Residue analysis of butocarboxim and aldicarb applied in a drip-irrigated peach grove by the HPLC post-column fluorogenic labeling technique

The new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) post-column fluorogenic labeling technique was used for the analysis of residues of butocarboxim, aldicarb and their sulfoxide and sulfone metabolites in peach leaves and fruits. In order to simplify the procedure, the different metabolites were separated by column chromatography during the cleanup process and the residues were determined by HPLC employing an aqueous methanol solvent in the isocratic mode. The limit of detection for the two insecticides was 0.1 μg/g in the leaves and 0.02 μg/g in the fruit. Aldicarb (10% granular formulation) and butocarboxim (50% E.C. diluted 1:5 with water) were applied to the soil in a drip-irrigated peach grove, by placement under one dripper on one side of each tree. The insecticides were taken up by the tree and distributed almost equally on both sides of the tree. The concentration of the insecticides was somewhat lower in the younger leaves. Residue levels of 0.4 to 0.9 μg/g were detected in the fruits at harvest, 10 and 18 days after the last treatment. Based on the results from the field experiment it was concluded that one of the advantages of drip irrigation was that it enabled adequate control of the green leafhopper (Asymmetrasca decedens) throughout the summer with relatively low dosages of systemic insecticides.     

Asymmetrasca decedensr: a new pest of almond in Spain 1

Asymmetrasca decedens was the most important of three leafhoppers found infesting almond trees in eastern Spain in late summer 1996, causing stunting of the shoots with small curled leaves. Only non-bearing trees were affected. Although the species has previously been recorded on peach in Spain, this is the first record on almond.     

Persistence and activity of mexacarbate and its metabolites against spruce budworm larvae

This study was conducted to determine if metabolites of mexacarbate contribute to its residual toxicity to spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) larvae. Potted white spruce (Picea glauca) trees were treated with ‘Zectran’ UCZF # 19 at 100 g a.i. ha^?1 and kept in a glasshouse. Mexacarbate residues declined by 98–99% within three days and reached non-detectable levels 10 days after treatment. Mortality of larvae fed on buds from these trees declined more gradually and was still 19–27% when exposed 10 days after treatment. The very low levels of mexacarbate (<0.07 μg g^?1) found after three days did not produce such mortality. Gas chromatographic analysis of metabolites in needles revealed that after three days, 4-methylformamido-3,5-xylyl N-methylcarbamate was present at levels 20–30 times higher than the parent compound. This metabolite was about 50 times less toxic than mexacarbate to larvae when applied topically but was only 7 times less toxic when ingested. Two other methylcarbamate metabolites, the amino, and methylamino analogues were detectable for one day following treatment but not at later time points. They were as toxic as mexacarbate both topically and orally. Based on these findings, the methylformamido analogue could contribute to the residual toxicity of mexacarbate treatments of spruce.     

桃果套袋对6种典型农药沉积分布和残留的影响

建立了一种基于QuEChERS方法提取净化,超高效液相色谱/气相色谱-串联质谱检测桃叶、桃果和土壤中吡虫啉、嘧菌酯、腈苯唑、苯醚甲环唑、毒死蜱及β-氯氰菊酯6种农药残留量的分析方法。结果表明:在0.05~20 mg/kg (桃叶)、0.05~2 mg/kg (桃果) 和0.05~5 mg/kg (土壤) 添加水平下,6种农药在桃叶、桃果及土壤中的回收率为72%~111%,相对标准偏差 (RSDs) 为0.90%~18% (n = 5),均满足农药残留检测的要求。不套袋施药时,6种农药在桃叶中的原始沉积量最高,其沉积量占比为桃叶、桃果和土壤中总残留量的57%~69%;其次是土壤中,占比为25%~39%,桃果中占比仅为3%~6%;此外,2次施药后14和21 d时桃果上6种农药的最终残留量分别为 (0.07 ± 0.01)~(0.77 ± 0.13) mg/kg和 <0.05~(0.27 ± 0.05) mg/kg,分别为其对应最大残留限量(MRL)值的15%~60%和9%~34%。套袋可以显著降低桃果中6种农药的原始沉积量和最终残留量。套袋后,桃果上6种农药的原始沉积量占比均小于1%,且2次施药后14和21 d时的最终残留量均低于中国国家标准GB 2763—2019《食品安全国家标准 食品中农药最大残留限量》中对应MRL值的10%。本研究明确了果实套袋对6种农药在桃园中的沉积和残留的影响,为指导果实套袋措施在桃园中的安全使用提供了理论依据。     

Peach red marbling and peach sooty ringspot, two new virus-like degenerative diseases of Prunus

More than 600 Prunus samples were examined by using a nonradioactive digoxigenin-labelled RNA probe specific for hop stunt viroid (HSVd). Prunus salicina and Prunus armeniaca appeared to be better hosts than Prunus persica . The weak viroid concentration in flowers and young leaves of peach trees growing in the field did not permit its detection in such samples. The diagnosis was more reliable (about 85%) with bark and leaves aged 4 months and more, from regrowths of GF 305 peach seedlings inoculated and kept in the greenhouse. Detection of HSVd in leaves and bark of apricot and Japanese plum plants aged 3 months or more also proved reliable (about 80% and 90%, respectively). HSVd could be transmitted in apricot, peach and plum nucleic acid preparations to GF 305 peach seedlings by repeated stem slashing, and to cherries ( Prunus avium and Prunus serrulata ) by approach grafting with an infected P. salicina source. The viroid was eliminated from 18% of the clones obtained after thermotherapy.
In the course of this study, 25 selected Prunus accessions suspected to be infected by unusual diseases were analysed by hybridization with a HSVd-specific probe and by indexing on GF 305 peach seedlings in the greenhouse. Fifteen of these accessions were found to be infected by HSVd, 19 induced reddish marbling, and four induced small blackish spots on the leaves aged about 4 months. Repeated assays showed that these foliar symptoms were not caused by the viroid. Peach red marbling (PRMa) has not been associated with any known virus and seems to be caused by an infectious agent not yet described. That could also be the case with the agent of peach sooty ringspot (PSRS). PRMa and PSRS symptoms were reproduced by grafting and indexing, and their causal agents eliminated by thermotherapy in a significant fraction of the treated plants. They behave like viral agents and can infect the different Prunus species studied.     

Degradation of parathion applied to peach leaves.

Parathion was applied to peach trees in three different formulations 70 days before harvest. Leaf samples were taken periodically through the 70-day period and gas-liquid chromatographic analyses were conducted for dislodgable and penetrated residues. Analyses were also conducted for paraoxon and the s-ethyl isomer of parathion. Punched samples were compared to whole-leaf samples; generally residue levels for both types corresponded closely. A new experimental formulation, encapsulated parathion, produced highest levels of total parathion throughout the 70-day study, but even this formulation resulted in low total residue levels around 1 ppm at time of harvest. Degradation of the s-ethyl isomer of parathion was generally very rapid in all formulations studied. Dislodgable residues of paraoxon may be significant in some formulations and should be included in parathion degradation studies. Much of the parathion found on peach leaves throughout the growing season was dislodgable residue, but this depended considerably on the formulation used.     

Field effectiveness of fosetyl-AI against citrus foot rot and brown rot1

The effectiveness of fosetyl-A1 against citrus foot rot caused by Phytophthora citrophthora has been evaluated in a 25-year-old orchard of sweet orange cv. Tarocco, showing severe symptoms of the disease and in a 10-year-old orchard of the clementine-type mandarin cv. Monreal, apparently healthy. All the trees were grafted on sour orange. In both orchards, three sprays at 200 g a.i. per 100 1 were applied in May, July and September for 3 years. The results were evaluated on the basis of yield and fruit quality. Trees of cv. Tarocco had yield increased by 25–44% whereas cv. Monreal yielded 3–16% higher than the unsprayed trees. Fruits of orange cv. Tarocco were collected from trees sprayed with fosetyl-A1 and plunged in a water suspension of P. citrophthora. Fruits treated 11 days before inoculation showed an infection rate of 8.7%) whereas those unsprayed were 77% infected. Fruits inoculated 21 days after the treatment with fosetyl-A1 were 32% infected whereas those unsprayed were 91%, infected. In other trials, trees of volkamer lemon were sprayed with a conidial and mycelial suspension of P. citrophthora at different times after application of fosetyl-A1. The number of infected fruits and leaves in the unsprayed trees was very high (up to total leaf drop) and decreased sharply with the number of sprays (1 to 3).     

Distribution and loss of phorate residues in the foliage of broad bean plants following root uptake of 14C-labelled phorate

¹⁴C-Methylene labelled phorate was added to nutrient solutions supplying the roots of young broad bean plants and after 24 h absorption, fresh nutrient was substituted. The radiolabel accumulated at the leaf margins was initially associated with solvent-soluble toxic metabolites. Radiolabel extracted from foliage which developed after the treatment was mainly in water-soluble form. The maximum concentration of toxic material occurred in the marginal areas of the leaves after 5 or 6 days and in the central portions after 2 days. The concentrations declined to half of their peak values in 4–6 days from leaf-margin tissue and in 2 days from the central tissues. Water-soluble label did not accumulate to any significant extent. Most was found in the marginal areas but concentrations built up slowly reaching a maximum after about 2 weeks, declining slowly thereafter.     

九种常用农药在桃树生长后期使用的安全性

为了评价桃生长后期使用农药的安全性,以桃早熟品种‘金陵黄露’为材料,分别在桃果收获前7和14 d,按最高推荐剂量及2倍最高推荐剂量混合施用9种农药,包括4种杀虫剂 (阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氯氟氰菊酯和吡虫啉) 和5种杀菌剂 (苯醚甲环唑、腈苯唑、嘧菌酯、甲基硫菌灵和多菌灵),研究了桃果中的农药残留量变化及不同农药在桃枝、桃叶、果皮和果肉中的分布规律,以及套袋在桃生长后期阻控农药吸收中发挥的作用。结果表明:在桃收获前7 d,按2倍最高推荐剂量施用其中3种杀菌剂 (苯醚甲环唑、腈苯唑、嘧菌酯) 和4种杀虫剂 (阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺、氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉),7种农药在桃全果中的残留量均低于中国国家农药残留限量标准(MRL);而过量施用多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵,桃全果中多菌灵残留量显著高于MRL标准,且随着施药后时间的延长,增加了多菌灵由果皮或枝叶向果肉迁移的风险。套袋处理后,桃全果中多菌灵的残留量远低于中国MRL标准,同时显著减少了桃全果中其他8种农药的残留量。9种供试农药在桃树不同组织中的分布规律一致,由高到低依次为果皮>全果>桃叶≥果肉≥桃枝。本研究表明,不同农药品种在桃生长后期消解规律存在差异,其中多菌灵和甲基硫菌灵超量使用会增加多菌灵在桃果中残留超标的风险,而套袋处理可减少桃果中的农药残留。该结果对去除桃果中农药残留、降低膳食摄入风险有一定指导意义。     

绿盲蝽为害对不同空间位置桃叶生理指标的影响

为明确绿盲蝽为害不同时期桃树的应激反应发生发展过程,采用生化测定方法分析了桃树上、中、下部不同受害程度叶片内的可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量以及防御性酶活性的变化。结果表明,绿盲蝽为害后,随着时间的延长,受轻度为害的桃树叶片内可溶性糖含量由28.61 mg/g减少至19.21 mg/g,蛋白质含量由1.29 mg/g先增加至2.01 mg/g,后减少至1.66 mg/g,游离氨基酸含量由0.49 mg/g增加至0.72 mg/g;而受重度为害的叶片内可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量均先减少后增加,游离氨基酸含量则先增加后减少。防御性酶活性随绿盲蝽为害程度的加重也发生了不同程度的变化,随着时间的延长,受轻度为害的叶片内超氧化物歧化酶活性降低,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性有所升高;而受重度为害的叶片内超氧化物歧化酶活性先降低后升高,过氧化物酶活性升高,过氧化氢酶活性降低。说明不同位置桃树叶片对绿盲蝽的为害胁迫产生了应激反应,通过调整其体内各种防御性物质的含量,对绿盲蝽为害产生诱导抗性,且与为害程度有一定的相关性。     

黄色黏虫板在3种果园对蚜虫及其天敌的诱集作用

为减少黄色黏虫板(简称黄板)对果园害虫天敌的影响,明确黄板在果园中的使用方法,于2014年5月4日至9月30日在山西省太谷县的苹果、梨、桃园中进行了黄板诱集蚜虫及其天敌的动态调查。结果表明:在3种果园黄板可以诱集8目32科的昆虫,主要类群为蚜虫、叶蝉、瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉和蚜茧蜂等。在苹果园和桃园中诱蚜量呈双峰谷线状,在梨园中呈三峰状;各果园寄生性天敌的数量变化趋势与蚜虫一致且有跟随效应,但苹果园和梨园诱集的捕食性天敌均在8月下旬至8月底出现高峰期,而桃园中捕食性天敌水平一直较高。3个果园在花期至幼果期即5月4日至6月22日益害比最小,苹果园仅为1:202.8,而在其它时段的益害比均大于1:150,甚至最高可达1:19.4,表明在果园中使用黄板的害处大于益处,建议在果园中慎用黄板诱蚜。     

Metribuzin metabolism as the basis for tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)*

Metabolism of ¹⁴C-5 (ring)-metribuzin was studied in Steptoe (tolerant) and Morex (susceptible) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, 1, 4, and 8 days following a single application to roots. Both cultivars contained similar ether-soluble metribuzin metabolites and five water-soluble metabolites. Water-soluble compounds increased from 12 to 53% of the total ¹⁴C recovered for Steptoe and 5–17% for Morex between 1 day and 8 days, respectively, whereas the percentage of ether-soluble metabolites decreased. Ninhydrin reacting compounds were the major water-soluble metabolites in the leaf blades 8 days after treatment. On a d.p.m. mg^?1 dry weight basis, Steptoe leaves had five times more water-soluble material than Morex leaves and half the quantity of ether-soluble compounds. Metribuzin comprised 83 and 89% of the ether-soluble compounds in leaves of Morex and Steptoe, respectively, at 8 days. Terminal radioactivity comprised between 19% and 26% of total radioactivity for both cultivars as early as 1 day after application, with little change over 8 days. Rapid metabolism of metribuzin to non-phytotoxic water-soluble conjugates and terminal residues was the major mechanism responsible for the differential tolerance between these two barley cultivars.     

Action de l'atrazine, du chlortoluron et du MCPA sur les teneurs en pyruvate, oxalacétate, cétoglutarate, glutamate et glutamine dans les feuilles et les racines de concombre (Cucumis sativus)

Action of atrazine, chlortoluron and MCPA on the pyrovate, oxalacetate, cetoglutarate, glutamate and glutamine content in the leaves and roots of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Lethal rates of atrazine, chlortoluron and MCPA were administered to 17-day old cucumber seedlings growing in a nutrient solution. The ketonic acid, glutamate and glutamine composition of the leaves and roots was determined after intervals of 1–4 days. Two days after application of photosynthesis-inhibiting herbicides, the ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate, pyruvate, glutamate and glutamine content of the leaves was 11–20%; 30–54%; 43–50%; 101–112% and 49–65% respectively, compared with the controls. After 4 days it was 16–22%; 31–56%; 26–42%; 71–75% and 180–205%. In the roots, the glutamate decreased in the same proportion as the ketoglutarate while the glutamine increased the first 2 days and decreased on the fourth day. The MCPA treatment did not modify the cetoglutarate concentration in the leaves but increased it from 300 to 800% in the roots. Simultaneous analysis of ketoglutarate and glutamate can be used to identify the nature of a herbicide treatment.     

Transmission of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ by naturally infected Cacopsylla pyri to peach,an approach to the epidemiology of peach yellow leaf roll (PYLR) in Spain

Peach orchards in the northeast of Spain were severely affected in 2012 by a previously unreported disease in this area. The symptoms included early reddening, leaf curling, decline, abnormal fruits, and in some cases death of the peach trees. All the infected peach samples were positive for ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’, but none were infected by the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum’. In this work, potential vectors able to transmit ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ from pear to peach and between peach trees were studied and their infective potential was analysed at different times of the year. Transmission trials of the phytoplasma with potential vectors to an artificial feeding medium for insects and to healthy peach trees were conducted. Additionally, isolated phytoplasmas were genetically characterized to determine which isolates were able to infect peach trees. Results showed that the only insect species captured inside peach plots that was a carrier of the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ phytoplasma was Cacopsylla pyri. Other insect species captured and known to be phytoplasma transmitters were present in very low numbers, and were not infected with ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ phytoplasma. A total of 1928 individuals of C. pyri were captured in the peach orchards, of which around 49% were phytoplasma carriers. All the peach trees exposed to C. pyri in 2014, and 65% in 2015, were infected by ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pyri’ 1 year after exposure, showing that this species is able to transmit the phytoplasma to peach. Molecular characterization showed that some genotypes are preferentially determined in peach.     

Biological control of bacterial spot on peach by nonpathogenic Xanthomonas campestris strains AZ98101 and AZ98106

A suspension of nonpathogenic Xanthomonas campestris (nXc) strain AZ98101 or AZ98106 was sprayed on peach trees in biological control tests against bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. Treatment with each strain reduced the number of leaves with spots. Meta-analysis of the results from seven field trials showed an integrated risk ratio (the ratio of leaf spot incidence on inoculated leaves to incidence on control leaves) of 0.46 by treatment with AZ98101 and 0.54 by AZ98106, indicating that leaf spot incidence was significantly reduced by each strain. Each also significantly reduced the incidence of fruit spot. The risk ratio with AZ98101 was significantly lower than that with AZ98106. The population of AZ98101R-1, a rifampicin-resistant mutant of AZ98101, was 6.3 × 10³ CFU/g (fresh mass) on leaves and 8.0 × 10³ CFU/g on fruit at 12 days after inoculation, but was undetectable (<10² CFU/g) by 24 days. This is the first report that nXc strains AZ98101 and AZ98106 effectively control bacterial spot on peach.     

梨叶叶龄与梨黑星病菌侵染发病的关系

田间试验结果表明，鸭梨叶片在生长发育期抗病性差，易感染黑星病；发育成熟后，抗病性逐渐增强。自然条件下，受叶片抗病性和孢子着落量的综合影响，鸭梨成熟叶片很少感染黑星病。鸭梨叶片从展叶到发育成熟，在梨树生长发育前期（盛花期后60d内）约需40d，后期（盛花期60d后）约需30d。正处在生长发育期的鸭梨叶片受侵染，潜育期为18－25d，发病后，病斑大，产孢期短；成熟叶片受侵染，潜育期多在40d以上，发病后，病斑小，产孢期长。梨树生长前期梨黑星病的流行主要由于大部分叶片正处在生长发育期抗病性较差；后期果实发病则主要源于成熟叶片内长期潜育和长期产孢的黑星病菌。     

480g/L毒死蜱乳油对苹果绵蚜及桃小食心虫的防治效果

为明确480 g/L毒死蜱乳油对苹果绵蚜及桃小食心虫的防治效果,特选取虫害发生较重的苹果园进行了田间药效试验。结果表明,480 g/L毒死蜱乳油1 500倍液药后21 d对苹果棉蚜的防效最高可达89.70%,药后15 d对桃小食心虫的防效最高可达94.34%,防效较好且对果树安全。     

Simultaneous detection and genetic variability of stone fruit viroids in the Czech Republic

In this paper, we report a large-scale survey for the incidence of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) in stone fruit collections and commercial orchards in the Czech Republic. From the 645 samples analysed, PLMVd was detected in 80 (26.6%) of peaches and the HSVd in 3 (1.3%) of apricot and 1 (0.33%) of peach trees. Sixty-seven accession of peach (44.6%) from the Czech Clonal GeneBank were infected by PLMVd. In addition, we used naturally infected trees to standardise the simultaneous detection of PLMVd and HSVd plus host mRNA as the control by means of one-step multiplex RTC-PCR. Eleven PLMVd and two HSVd isolates were sequenced and analysed. All the PLMVd variants were highly homologous (97–100%) to previously reported PLMVd variants from Tunisian peach and almond trees, and clustered together in the previously reported phylogenetic group III. The HSVd variants obtained from apricot and peach trees were included in the previously proposed recombinant group PH/cit3.     

喷洒部件及喷雾助剂对担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响

采用诱惑红为指示剂研究测定了喷洒部件以及喷雾助剂Silwet408对电动担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响,试验结果表明：采用喷枪大容量喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有35.2%的药液流失到地面,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为0.59和0.62;当在喷雾液添加0.1%的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到125 L/667 m2时,药液在地面的流失率减少到21.2%,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为1.28和1.19,沉积分布均匀性明显提高。采用装配小喷片的组合喷头喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有28.4%的药液流失到地面,当在喷雾液添加0.1% 的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到185 L/667m2时,喷雾压力分别为0.25 Mpa和0.35 Mpa时,药液在地面的流失率分别减少到18.5%和8.6%。研究测定结果表明,通过更换喷洒部件、增加喷雾压力、减少施药液量、添加喷雾助剂等措施可以显著减少果园喷雾中的药液流失率、提高喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层的沉积分布均匀性。     

Incidence and genetic diversity of Peach latent mosaic viroid and Hop stunt viroid in stone fruits in Serbia

Tissue-imprint hybridization (TIH) assay was validated for large-scale detection of Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) and Hop stunt viroid (HSVd). All 72 collected leaves (100%) from 2 PLMVd- and 2 HSVd-infected trees were positive in TIH, regardless of the geographic orientation of the scaffold, level of the canopy and position of the leaf in the shoot. In a large-scale survey in Serbia, we tested by TIH 871 trees of stone fruits, representing 602 cultivars from fruit collections in Belgrade, Čačak and Novi Sad. PLMVd was detected in 185 (50%) peach trees or 95 (54%) cultivars and HSVd in 2 apricot trees and cultivars (2%). The occurrence of HSVd is a new report for Serbia. No viroid infection was found in European plums, sweet cherries, sour cherries and wild Prunus spp. PLMVd-infected peach cultivars originated from the world’s main breeding centres of this crop. Western European and Asian cultivars were the most infected (58%) followed by those originating from North America (50%). Nine PLMVd and two HSVd isolates were sequenced and analyzed. All showed PMLVd sequences clustered together in the previously reported phylogenetic group III. Both HSVd isolates were found to be derived from recombinant events, but that of the cv. Saturn represented a putative new phylogenetic group of HSVd.