翻压紫云英对双季稻产量、镉吸收及转运的影响

  【目的】  探讨紫云英在水稻生产中的增产降镉（Cd）效应以及降Cd的生理机制。  【方法】  5年田间微区定位试验设4个处理:不施任何肥料(CK)、翻压紫云英(GM)、单施化肥(F)和紫云英翻压配施化肥(F+GM),翻压紫云英的处理冬闲田种植紫云英,作为绿肥在早稻插秧前翻压还田。在双季稻分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期采集水稻植株样品,分为根、茎叶、籽粒3个部分,测定其Cd含量。  【结果】  1)与CK相比,F+GM与F处理5年水稻产量显著增加,GM处理从2017年起增产显著;与F处理相比,F+GM处理5年水稻均增产,其中2016与2020年显著增产。2）翻压紫云英对水稻同一部位在不同时期的降Cd效应不同。早稻GM处理根Cd含量在分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于CK,晚稻则无显著差异;早稻的GM处理茎叶Cd含量在灌浆期显著低于CK,晚稻的无显著差异;早稻的GM处理籽粒Cd含量在灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于CK（分别降低85.7%和57.6%）,晚稻的无显著差异。早稻的F+GM处理根Cd含量在分蘖期、灌浆期和成熟期均显著低于F处理,晚稻的则无显著差异;早稻的F+GM处理茎叶Cd含量在分蘖期显著低于F处理,晚稻的无显著差异。3）翻压紫云英下水稻不同时期Cd转运有差异。早稻分蘖期F+GM处理的根–茎叶Cd转运系数显著高于CK与F处理,成熟期GM处理的茎叶–籽粒Cd转运系数显著低于CK,降幅为52.2%;晚稻则无显著差异。4）F+GM和GM处理根与籽粒Cd累积量均较低,其根部累积量显著低于F处理;GM处理早稻籽粒Cd累积量显著低于F处理;而F+GM晚稻茎叶Cd累积量则显著高于CK。F+GM与GM处理籽粒Cd分配比例低于CK与F处理,F+GM处理的茎叶Cd分配比例高于F处理,GM处理的茎叶Cd分配比例高于CK。5）早稻各处理的土壤总Cd含量差异不显著,晚稻则表现为GM处理显著低于CK。早稻的GM与F+GM处理土壤有效Cd含量显著低于CK,晚稻的则无显著差异。  【结论】  翻压紫云英可增加水稻产量,同时具有较好的降Cd效应。翻压紫云英的降Cd生理机制为:一是可降低土壤有效Cd含量,从而降低水稻Cd含量;二是可降低茎叶–籽粒间的Cd转运系数,减弱向籽粒的转运能力,降低水稻籽粒中Cd的累积,进而生产出Cd含量低于国家安全限量的稻米。     

Trophic interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and bacterial feeders influenced by phosphate and aphids in barley

The aim was to study the effects of P fertilization and leaf aphid attack on the trophic interactions of bacteria and bacterial feeders in the rhizospheres of barley plants. The density of protozoa peaked in the rhizospheres of plants fertilized with N and P, whereas nematodes peaked in the rhizospheres of plants to which only N had been added. Fingerprinting of bacterial communities by length heterogeneity polymerase chain reaction revealed differences in community structure between NP rhizospheres and N rhizospheres as well as aphid-related differences within N rhizospheres. Specifically, α-proteobacteria increased with P addition. To evaluate if differences in bacteria in terms of their quality as food could partly explain the observed differences in protozoan and nematode abundances, growth of the flagellate Cercomonas sp. was assessed with 935 bacteria isolated from the different treatments. This assay indicated that bacterial isolates were of higher food quality to Cercomonas sp. in NP than in N rhizospheres when plants were subjected to aphid attack. Bacteria of high and low food quality for Cercomonas sp., respectively, were fed to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and larval production examined. α-Proteobacteria supported the growth of Cercomonas sp. well, whereas Actinobacteria did not. In contrast, C. elegans reproduced poorly on most α-proteobacteria but were able to reproduce well on some Actinobacteria. These results suggest that the different response of protozoa and nematodes to P addition could be mediated through a food quality-related change in community composition of bacteria and that leaf aphid attack may interfere with nutrient effects on bacterial assemblages of rhizospheres.     

Growth and light receipt by mainstem cotton leaves in relation to plant density in the field

The expansion of individual mainstem cotton leaves and light receipt at their natural angle of display were measured in the field to determine simple expressions for growth and light interception of cotton leaves. Plant density and planting date were varied in three seasons to generate a range of leaf and plant sizes.When expressed in thermal time, leaves appeared regularly at intervals of 2.9 physiological days (or 41 day degrees) and the leaves expanded for a relatively constant time of 18 p-days (253 day degrees), being insensitive to plant density and planting date. Leaf size and, therefore, daily rate of leaf expansion were strongly influenced by position on the plant, plant density and planting date (largest leaves in the middle region of the plant, at low plant densities and late planting dates). These effects were consistent with leaf size at initiation and relative leaf expansion rate being influenced by assimilate competition within the plant either between leaves and fruiting branches, or due to mutual shading. Planting date effects were consistent with a temperature response.Leaves faced the sun in the early morning and late afternoon, which a simulation study suggested allowed an extra 40% photosynthesis at these times. However, since absolute light levels were low at these times, simulated daily photosynthesis was only increased by 9% over leaves which stayed at constant leaf display.Plant density highly influenced light extinction coefficients (K) for mainstem leaves when measured at their natural angle of display. For plant densities of 2, 8 and 24 m⁻² K was 3.56 ± 0.26, 1.76 ± 0.08 and 1.15 ± 0.10, respectively. These effects were attributed to the more “clumpy” nature of plants at low density. When measured at ground level with a linear sensor held horizontally under a medium plant density crop, K was 0.87 ± 0.03. Therefore, it was postulated that K for fruiting branch leaves might be substantially lower than for mainstem leaves. It was demonstrated that K could have a large effect on calculated photosynthesis of lower leaves in a crop model based at the single leaf level.     

Light reflected from colored mulches affects aroma and phenol content of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an herb the leaves of which are used to add a distinct aroma and flavor to food. It was hypothesized that the size and chemical composition of sun-grown basil leaves could be influenced by the color of light reflected from the soil surface and by the action of the reflected light through the natural growth regulatory system within the growing plants. Leaf morphology, aroma compounds, and soluble phenolics were compared in basil that had been grown over six colors of polyethylene row covers. Altering the ratios of blue, red, and far-red light reflected to growing plants influenced both leaf morphology and chemistry. Leaves developing over red surfaces had greater area, moisture percentage (succulence), and fresh weight than those developing over black surfaces. Basil grown over yellow and green surfaces produced significantly higher concentrations of aroma compounds than did basil grown over white and blue covers. Leaves grown over yellow and green mulches also contained significantly higher concentrations of phenolics than those grown over the other colors. Clearly, the wavelengths (color) of light reflected to growing basil plants affected leaf size, aroma, and concentrations of soluble phenolics, some of which are antioxidants.     

Potato growth and nutrient diagnosis as affected by systemic pesticide and physiological growth stage

Abstract

Growth and chemical composition of crop plants may be subject to alteration by systemic compounds employed for pest control. A field study was implemented to examine the effects of aldicarb on growth, chemical composition, and nutrient diagnosis of a potato crop at various growth stages. Aldicarb use resulted in increased dry matter production of leaves, stems, and tubers, and final fresh tuber weight during the second year of the study. Higher tuber yields were likely due to greater photosynthetic capacity because the increase in leaf dry matter production with time was greater in the aldicarb treatment than in control. Leaf nutrition was not influenced by aldicarb; however, leaf nutrient content varied greatly with growth stage. Similar nutrient status evaluations were generated by DRIS, regardless of pesticide treatment or growth stage. DRIS was able to diagnose nutrient limitations as early as tuber initiation     

适宜钾浓度降低小麦蚜虫密度的生理代谢机理

【目的】从对植物基础代谢影响的角度,研究施钾降低麦株蚜虫密度的作用机理,为田间小麦蚜虫的生态调控提供科学依据。【方法】采用水培试验,设置5个钾水平（KCl 0.005、0.05、0.5、2、10 mmol/L）,每个钾水平均进行蚜虫侵染和不侵染处理,每个处理重复3次,并于麦株五叶一心时进行蚜虫侵染,将虫龄大小一致的成年无翅蚜虫接种在小麦的最新完全展开叶上,每株小麦用5头蚜虫侵染。然后,分别于蚜虫侵染4天和8天两个时间节点调查麦株蚜虫密度并取样,分析钾水平和蚜虫取食对小麦叶片游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的影响。【结果】钾水平在0.005~0.5 mmol/L范围内,蚜虫侵染后第4天,单位干物质重的蚜虫密度随着钾水平的提高显著降低,进一步提高钾水平,蚜虫的群体密度差异并不显著;而在蚜虫侵染后第8天,蚜虫的群体密度随着钾水平的升高而显著降低。随着钾水平提高,未被蚜虫侵染的小麦植株其游离氨基酸含量呈降低趋势,而可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量则呈先升高后降低趋势;被蚜虫侵染的小麦植株其游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量的变化趋势不变,而可溶性糖含量则呈持续增加趋势。同一测定时间与不接虫处理相比,接虫处理随着钾水平的提高,蚜虫侵染诱导的游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量降低,而可溶性糖含量增加。两个时间节点相比,随时间推移,不接虫处理游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量的平均增幅分别为2.6%、18.1%、2.0%,而接虫处理上述指标平均增幅分别为67.3%、20.9%、22.9%,与不接虫处理相比,接虫处理麦株游离氨基酸和可溶性糖含量增幅较大。此外,蚜虫侵染诱导的游离氨基酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量的增加量,都与相应时间节点的蚜虫群体密度显著或极显著相关,其中,接虫4天和接虫8天的相关系数分别为0.948、0.920、-0.908和0.944、0.985、-0.991。而组成型的可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量与相应时间节点蚜虫群体密度间相关性不显著,游离氨基酸含量却与之呈极显著正相关,接虫4和8天的相关系数分别为0.995和0.944。【结论】提高钾水平可能通过降低小麦组成型游离氨基酸的含量,降低蚜虫取食诱导型游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白积累,提高诱导型可溶性糖的积累,共同降低麦长管蚜密度。     

下部鲜烟叶摘除数量对烤烟品质及经济性状的影响

为了明确重庆烟区下部鲜烟叶摘除数量对烤烟化学成分、香气物质、等级结构及经济性状的影响,本研究选用‘云烟97’品种,研究打顶期摘除下部0片(CK)、2片(T1)、3片(T2)和4片(T3)烟叶后对烤烟化学成分、香气物质、等级结构及经济性状等的变化特征。结果表明,随着下部叶片摘除数量的增加,中上部烟叶淀粉、总氮和烟碱含量有显著提高的趋势,钾素含量显著降低;中上烟叶的糖碱比和钾氯比与摘除叶片数呈负相关关系,氮碱比与摘除叶片数呈正相关关系;中部叶以摘除3片处理(T2)的致香物质含量最高,上部叶以摘除2片处理(T1)的致香物质含量最高。摘除下部叶片后烟叶等级结构和经济效益有不同程度提高,其中以T2处理最为显著,其次是T1处理,T3处理的效果最差。因此,综合考虑化学成分、香气物质、等级结构和经济效益等认为,在重庆武隆生态条件下的中等肥力土壤上处理下部鲜烟叶时以摘除3片叶为宜。     

Nitrogen Uptake and Allocation in Sweet Viburnum During a Root Growth Flush

Most woody ornamentals exhibit episodic growth flushes and nitrogen (N) uptake has also been demonstrated to be seasonal. However, there is little information on N uptake in relationship to plant growth cycle. In this study, N uptake and allocation of sweet viburnum during periods of low and high root elongation rates were studied. Plants were fertilized with ammonium nitrate (¹⁵NH₄ ¹⁵NO₃) and after 6 d N absorption was determined. Significantly more N was absorbed by plants with low root elongation rate compared with plants with high root elongation rate. About 70% of the N absorbed by plants with low root elongation rate was allocated to the mature leaves compared to 35% on plants with high root elongation rate. It was evident that root growth activity influenced N absorption and allocation. Although only a small amount of the N absorbed by plants with low root elongation rates was allocated to the immature leaves, significantly more N was allocated to the immature leaves by plants with high root elongation rates. It is possible that the N necessary to support immature leaf growth, when root elongation rate is low, is provided by mobilization from other parts, possibly mature leaves.     

Gornig,Cleve A.I. und Hanaker,J.W. (Hrsg.): Organic Chemicals in the soil environment Vol. I u. II. zus. 968 S., Preis 24,50 und 26,50 US $. Verlag Marcel Dekker,New York 1972

Investigations on translocation of magnesium (²⁸Mg) in sunflower plants. 1. The translocation and retranslocation of Mg respectively ²⁸Mg in sunflower plants of different age have been investigated. The focus of this investigation was on the influence of the composition of the uptake solution and the age of plants on the uptake of Mg respectively ²⁸Mg through the roots or through the leaves and on Mg translocation (distribution). 2. After sunflower plants were grown in Mg-deficient 1/2-Hoagland solution Mg in the plants were redistributed. The Mg in the roots, stems, cotyledons, primary and secondary leaves was retranslocated to the youngest leaves. 3. In isolated, secondary-rooted sunflower shoots grown in Mg-deficient solution, plant Mg was retranslocated into the new roots and into the youngest shoots. 4. The ²⁸Mg-uptake from the 0,2 mM MgSO₄ solution was usually higher than from the 1/10-Hoagland solution. The composition of the uptake solution had little influence on the distribution of ²⁸Mg. Independent of the age plants had the highest ²⁸Mg content in the young and the lowest in the old leaves. 5. Root uptake of ²⁸Mg resulted in a more uniform distribution in the plant than leaf uptake. The old leaves had a higher ²⁸Mg content by root uptake than by leaf uptake of ²⁸Mg. This is probably influenced by transpiration, in combination with the xylem transport of ²⁸Mg after root uptake, which differs from leaf uptake and translocation in basipetal direction. 6. With increased age of plants, the content of ²⁸Mg/10 gr. fresh weight decreased and the difference in content between the parts of plant was higher. The decrease of Mg content in the oldest leaves was the highest. 7. The results showed that Mg was transportable in the phloem. The magnitude and the direction of Mg transport was determined as primarily through the assimilation stream, which is coupled with Mg transport in plants.     

Proteomic analysis of four Brazilian MON810 maize varieties and their four non-genetically-modified isogenic varieties

Profiling techniques have been suggested as a nontargeted approach to detect unintended effects in genetically modified (GM) plants. Seedlings from eight Brazilian maize varieties, four MON810 GM varieties and four non-GM isogenic varieties, were grown under controlled environmental conditions. Physiological parameters (aerial part weight, main leaf length, and chlorophyll and total protein contents) were compared, and some differences were observed. Nevertheless, these differences were not constant among all GM and non-GM counterparts. Leaf proteomic profiles were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) coupled to mass spectrometry, using six 2DE gels per variety. The comparison between MON810 and its counterpart was limited to qualitative differences of fully reproducible protein spot patterns. Twelve exclusive proteins were observed in two of four maize variety pairs; all of these leaf proteins were variety specific. In this study, MON810 leaf proteomes of four varieties were similar to non-GM counterpart leaf proteomes.     

玉米抗玉米蚜种质的鉴定与抗性位点的定位分析

玉米蚜是世界性的玉米害虫,利用玉米自身的抗性是控制玉米蚜虫危害的重要途径。为培育抗蚜新品种,提高玉米的抗性,首先需要鉴定筛选抗性种质,明确其抗性遗传模式,发掘抗性基因。本研究首先对新收集的国内外玉米种质资源进行抗玉米蚜鉴定,然后采用分离群体分组分析与高通量测序技术相结合的方法,对鉴定出的高抗蚜玉米自交系携带的抗性位点进行了定位分析。结果表明,在98份玉米种质资源中有5份表现高抗玉米蚜,其中高抗蚜自交系32t33的抗蚜性受多基因控制,表现数量遗传特征,测序分析在第3、第5染色体上获得了2个与抗蚜性状关联的区域,其大小分别为19.66和6.34 Mb,并在关联区域初步筛选出5个抗蚜候选基因。本研究结果丰富了玉米的抗蚜基因资源,为最终分离出抗性基因、明确抗蚜的遗传机制和培育抗蚜品种奠定了基础。     

绿盲蝽在转Bt基因抗虫棉的发生动态及其为害研究

试验研究转Bt基因抗虫棉对非目标害虫绿盲蝽田间种群的影响结果表明,绿盲蝽在转单价抗虫棉(GK-12)与其亲本上的种群数量整个发生期无显著差异,但二代绿盲蝽对“GK-12”的危害程度大于对其亲本的危害,而对双价抗虫棉(SGK321)与其亲本的种群发生数量及其受害程度均无显著差异,“GK-12”比“SGK321”被害指数高1.27倍。绿盲蝽在单价抗虫棉“GK-12”上的发生为害有加重趋势,而在双价抗虫棉“SGK321”上的发生程度却受到一定抑制。     

Nutrient interaction in leaves,shoots, and ears in wheat at flowering

Winter wheat was grown in Mitscherlich pots on soils obtained from 12 fields from the provinces of Salamanca, Valladolid, and Zamora (Spain). The pots were fertilized with eight fertilizer treatments which were combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potasium, and the crop was watered as necessary. Plants were harvested at flowering and plants were divided into different parts: leaves, ears, and the remaining vegetative matter. Dry weight was recorded and the mineral content determined. The relationships between the elements were fitted into straight line, potential, logarithmic, inverse, and quadratic functions. The results showed less relationship among elements in the leaf and their homologous in the shoot than among elements in the leaf and their homologous in the ears, although the former had greater significance especially for the cations. The potential function quantifies the relationship of the leaf‐shoot satisfactorily except for nitrogen and potassium for which potential and inverse, respectively, was the best fit. The interaction between mineral elements within the leaves is expressed better by the second degree equations and by the straight line equations as compared to the others.     

水稻突变体对镉的吸收及其亚细胞分布和化学形态特点

Wild-type （Zhonghua 11） and mutant rice （Oryza sativa L.） plants were used to investigate the effect of cadmium （Cd） application on biomass production, to characterize the influx of Cd from roots to shoots, and to determine the form, content, and subcellular distribution of Cd in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of the rice plants. Seedlings were cultivated in a nutrient solution and were treated with 0.5 mmol L^-1 of Cd^2＋ for 14 d. The sensitivity of rice plants to Cd toxicity was tested by studying the changes in biomass production and by observing the onset of toxicity symptoms in the plants. Both the wild-type and mutant rice plants developed symptoms of Cd stress. In addition, Cd application significantly （P ≤ 0.01） decreased dry matter production of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types, especially the mutant. The Cd content in roots of the mutant was significantly （P ≤0.05） higher than that of the wild-type rice. However, there was no significant difference in the Cd content of roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves between the wild-type and mutant rice. Most of the Cd was bound to the cell wall of the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves, and the mutant had greater Cd content in cell organelles than the wild type. The uneven subcellular distribution could be responsible for the Cd sensitivity of the mutant rice. Furthermore, different chemical forms of Cd were found to occur in the roots, leaf sheaths, and leaves of both types of rice plants. Ethanol-, water-, and NaCl-extractable Cd had greater toxicity than the other forms of Cd and induced stunted growth and chlorosis in the plants. The high Cd content of the toxic forms of Cd in the cell organelles could seriously damage the cells and the metabolic processes in mutant rice plants.     

基于高光谱图像的茶树LAI与氮含量反演

为了对茶树进行实时、快速、无损的叶面积指数LAI和氮含量检测,该文以英红九号茶树为试验对象,利用便携式高光谱成像仪采集光谱数据、人工破坏性采摘叶片进行叶面积指数的计算以及传统化学方法测量叶片氮含量,比较不同高光谱特征变换形式与LAI和氮含量之间的相关性,并选择其中相关系数较高的高光谱特征变量作为自变量,分别采用线性、指数、对数和抛物线表达式建立LAI和氮含量的回归模型。结果显示:在多种高光谱数据变量建立的模型中,以绿峰反射率R_g为自变量的对数拟合模型最佳,其拟合样本的决定系数R~2和验证样本的均方根误差RMSE值分别为0.9和0.087 6。以植被指数变量VI_4(红边面积/黄边面积)与氮含量建立的指数模型为最佳建模效果,拟合样本的决定系数R~2和验证样本的均方根误差RMSE值分别为0.830 3和0.102 9,研究结果可为茶树叶面积指数LAI和营养成分的无损检测提供参考。     

基于高光谱成像的茶叶中EGCG分布可视化

针对目前关于表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin gallate,EGCG)在茶叶中的分布缺乏可视化表达问题,该文采用高光谱成像技术以实现EGCG在茶叶中的分布可视化。通过高光谱成像仪采集茶叶的光谱信息,按照标准方法 HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography)法测量茶叶的EGCG浓度。运用化学计量学方法建立光谱与EGCG浓度之间的回归模型。为寻求相对较优的模型效果,对光谱进行不同的预处理,以确定最优的预处理方法;采用4种建模方法建立回归模型,以确定最优的建模方法;对光谱进行特征波段选择,以降低数据冗余提高模型的稳定性和运算速度。最后,将高光谱图像中像素点对应的光谱变量导入模型,从而生成EGCG浓度分布图。结果表明:可见-近红外光谱与EGCG浓度之间具有很强的相关性,其回归模型的决定系数达到0.905,利用高光谱成像技术对茶叶中EGCG分布进行可视化可行。通过对不同品种、叶位的茶叶中EGCG浓度分布进行可视化,能够为高EGCG浓度茶树品种的培育、EGCG代谢规律的分析以及茶树采摘部位的识别提供有效手段。     

Impairment of chlorophyll content in leaves ofDiospyros melanoxylon by fluoride pollution

The effects of fluoride pollution on the chlorophyll content of leaves ofDiospyros melanoxylon, an economically important tree, have been determined under field conditions. Chlorophylla, chlorophyllb, total chlorophyll, individual leaf biomass and size were reduced in polluted plants compared to unpolluted ones. The rate of increase of chlorophyll content up to September was comparatively less in polluted plants. Reduction in individual leaf biomass and size was about 32.3 and 27% respectively.     

有机肥和化肥对烟叶气体交换、叶绿素荧光特性及叶绿体超微结构的影响

【目的】本文以烤烟K326为材料,探讨了在不同叶龄时期有机肥与化肥在烟叶气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光特性、叶绿素含量及叶绿体超微结构等方面的差异,以期从光能利用(宏观)及叶绿体超微结构(微观)方面,揭示两种肥料配比对烟叶光合作用的影响机制,同时为探索烟叶高产优质栽培模式提供理论依据。【方法】以蛭石为栽培基质进行盆栽试验。设施用烤烟专用有机肥(N∶P2O5∶K2O为9∶9∶10,有机质≥70%,中、微量元素≥12%)和施用普通尿素两个处理。烟草为工厂化无毒育秧苗,叶龄(叶龄从叶片长约2 cm时算起)15天、30天、45天、60天和75天取样或测定自上而下第6~8片叶。用Li-6400(美国)便携式光合仪测定烟叶的净光合速率,蒸腾作用与气孔导度。使用M系列调制叶绿素荧光成像系统Maxi-Imaging-PAM(德国)测定叶绿素荧光参数。用C-7000透射电子显微镜观测叶绿体超微结构并拍照,用软件Auto CAD 2004计算淀粉颗粒在叶绿体中所占的相对面积比Ra,叶绿体基粒片层的统计方法据Goodenough等改进的Teichler-Zallen法。【结果】有机肥对烟叶叶绿素含量及光合速率的影响显著,在叶龄60天时,其叶绿素含量比普通化肥高136.1%;在叶龄75天时,其烟叶净光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率分别比普通化肥处理高135.3%、84.5%和51.3%,叶绿素荧光参数Y[Ⅱ]和q L分别比普通化肥处理高22.2%和39.5%,Fv/Fm在叶龄60天时比普通化肥处理高18.7%,而NPQ值在叶龄45天时普通化肥比有机肥处理高23.3%。叶绿体内孕育的淀粉粒随叶龄的增加而逐渐膨大,期间伴随着淀粉粒在叶绿体中所占的面积比例(Ra值)越来越大,两处理Ra值差异明显,尤其是在叶龄45天时,化肥栽培下的烟叶Ra值比有机肥栽培高31.8%。有机肥处理的叶绿体呈梭形,长宽比大,而普通化肥种植的叶绿体形态近圆形,长宽比小。【结论】施用有机肥可显著提高烟叶叶绿素含量及光合速率,且随叶龄的增加,有机肥的作用效果日趋明显。叶绿素荧光参数的差异表明,增施生物有机肥可延缓烟株衰老、提高烟叶光能利用效率。两种施肥方式下,淀粉颗粒Ra值的差异不能说明施用化肥可提高烟叶合成淀粉的能力。与普通化肥处理下的烟叶相比,有机肥可显著提高叶绿体基粒垛叠数大于10的片层占基粒垛叠片层总数的百分比。     

PHOSPHORUS EFFECTS IN THE NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF DEVELOPING MANGO PLANTS

The objective was to study the effects of phosphorous (P) fertilization on nutritional and developmental aspects of growing mango plants. The mango plants were evaluated by soil chemical analyses, leaf chemical analyses, biological examination of plant growth, and the starting point of fruit production. Having this in view, an experiment was set up on 2 January 2003, at Flora, a farm in Uberlandia, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The soil was a clayish Oxisol. The doses at planting were: D₀ = zero, D₁ = 40, D₂ = 100, D₃ = 200, and D₄ = 300 g of P₂O₅ plant^?1. These doses at the beginning of the second year were multiplied by 1.5 and at the beginning of the third year by 2.0 and applied to the plants. The fertilizer used in this experiment was triple superphosphate (44% of P₂O_5.). During August of 2004, 2005, and 2006, soil samples were taken at a depth of 20 cm in between the plant rows. Leaf samples were taken during August of 2004 and 2005 to determine macro- and micronutrient contents in the leaves. Plant stem diameter was measured during January of 2004 and 2005. Plant height and crown radius were measured during January of 2005 and fruit production in 2005 and 2006. Fertilizer applications increased the level of P in the soil but significantly influenced plant performance only after the second year. The effects of phosphorus on mango plants take place slowly leading to increments in plant stem diameter only at the third year. Fruit set was not influenced by phosphorous fertilization.     

Chromium III‐iron interaction in iron sufficient and iron deficient bean plants. II. Ultrastructural aspects

The influence of a growth stimulating low Cr III concentration (1.0 μM) on chloroplast ultrastructure, the Fe, Cr, and Mn content of chloroplast extracts, o‐phenantroline extractable leaf Fe, and catalase activity was studied in both Fe‐sufficient and Fe‐deficient bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants. Chromium supply hardly affected the chloroplast ultrastructure of Fe‐sufficient plants but significantly improved chloroplast ultrastructure in Fe‐deficient leaves. Generally, Cr supply did not significantly influence chloroplast Fe‐content, but increased the Fe/Mn ratio in Fe‐deficient chloroplasts. In leaves from Fe‐deficient plants, o‐phenantroline extractable Fe was significantly increased, while catalase activity was not significantly influenced by Cr supply. The possible mechanisms of the beneficial effects of Cr III in Fe‐deficient plants are discussed.