具有图像处理功能的原木X射线检测系统

选择 X 射线作为检测源透射原木,根据检测透过被检物体后的射线强度差异,判断被检测原木内部是否存在缺陷和检测缺陷细节。检测过程中应用计算机数字图像处理技术对原始的 X 射线图像进行中值滤波、图像增强、差分和边缘检测,使得处理后的图像更加清晰,图像中的目标易于人眼识别。实验结果表明这种方法行之有效。     

基于分形维数特征的原木漏节图像的研究

采用X射线法透射木材,根据检测透射物体后射线的强度差异,建立木材X射线的分形模型。采用计算盒子维数的方法对原木漏节X射线图像进行有效的边缘检测,用分形维数D的大小来定量描述原木漏节图像的不规则程度,以确定缺陷所在。研究表明背景部分与边缘部分的分形维数存在一定程度的差别,正常部分分维数值大约在2.007 3左右,漏节边缘分维数值大约在1.400 0~1.900 0之间。     

木材无损检测图像处理系统的研究

本文提出了一种应用X射线无损检测技术检测原木内部缺陷的方法。检测过程中应用计算机数字图像处理技术对原始的X射线图象进行中值滤波、图象锐化、使得处理后的图象更加清晰，图象中的目标易于人眼识别。在中文WINDOWS平台上开发编制软件，界面友好，使用方便，操作简单。实验结果表明这种方法行之有效。     

基于应力波与X射线二维CT图像原木内部腐朽无损检测

木材无损检测技术是在20世纪60年代后逐步兴起的对木材性质进行非破坏性检测的技术,如今该技术已多达几十种,产生了多种多样的木材无损检测方法。为了更好地运用这些方法,找出它们的优缺点,有必要对它们检测木材内部缺陷进行试验和评价。同时使用应力波和X射线两种方法对原木内部腐朽进行检测,结果表明：应力波和X射线二维CT图像都能检测出原木内部腐朽,显示出腐朽的区域,而且能利用图像计算出腐朽区域的面积。两种方法计算出的腐朽区域的面积准确度φ都较高,但是应力波二维CT图像在其他许多方面逊于X射线二维CT图像：应力波二维CT图像对腐朽区域形状的显示不够准确,不能根据图像辨别出腐朽的严重程度,利用图像确定腐朽面积效率很低;X射线二维CT图像对腐朽区域形状的显示与实际较吻合,可以根据图像辨别出腐朽的严重程度,利用图像确定腐朽面积效率高。但是X射线仪器笨重不便携,而应力波检测仪轻快便携。     

X射线在原木无损检测中的应用

提出了一种采用X射线为检测手段的原木无损检测方法,分析了X射线用于原木无损检测的可行性、原木木材质量吸收系数μm的变化规律和X射线无损检测的特点.     

工业CT扫描在原木内部缺陷检测中应用

利用工业CT对三组原木进行扫描,并通过VGStudioMAX软件将扫描数据进行三维重建,检测原木内部缺陷。结果表明:原木的三维重建体模型能反映出缺陷在原木中的三维空间分布情况,对原木截面的虚拟剖切,可直观了解缺陷的形状、位置和分布,精确获知缺陷的大小,实现优质和珍贵原木的利用率及利用价值最大化。     

冲击条件对原木孔洞缺陷检测效果影响的研究

应用摆锤敲击装置,在实验室条件下研究冲击条件对原木内部孔洞缺陷检测效果的影响。摆锤冲击装置能以不同的速度敲击测试传感器,得到扰动信号在试样内的平均传播速度及原木孔洞缺陷区域的识别质量系数。研究结果表明,适当提高摆锤冲击速度,能够提高原木孔洞缺陷的检测效果。     

含水率对原木孔洞缺陷应力波检测效果的影响

应用微单元分析模型,在实验室条件下研究含水率对原禾内部孔洞缺陷检测效果的影响。在不同含水率状态下测试原木内应力波传播速度,分析应力波传播速度与含水率的相关性,得出原木孔洞缺陷识别质量系数。结果表明,在较低的含水率状态下原木孔洞缺滔检测效果较好。     

计算机断层扫描技术检测木材缺陷的研究

木材无损检测技术是一门新兴的、综合性的木材非破坏性检测技术，可以应用计算机断层扫描技术（Cr）对原木进行无损检测。计算机断层扫描技术是X射线无损检测的一个分支，是对X射线的应用。本论文通过对Cr的利用，通过对Cr图像的提取、分析和处理，找出了一套方便于Cr图像的重建和去除噪声的算法，从而提出利用计算机断层技术（Cr）对木材进行缺陷检测，该方法是可行的。     

八十年代的扫描技术—木材缺陷的自动探测

近十年来,探测木材缺陷的方法发生了显著的变化。本文综述了八十年代探测木材缺陷的新技术、新方法。主要有:激光扫描法,荧光扫描法,超声波法,X—射线法,X—射线荧光探测法,微波法,核磁共振法和红外光谱法。其中,以能探测木材内部缺陷的超声波法和X—射线法最有前途。一种有效的木材缺陷的探测方法是提高木材加工行业经济效益的有力工具。     

Automatic grading of sawlogs: A comparison between X-ray scanning,optical three-dimensional scanning and combinations of both methods

As sawmills become increasingly efficient, the importance of focusing on value recovery becomes obvious. To maximize value recovery, sawmills require the ability to sort logs according to quality. This study compares four different combinations of three-dimensional (3D) and X-ray scanning that can be used to grade logs automatically. The study was based on 135 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) logs that had been scanned with both a 3D scanner and an X-ray scanner with two X-ray sources. The percentage of boards with correct grade sawn from automatically graded logs varied from 57% when using only 3D scanning to 66% when using a combination of 3D scanning and X-ray scanning in two directions. The highest possible result, with ideal log grading, was 81%. The result also shows that the combination of a 3D scanner and one X-ray direction results in higher accuracy than a scanner based on two X-ray directions.     

Predicting the Stiffness of Sawn Products by X-ray Scanning of Norway Spruce Saw Logs

The aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of strength grading Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] saw logs on the basis of simulated X-ray LogScanner measurements and to evaluate the potential accuracy of X-ray LogScanner measurements of green heartwood density and percentage of heartwood. The study was based on 272 logs for strength grading and 29 logs for measurements of green heartwood density and percentage of heartwood. The logs were scanned using computed tomography (CT). After sawing, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the centre boards was measured using a strength-grading machine. The CT images were used for simulations of an X-ray LogScanner, resulting in simulated measurements of different variables such as diameter, taper, percentage of heartwood, density and density variations. Multivariate models for prediction of MOE were then calibrated using partial least squares (PLS) regression. The MOE of a log was defined as the mean value of the MOE of the two centre boards. The study showed that the simulated X-ray LogScanner measured the percentage of heartwood and green heartwood density with relatively high accuracy (R ² = 0.94 and R ² = 0.73, respectively, after removing two outliers) and that these and other variables measured by the simulated X-ray LogScanner could be used to predict the stiffness of the centre boards. These predictions were used to sort the logs according to the predicted MOE. When sorting out 50% of the logs (''high-strength'' logs), the percentage of C30 boards increased from 73% (all logs in the study) to 100% (only ''high-strength'' logs). The rest of the logs could then be divided into two groups, one of them with 100% C24 and C30 boards.     

Applying multifractal spectrum combined with fractal discrete Brownian motion model to wood defects recognition

Wood nondestructive testing technology is a new and multidisciplinary industry scientific research. It has attained fast development and achievements in recent years. X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning technology is a kind of wood nondestructive testing technology in practice. CT scanning technology has been applied to the detection of internal defects in the logs for the purpose of obtaining prior information, which can be used to reach better wood sawing decision. Fractal geometry and its extension multifractal are used for describing, modeling, analyzing, and processing of different complex shapes and images. A method in CT image edge detection using multifractal theory combined with fractal Brownian motion is applied in the paper. First, its multifractal spectrum is estimated. Then, different types of pixels are classified by the spectrum; they are smoothing edge points and singular edge points. From the images processed by multifractal spectrum theory and compared with each image by different spectrum values, it can be seen that the larger the range of threshold is set, the more exact the edge can be detected. The paper provides a new method to recognize the defect information and to saw it in the condition of nondestructive wood.     

How well does a log decay-class system capture the ecology of decomposition? - A case-study from Tasmanian Eucalyptus obliqua forest

The use of decay-class systems in characterising the state of decomposition of a forest’s complement of rotting logs is widespread. While most systems are based on an assessment of logs’ external characteristics, there is an implicit assumption that doing so captures important information on the underlying processes of internal decomposition. However, the validity of this remains largely untested. We explored the relationship between decay-class and internal state of decomposition in logs of Eucalyptus obliqua in the lowland wet eucalypt forests of Southern Tasmania, Australia. We examined rotten-wood samples from a large population of logs across a wide range of diameters. From this we determined that smaller-diameter (<60 cm: regrowth-sized) logs differ from larger-diameter (>60 cm: mature-sized) logs in their pathways of internal decomposition. Decomposition in regrowth-sized logs is characterised by greater activity of surface rots, with white rot-types predominating. Decomposition in mature-sized logs is more concentrated in the interior of the log, with brown rot-types tending to dominate. These differences probably both reflect and help shape the communities of organisms inhabiting logs of different origins. Despite these differences, regrowth and mature-sized logs show the same general progression of internal decomposition across the five decay-classes, to the extent that each class represents logs that have lost a predictable proportion of their original mass. We conclude that a decay-class system that is restricted to a single dimension, such as the five-class system used for E. obliqua, will be quite able to capture the main trajectory of biomass loss, but will not be able to characterise the complexity of the ecological processes giving rise to this loss. Studies that employ single-dimension decay classes, and which aggregate decay-class data across logs, can be given added ecological meaning by first partitioning logs into diameter-classes that reflect the underlying differences in the maturity of the trees giving rise to the logs. For E. obliqua logs, a cut-off diameter of 60 cm offers an appropriate distinction between regrowth-aged and mature-aged trees.     

Prediction of Board Values in Pinus sylvestris Sawlogs Using X-ray Scanning and Optical Three-dimensional Scanning of Stems

As the sawmill industry strives towards customer orientation, the need for sorting of logs according to quality has been recognized, and automatic sorting based on measurements by three-dimensional (3D) optical log scanners has been implemented at sawmills. There is even a small number of sawmills using the X-ray log scanner for automatic log-sorting. At the log-sorting stage, the potential of the raw material to fulfil the needs has already been reduced by the decisions taken when the trees were bucked (cross-cut) into logs. Thus, the application of predictions of the boards’ properties at the bucking stage is desirable. This study investigates the possibility of predicting board values from logs based on 3D scanning alone and 3D scanning in combination with X-ray scanning of stems. This study is based on 628 logs scanned by computed tomography that make up the Swedish Pine Stem Bank. Simulated sawing of the logs gave product values for each log. Prediction models on product value were adapted using partial least squares regression and x-variables derived from the properties of the logs and their original stems, measurable with a 3D log scanner and the X-ray LogScanner. The results were promising. Using a 3D scanner alone, R ² was 0.68, and using a 3D scanner in combination with an X-ray LogScanner, R ² was 0.72.     

Comparing predictability of board strength between computed tomography,discrete X-ray,and 3D scanning of Norway spruce logs

Strength graded boards of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) are important products for many Scandinavian sawmills. If the bending strength of the produced boards can be predicted before sawing the logs, the raw material can be used more efficiently. In previous studies it is shown that the bending strength can be predicted to some extent using discrete X-ray scanning of logs. In this study, we have evaluated if it is possible to predict bending strength of Norway spruce boards with higher accuracy using computed tomography (CT) scanning of logs compared to a combination of discrete X-ray and 3D scanning. The method was to construct multivariate models of bending strength for three different board dimensions. Our results showed that CT scanning of logs produces better models of bending strength compared to a combination of discrete X-ray and 3D scanning. The main reason for this difference was the benefit of knowing the position of where the boards were cut from the logs and therefore detailed knot information could be used in the prediction models. Due to the small number of observations in this study, care should be taken when comparing the resulting prediction models to results from other studies.     

计算机断层扫描技术(CT)在原木无损检测中的应用

介绍了计算机断层扫描技术(CT)对原木缺陷进行检测的原理,针对第三代CT对原木检测的特点,总结了计算机断层扫描技术对原木缺陷进行检测的优点,阐述了当今国内外的计算机断层扫描技术对原木检测的研究现状,指出其在原木无损检测中应用的发展趋势。     

A method for three-dimensional stem analysis and its application in a study on the occurrence of resin pockets in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus patula</Emphasis>

Information on the external shape, internal properties and defects of a tree is important for the forest and wood-processing industries. Resin pockets are internal defects, associated with some softwood species, and are especially undesirable in furniture, joinery and veneer products. In this study, we propose a new lower-cost method for measuring tree shape and macroscopic internal characteristics. The objectives of this study were to: (1) design, construct and test a mobile system that can be used in field to obtain a three-dimensional model of a log or tree stem indicating selected macroscopic internal characteristics and (2) to use the system to investigate the occurrence and causes of resin pockets in Pinus patula from the Mpumalanga escarpment in South Africa. In order to establish the cause of resin pocket formation in Pinus patula, four 3-m logs from 24 trees from three compartments were dissected and digitally reconstructed into three-dimensional models. The results from the study suggest that the formation of Type 1 resin pockets in Pinus patula was due to bending stresses caused by wind sway. It was not possible to establish with certainty the cause of Type 2 resin pocket formation. However, there was evidence that damage events, and specifically thinning damage, have been the cause of some of the Type 2 resin pockets observed.     

原条量材设计中木材等级的确定

针对采用标号法进行原条量材设计时原木等级难确定这一问题 ,提出利用双向链表存储木材缺陷的信息 ,编制特定函数的办法 ,来解决这一问题