艾比湖流域风沙土盐分特征分析

以艾比湖流域风沙土土壤为研究对象,对不同植被类型覆盖条件下土壤总盐含量、可溶性离子等指标进行测定,通过相关性分析以及主成分分析,确定土壤盐分特征。结果表明：研究区不同植被覆盖下的风沙土土壤盐分含量较高,差异较大,总盐含量呈现强烈的空间变异特征;土壤中总盐含量与Cl-、K＋＋Na＋及SO42-含量之间存在极显著的正相关关系,总盐含量与HCO3-的相关性最弱;土壤中阴离子以Cl-,SO42-为主,阳离子以K＋＋Na＋为主,据主成分分析结果将其确定为盐渍化的特征因子。研究区风沙土盐渍化类型以氯化物-硫酸盐型和硫酸盐型为主,判断该区域风沙土的盐渍化类型为盐土。     

迪那河-阳霞河绿洲土壤盐渍化现状特征分析

迪那河-阳霞河绿洲土壤盐渍化日益严重,直接影响当地农业发展和生态环境建设。在野外考察、GPS定点和土壤采样分析的基础上,运用统计特征值和趋势分析等方法,探讨了研究区土壤含盐量、盐分化学组成、空间分布以及电导率与各离子含量间的关系、各盐离子间的相关性等现状特征。分析结果表明:(1)研究区土壤pH值的平均值为7.46,属于中性土壤。0~50 cm土层盐分含量呈T型分布,0~10 cm土层的含盐量最大,平均值为2.10%。土体中各阳离子含量为Na++K+Ca2+Mg2+,阴离子含量为SO42-Cl-HCO3-,而CO32-未检出。(2)不同土地类型的盐渍化空间变异显著,果园地的盐渍化最轻,含盐量为1.04%,盐生草地的最高,为5.28%。耕地和果园地的离子含量以Na++K+和SO42-为主,其它土地类型的以Cl-、SO42-和Na++K+为主。(3)土壤含盐量与电导率有较好的相关性。总溶解固体和各离子含量之间也存在很密切的关系。     

喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征分析

土壤盐渍化是喀什葛尔河流域农业发展面临的主要问题之一。采用相关分析法与主成分分析法分析了喀什葛尔河流域盐渍化土壤盐分特征。结果表明:土壤盐渍化类型以硫酸盐渍土为主,盐渍化程度为重度及中度盐渍化;土壤总盐与SO24-、K+、Na+呈显著正相关,揭示了土壤盐分大小与SO24-、K+、Na+有关;表层的总盐、各盐分离子含量均高于其余土层,即土壤盐分垂直分布呈现表聚性;盐分离子按质量分数大小在土壤剖面基本上呈自上而下的垂直分异特点;盐分组成中,阳离子以K+和Na+为主,阴离子以SO42-为主;8月份表层、0～20cm、20～40cm、40～60cm、60～80cm、80～100cm总含盐量均高于2月份。主成分分析结果表明,SO24-、K+、Na+作为研究区土壤盐渍化状况的特征因子。     

吐鲁番盆地平原区盐渍化特征分析

吐鲁番盆地处于我国西部的极端干旱区,土壤盐渍化严重,影响当地工农业生产与生态环境保护。为研究盆地的土壤盐渍化现状及其驱动因素,文章在采集783个易溶盐样品分析理化结果的基础上,借助Excel、Spss软件对盐渍土的分布及类型、盐分特征、总碱度与盐离子含量的关系、盐离子的相关性进行了分析。分析表明:(1)土壤盐渍化类型主要是亚硫酸型和氯型盐渍土,未出现碱土类型;(2)土壤的pH平均值为7.32,属弱碱性;(3)土壤的总碱度与重碳酸根离子线性相关显著;(4)表层土壤盐分中K+与Mg2+显著正相关,Na+与Cl-达极显著正相关,Mg2+与SO2-4、CO2-3显著正相关。上述分析结果表明,盆地内盐渍化主要受干旱的气候以及地下水运移的影响,研究结果对土壤盐渍化防治、水资源管理、农业生产、生态环境保护具有一定的指导意义。     

民勤绿洲土壤水盐空间分布特征及盐渍化成因分析

根据2010年民勤绿洲230个采样点的土壤水盐分析资料,运用传统统计学和地统计学分析方法对该地区土壤水盐空间分布特征及土壤盐渍化成因进行了研究。结果表明:民勤绿洲土壤水分整体呈现出西南高、东北低的趋势;土壤含盐量呈现出从南到北、由西到东逐渐增大的趋势,沿坝区至湖区,土壤浸提溶液电导率从0.07dS/m增加到5.99dS/m;根据土壤盐渍化分级标准,民勤绿洲非盐渍化土占区域总耕地面积的50.01%,轻、中、重度盐渍化土分别占19.13%、10.44%和16.96%;分析认为,干旱的气候、丰富的盐分来源、高矿化度地下水的存在以及人类不合理的水土资源利用方式是引起民勤绿洲土壤盐渍化的主要原因。     

盐分对土壤电阻率的影响研究

为了解盐渍化对土壤电阻率的影响,本研究在室内设置了不同盐分类型、不同盐分浓度的土壤,采用四电极法对各处理的电阻率进行相应测定,分析了土壤含水量、含盐量和单、复盐构成对土壤电阻率的影响。研究结果表明：土壤电阻率随着含水量的增大而从16．08Ω?m 下降到4．25Ω?m ,呈对数函数下降;随盐分含量的增大呈幂函数下降,含 NaCl 盐分的土壤电阻率从2．04Ω?m 下降至0．20Ω?m ,含 Na2SO4盐分的土壤电阻率从2．89Ω?m 下降至0．39Ω?m ;不同盐分类型的构成对电阻率的影响同样存在显著差异,含盐量为0．1％时,碳酸盐、硫酸盐、氯化物盐、氯化物－硫酸盐作用下土壤的电阻率分别为4．40、3．64、2．05、2．25Ω?m ,碳酸盐对土壤电阻率影响明显;当含盐量分别为0．5％、1．0％、1．5％、2．0％时,硫酸盐对土壤电阻率影响显著,对应的硫酸盐土壤电阻率分别为 1．72、1．03、0．74、0．58Ω?m ,氯化物盐土壤电阻率分别为0．59、0．36、0．27、0．21Ω?m 。含水率和盐分总量是影响土壤电阻率的重要因素,电阻率随土壤中 NaCl 和 Na2SO4含量的增加均呈幂函数递减规律;单、复盐类型不同,对土壤电阻率的影响存在差异。     

新疆有前任的耐盐栽培小麦“石冬5号”

中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所培育的耐盐小麦“石冬５号”除了高度“耐盐”外,还具有丰产、抗旱、抗寒等特点。在“硫酸盐”或“氯化物－－硫酸盐”类型土壤的盐分含量１５ｇ／Ｉ时种植“石冬５号”,生长接近正常,保苗面积可以达到８５％,产量可以达到３０００－３７５０ｋｇ／ｈａ;在含盐量小于１０ｇ／Ｉ的盐渍化的上种植,产量可以达到４５００－－６０００ｋｇ／ｈａ。“石冬５号”新疆南北农区盐渍化地种植,发展速度很     

土默川平原土壤盐渍化与盐生植物分布及盐分离子特征的研究

以土默川平原哈素海周边为研究区域,以盐渍化土壤与盐生植物为研究对象,采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法。对该区域土壤盐渍化与盐生植物分布及盐分离子特征进行了研究,得出以下结论:碱蒿可在ESP 11.75%、pH 9.45、土壤全盐量3.94g/kg处形成占较大优势的盐生植物。苔草可在ESP 16.79%、pH9.75、中度-重度盐渍化土壤、全盐量3.32g/kg～4.88g/kg形成占较大优势的分布。羊草可在ESP 12.63%、pH 9.70的土壤上形成优势分布。碱蓬可在ESP 10.75%、pH 9.83土壤上形成优势分布。獐茅是一种可在强碱化土壤生长的植物,能在苏打氯化物-硫酸盐盐土,含盐量8.39g/kg、ESP 24.34%、pH 9.80土壤上成为唯一优势植物。土壤和盐生植物中盐分离子比例特征是:钙为植物>土壤,硫酸根、镁为植物<土壤;苔草的盐分离子为拒"镁、硫酸根"特征;羊草的盐分离子为"喜碳酸氢根,拒氯"特征;碱蒿的盐分离子为"拒镁"特征;碱蓬的盐分离子是"喜氯"特征;獐茅的盐分离子是"喜氯、拒碳酸氢根"特征。     

新疆阿瓦提灌区土壤盐渍化现状及特征分析

运用统计特征值、对应分析等方法，探讨了研究新疆阿瓦提土壤含盐量、盐分化学组成及其空间分布特征。结果发现：区内有50％的土地处于中强盐渍化和盐土状态，且主要为氯化物-硫酸盐型盐渍化；在灌区内土壤盐分随灌溉和排水而呈现季节性变化，但整体上处于脱盐状态。区内土壤盐渍化是在自然和人类活动共同作用下形成的，通过节水灌溉、合理开发地下水、完善灌排系统等措施可有效地改良盐渍土。     

吉兰泰地区梭梭与肉苁蓉生境土壤盐分特征研究

本文分析了吉兰泰地区梭梭与肉苁蓉生境土壤盐渍化成因 ,土壤盐分分布特征和盐分组成类型等。并运用灰色系统理论的关联分析方法 ,对土壤可溶性盐离子与 p H值、全盐含量进行了关联分析 ,揭示了该区土壤可溶性盐离子与 p H值、全盐含量之间的相关性及排序。     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土含盐量与电导率的关系

分别测定了吉林省大安市苏打碱土含盐量与电导率以及地下水含盐量与电导率,分析了含盐量与电导率的关系。结果表明,土壤含盐量与电导率、地下水含盐量与电导率之间具有良好的线性相关性,土壤浸出液电导率(y)与土壤含盐量(x)之间的回归方程为:y=0.201 0.092x(r=0.991,n=50,p<0.0001);地下水电导率(y)与含盐量(x)之间的回归方程为:y=-0.393 1.523x(r=0.997,n=18,p<0.0001)。利用方程计算的土壤含盐量与实测值之间符合较好,相对误差大多在7%以下;根据电导率计算的地下水含盐量与实际测量值之间的相对误差一般在5%以下。说明在数据统计分析基础上建立的这两个经验公式适用性较好,可以用于该区苏打碱土土壤及地下水电导率与含盐量之间的换算。     

基于主成分分析的宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土盐分特征研究

为探明宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土的盐分状况,并构建滴灌利用龟裂碱土过程中具有代表性和限制性的盐分特征因子,利用经典统计和主成分分析方法对龟裂碱土原状土剖面和滴灌利用下的土壤盐分特征进行了研究。结果表明,龟裂碱土剖面盐分离子含量总体呈现"T"字型分布,0~40 cm土壤SAR值较大,均高于15(mmol/L)0.5,土壤pH值9.5左右;Cl-和Na+是该土壤中最主要的阴阳离子;HCO3-含量在100 cm以下的土层中逐渐增加;土壤可溶性总盐(TSS)与Cl-和Na+的相关性较大,相关系数分别为0.967和0.910(P<0.01),TSS与饱和浸提液电导率(ECe)亦存在着显著的正相关(P<0.01);主成分分析表明影响土壤利用的4个主成分依次为土壤盐化状况、土壤结构状况、土壤碱化特征以及除Na+、Mg2+和Ca2+等离子之外的其它离子含量状况,其累积方差贡献率为87.18%。由此可见,在宁夏银北地区龟裂碱土具有干旱区盐碱土壤盐分表聚特征,在利用过程中仍需要首先降低土壤盐度,通过改变离子组成减小土壤碱度,改善土壤结构。     

Derivation of salt content in salinized soil from hyperspectral reflectance data: A case study at Minqin Oasis,Northwest China

Soil salinization is a serious ecological and environmental problem because it adversely affects sustainable development worldwide, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. It is crucial and urgent that advanced technologies are used to efficiently and accurately assess the status of salinization processes. Case studies to determine the relations between particular types of salinization and their spectral reflectances are essential because of the distinctive characteristics of the reflectance spectra of particular salts. During April 2015 we collected surface soil samples(0–10 cm depth) at 64 field sites in the downstream area of Minqin Oasis in Northwest China, an area that is undergoing serious salinization. We developed a linear model for determination of salt content in soil from hyperspectral data as follows. First, we undertook chemical analysis of the soil samples to determine their soluble salt contents. We then measured the reflectance spectra of the soil samples, which we post-processed using a continuum-removed reflectance algorithm to enhance the absorption features and better discriminate subtle differences in spectral features. We applied a normalized difference salinity index to the continuum-removed hyperspectral data to obtain all possible waveband pairs. Correlation of the indices obtained for all of the waveband pairs with the wavebands corresponding to measured soil salinities showed that two wavebands centred at wavelengths of 1358 and 2382 nm had the highest sensitivity to salinity. We then applied the linear regression modelling to the data from half of the soil samples to develop a soil salinity index for the relationships between wavebands and laboratory measured soluble salt content. We used the hyperspectral data from the remaining samples to validate the model. The salt content in soil from Minqin Oasis were well produced by the model. Our results indicate that wavelengths at 1358 and 2382 nm are the optimal wavebands for monitoring the concentrations of chlorine and sulphate compounds, the predominant salts at Minqin Oasis. Our modelling provides a reference for future case studies on the use of hyperspectral data for predictive quantitative estimation of salt content in soils in arid regions. Further research is warranted on the application of this method to remotely sensed hyperspectral data to investigate its potential use for large-scale mapping of the extent and severity of soil salinity.     

Straw Management Effects on Organic Matter Mineralization and Salinity in Semiarid Agricultural Soils

The impact of straw incorporation (6 Mg ha -1 year -1 ) into agricultural soils compared with straw removal on organic matter mineralization and salinity was studied. The mineralization coefficient (CO 2 -C evolved/organic C ratio) was obtained to evaluate organic matter mineralization. Soil salinity was measured as means of electrolytic conductivity of saturation paste extract. Both parameters were measured seasonally during two years in two salt-affected soils of the semiarid Central Ebro Valley (northeast Spain), a saline soil and a saline-sodic soil. The electrolytic conductivity (ranging from 2.5 dS m -1 to 24.3 dS m -1 ) and the mineralization coefficient (ranging from 5.9 10 -4 day -1 to 37.9 10 -4 day -1 ) varied widely during seasonal samplings of both soils. The lowest electrolytic conductivity values, coincided with the highest mineralization coefficient values. Straw mulching and burying decreased significantly the average seasonal electrolytic conductivity of both soils: 2.5 times in the saline soil, and 1.9 times in the saline-sodic soil. The EC reduction only increased significantly (P < 0.05) the mineralization coefficient on saline soil (1.6 times). Straw amendment, followed by rainy periods, allowed the soluble salts leaching but did not modify significantly sodium content. A logarithmic regression was found between mineralization coefficient and electrolytic conductivity (r 2 = 0.41), considering both soils. Infiltration, water aggregate stability, and qCO 2 were improved with the straw amendment, but only in saline soil. Soil differences showed the existence of a double effect: an osmotic and a specific ion effect.     

莱州湾海水入侵区地下水灌溉土壤水盐迁移特征分析

在用海水入侵区地下水大面积灌溉冬小麦试验的同时,进行了田间小区灌溉后的土壤水盐迁移特征的研究。结果表明:海侵区利用含盐量2.5~3.5 g/L的地下水进行4次灌溉,不仅加重了土壤含盐量,盐分离子组成及其化学性质也发生了变化。就砂壤土而言,雨季一次性降水20 mm以上或大暴雨后,表聚的土壤盐分迅速随雨水下渗或侧渗而排斥,不会因多次灌溉而聚集于土体;疏松表土层,切断毛管上升水通道,遇干旱高温季节,减弱水分的损失和土体盐分上升速度;土壤溶液化学性质中钠吸附比(SAR)值减少,而可溶性钠百分比(SSP)、钠钙镁比(SDR)值相应地增加,但没有因灌溉四次微咸水而引起土壤的次生盐渍化。     

3个玉米自交系对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性评价

以自交系M-2导入系、Hr30导入系和Mo17导入系为试验材料,研究不同浓度NaCl(0、100 mmol·L~(-1)、150 mmol·L~(-1)、200 mmol·L~(-1)、250 mmol·L~(-1))对3个玉米幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、可溶性蛋白等生理指标的变化规律的影响,并采用主成份分析与隶属函数相结合的方法对其耐盐性进行综合评价,旨在为玉米耐盐性筛选及抗盐新品种的选育奠定基础。结果表明,3个自交系的株高、生物量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)以及可溶性蛋白质的含量大体上随着盐浓度的增加而呈下降的趋势;根长、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和根冠比大体上呈先上升后下降的趋势。利用主成份分析归纳出株高、净光合速率(Pn)、丙二醛(MDA)等9个与耐盐密切相关的生理指标,运用模糊数学隶属函数分析得出,3个玉米自交系的耐盐性强弱依次为M-2导入系Hr30导入系Mo17导入系。     

Soil microbial activity and community structure as affected by exposure to chloride and chloride-sulfate salts

Mixed or chloride salty ions dominate in saline soils, and exert wide-ranging adversely affect on soil biological processes and soil functions. The objectives of this study were to(1) explore the impacts of mixed(0, 3, 6, 10, 20 and 40 g Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt/kg dry soil) and chloride(0, 1.5, 3, 5, 8 and 15 g Cl~– salt/kg dry soil) salts on soil enzyme activities, soil physiological functional(Biolog) profiles and microbial community structure by using soil enzymatic, Biolog-Eco microplates as well as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DEEG) methods, and(2) determine the threshold concentration of soil electronic conductivity(EC_(1:5)) on maintaining the functional and structural diversity of soil microbial community. The addition of either Cl~– or mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt obviously increased soil EC, but adversely affected soil biological activities including soil invertase activity, soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) and substrate-induced respiration(SIR). Cl~– salt showed a greater deleterious influence than mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt on soil enzymes and MBC, e.g., the higher soil MBC consistently appeared with Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)instead of Cl– treated soil. Meanwhile, we found that SIR was more reliable than soil basal respiration(SBR) on explaining the changes of soil biological activity responsive to salt disturbance. In addition, microbial community structures of the soil bacteria, fungi, and Bacillus were obviously affected by both salt types and soil EC levels, and its diversity increased with increasing of mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)salt rates, and then sharply declined down after it reached critical point. Moreover, the diversity of fungal community was more sensitive to the mixed salt addition than other groups. The response of soil physiological profiles(Biolog) followed a dose-response pattern with Cl~–(R~2=0.83) or mixed Cl~–/SO_4~(2–)(R~2=0.89) salt. The critical threshold concentrations of salts for soil physiological function were 0.45 d S/m for Cl~– and 1.26 d S/m for Cl~–/SO_4~(2–), and those for soil microbial community structural diversity were 0.70 d S/m for Cl~– and 1.75 d S/m for Cl~–/SO_4~(2–).     

防护林种植模式对水土要素的响应

主要以和田绿洲防护林建设为背景,根据防护林不同结构配置类型,在研究区内选取11块样地进行调查取样,采用常规分析法测定土壤养分、土壤盐分(包括pH值、电导率、全盐以及土壤水溶性盐总量)。发现在防护林不同种植模式下土壤相对含水率差异较大,多层次防护林的种植可改良土壤盐分,减少可溶性盐分在土壤中的积聚,不同结构防护林土壤养分的空间变化明显,发现多层次防护林种植模式下对土壤养分的集聚与土壤肥力的提高有明显的正效应,增加了防护林内的生物种类。结合分析结果对防护林种植模式提出建议。     

青铜峡灌区土壤中三氮及盐分变化特征分析

以宁夏青铜峡灌区田间土壤中非点源污染物（总氮、硝氮、氨氮和盐分）作为研究对象,对土壤剖面进行分析。结果表明：表层土壤中各类污染物含量变化较大,基本上以60 cm深度为分界线,下层变化较小,而且作物生长期前后土壤中不同深度各类污染物含量变化与灌溉过程、施肥强度等关系密切;土壤中三氮含量变化幅度呈硝氮〉氨氮〉全氮的趋势,总...     

不同基因型玉米杂交种大喇叭口期的耐盐性

以25个不同基因型玉米品种为试验材料,在宁夏银北盐碱地(土壤含盐量为2.337~6.935 g·kg~(-1)),通过测定不同品种大喇叭口期的表型性状和生理生化指标进行耐盐性鉴定,并利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数法对不同基因型玉米品种的耐盐性强弱进行综合评价。结果表明:随着盐胁迫程度的增加,不同玉米品种的株高、茎粗、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)均明显降低;轻度胁迫(土壤含盐量为2.337 g·kg~(-1))时,株高、茎粗、SPAD三者之间均呈极显著正相关;严重胁迫(土壤含盐量为6.935 g·kg~(-1))时,茎粗、SPAD值、冠层温度三者之间均呈显著正相关,冠层温度与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)呈显著负相关,膜透性与SOD呈极显著正相关,其它各农艺性状与生理指标间均没有达到显著相关。不同基因型玉米品种的耐盐碱能力根据综合评价值(D值)大小来评价,将耐盐碱性分为四级:宁3-2/1528、A3高/1519为A类的玉米材料,其D值0.8,代表强耐盐性的品种;B类的玉米材料有6份,其0.6D值0.8,代表较耐盐性的品种;C类的玉米材料有12份,其由0.4D值0.6,代表弱耐盐性的品种;D类的玉米材料有5份,分别为H242/1522、北21/1522、A18/1506、A49/1528、TY1,其D值0.4,代表盐敏感性品种。