamation of badlands and degraded grasslands for agriculture, principally the cultivation of durum wheat. This farming practice and the abandonment of some of the remodeled areas have increased the risk of soil erosion and desertification processes, and is manifest in land degradation by rill networks and gullying.     

Assessment of soil erosion on arable land using Cs measurements: a case study from Jaslovske Bohunice, Slovakia

This study was carried out to obtain a representative set of data on long-term erosion rates from a pilot area located close to the Jaslovske Bohunice village, in western Slovakia using the ¹³⁷Cs-method. The study area chosen was representative of the hilly loess cultivated areas of Slovakia. The sampling strategy was based on a multiple transect approach. Analyses of the samples for ¹³⁷Cs activity were made at the Nuclear Power Plant Research Institute, Jaslovske Bohunice. The ¹³⁷Cs-method was used to obtain long-term estimates of soil erosion in the Jaslovske Bohunice site, a representative hilly loess cultivated area of Slovakia. The estimated reference ¹³⁷Cs inventory was 2910 Bq m⁻², with a coefficient of variation of 4.3%.Examination of the ¹³⁷Cs redistribution in relation to the topography of the study area revealed that, within individual transects the ¹³⁷Cs inventories were closely related to major landforms. The ¹³⁷Cs inventories were considerably lower on the slopes than on the plateau and they were highest in the valley. However, when plotted against a selection of individual quantitative slope parameters, i.e. the S and the LS factors of the USLE or slope inclination, the correlations obtained were weak.Three conversion models, i.e. the proportional model (PM), the simplified mass balance model (MBM1) and the standard mass balance model (MBM2), from the set of models developed at Exeter University, Great Britain were selected to interpret the resulting ¹³⁷Cs measurements into soil erosion/deposition rates. The mean erosion rates estimated with the PM were 22.4, 35.6 with MBM1 and 17.3 t ha⁻¹ per year with MBM2. There was a good agreement between the average of these mean erosion rates (25.1 t ha⁻¹ per year) for the Jaslovske Bohunice site and the estimated mean soil erosion rate obtained for small erosion plots (15 t ha⁻¹ per year) for conditions similar to the study site. Nevertheless, further research on the application of the ¹³⁷Cs-method, in particular the independent validation of the results obtained, is needed. Several issues requiring further study have been highlighted.     

Impacts of the ancient Maya on soils and soil erosion in the central Maya Lowlands

Many studies across the central and southern Maya Lowlands of Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico have produced records of land degradation, mostly sedimentation and soil erosion, during the ancient Maya period from before 1000 BC to the Maya Collapse of c. AD 900. This paper provides new data from two sites (Blue Creek and Cancuén), synthesizes more than a decade of the authors' research in Guatemala, Belize, and Mexico, and synthesizes other findings from this region. These research projects analyzed more than 100 excavations in upland and depression sites, cored lakes and wetland sediments, and studied sediments in the field and laboratory using radiocarbon dating, a battery of soil chemistry tests, stratigraphic analysis, magnetic susceptibility, elemental analyses, and artifact identification. Our objective was to date when sedimentation and soil erosion occurred, identify stable surfaces, and correlate them with the state of knowledge about past land use. These findings indicate three general epochs of accelerated soil erosion and identified two major paleosols. The three waves of soil erosion occurred in the Preclassic period (c. 1000 BC to AD 250), the Late Classic (AD 550 to 900), and in the last several decades. The major paleosol (‘Eklu'um’) in these sites is a well-developed Mollisol or Vertisol that started forming in the early Holocene and was buried in either the Preclassic or Classic periods (AD 250 to 900). At some sites the Eklu'um paleosol lies beneath sediments with a fainter paleosol, which in turn lies buried below Classic period and later sediments. This picture shows higher than expected soil erosion linked to the region's first pioneer farmers in the Preclassic and less than expected soil erosion in the Late Classic when population peaked and land use was the most intensive. In other regions like Cancuén, Guatemala, however, most soil erosion occurred during the Maya Late Classic (AD 550–830). Erosion here was intense but short-lived: depressions record 1–3 m of aggradation in two centuries. A third epoch of accelerated soil loss and aggradation arose with the rapid land use changes brought by new pioneers during the last several decades.     

Effects of land use on soil erosion in a tropical dry forest ecosystem,Chamela watershed,Mexico

During the past few decades, Mexico has been converting tropical dry forest (TDF) into cropland and pasture, with land degradation expressed as soil erosion being the main environmental consequence. The factors and processes influencing soil erosion are related to scale. At a microscale, the stability of soil aggregates has a significant impact on soil erodibility and strongly influences other soil properties. However, at plot and watershed scales, these relationships are less well known. The relationships between the distribution of soil aggregate size, soil properties and soil erosion were examined for two soil geomorphological units (hillslopes over granite and hillslopes over tuffs) and three land uses (TDF, unburned pasture and burned pasture) within the Chamela watershed of west–central Mexico. To evaluate soil aggregation as a parameter for upscaling soil erosion, the researchers measured microtopographic features at plot scales and interpreted 1:35,000 panchromatic aerial photographs at a watershed scale. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences in soil organic carbon (P < 0.05) and soil moisture (P < 0.01) contents between the two soil geomorphological units, and field tests showed differences in soil texture and structure.