枣树昆虫群落结构及其综合治理效果研究

通过１９９４～１９９６年的系统调查,在调查区,作者发现枣树害虫４１种,分属于５目２２科;天敌４０种,分属于８目２５科。用最优分割法将枣树昆虫群落按枣树的物候期分为休眠期、萌芽展叶期、开花幼果期、果实膨大期、果实着色成熟期５个阶段。用主分量分析法分析了各阶段的群落特征及优势种,论述了各阶段害虫———天敌的种群变化特征。通过综合治理园与常规防治园的分析比较,综合治理园昆虫的总物种数比常规防治园增加０４倍,天敌物种数增加１５倍,益害比扩大１１１６倍,多样性和均匀度分别提高１１２倍和０６７倍。从优势度指数比较得知,常规防治园是综合治理园的３４倍。综合治理园不但控制了害虫,而且保护了天敌,提高了自然调控能力;常规防治园在防治害虫的同时,大量杀伤了天敌,主要害虫会再猖獗,次要害虫如蚧类和螨类逐年上升,成为危害枣树的优势种。     

枣园间种牧草对树上天敌功能团的影响及其作用评价

对枣园间种牧草对树上天敌功能团的影响及其作用评价进行系统研究.结果表明:两类枣园树上天敌功能团的多样性与优势度系数有明显(P＜0.05)差异,枣园种草对树上天敌功能团的演替产生一定的作用,枣树不同发育阶段中,天敌功能团的群落参数随物候而改变;枣园种草对于受化学农药干扰的天敌功能团种群的恢复与重建有促进作用;根据Sn/Sp、Ei/Pi和ds/dm3种指数的大小,评价了枣园天敌功能团对害虫的控制作用,发现种草园的天敌功能团对枣树害虫的控制能力要比未种草枣园强;相关性测定表明:天敌群落学的研究中可以用功能团替代物种.     

利用马氏网评估老港固废物综合利用基地防护林节肢动物群落结构及多样性

2018年4-11月,采用马氏网诱集法对上海市浦东新区的老港固废物综合利用基地防护林节肢动物多样性进行调查,并运用Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数对不同功能团亚群落进行统计分析。结果表明,共采集到昆虫15 599头,分属于3纲17目133科,其中姬蜂科Ichneumqnidae数量最多,为2 515头,占所有昆虫种群的16.12%;不同功能团节肢动物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数排序为:总群落>害虫亚群落>中性昆虫亚群落>寄生性昆虫亚群落>捕食性天敌亚群落;害虫亚群落的Simpson优势度指数、丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均高于天敌亚群落。以上研究结果说明该区域的天敌群落结构可能不如害虫亚群落稳定,因此,在日常养护中应注意对该区域天敌昆虫进行保护。     

荔枝园昆虫群落优势功能团的季节演变及其相关性

以功能团为研究单元,对不同处理荔枝园昆虫群落季节演变规律进行了研究.结果表明:咀嚼害虫、刺吸害虫、捕食性天敌以及中性昆虫是昆虫群落的优势功能团;两处理区各害虫、中性昆虫功能团种群数量变动基本一致;无公害区捕食性天敌数量及优势度多数月份要高于常规区,但又显著低于对照区;中性昆虫是维持捕食性天敌种群数量的主要功能团;无公害防治对害虫的防治效果与常规化学防治相当,有利于维持果园昆虫群落的稳定.     

沙棘昆虫种群结构及综合防治研究

１９９５～１９９７年，对陕西主要沙棘分布区（陇县、定边、宜君等地）的调查，共发现沙棘害虫７２种，分属７目２３科，天敌昆虫１３种，分属５目７科。用最优分割法将沙棘昆虫群落按沙棘的物候期分为冬眠期、萌芽期、花期、幼果期、成果期５个阶段。用主分量分析法分析了各阶段的群落特征及优势种，论述了各阶段害虫－－天敌种群变化特征。建立综合防治示范林和化防沙棘林各２０．０ｈｍ＾２，两者分析比较，综防林昆虫总物种数比     

转Bt基因和非转基因杨树-棉花复合系统中节肢动物群落比较分析

【目的】分析转Bt基因杨棉复合系统节肢动物群落组成和结构,评价转基因杨棉复合系统生态安全性。【方法】在河北省涿州市义和庄乡国家务村林场构建未转基因杨棉复合系统Ⅰ和转基因杨棉复合系统Ⅱ,连续3年运用群落生态学研究方法,对节肢动物群落、亚群落和不同功能类群组成和结构以及群落时间动态变化进行调查研究。【结果】2个系统在节肢动物群落物种个体总数上差异显著,在物种总数以及多样性指数上差异不显著;转基因杨棉复合系统的害虫亚群落物种数较之对照有显著降低(P0.05),天敌亚群落和中性节肢动物亚群落的物种数差异不显著; 2个系统的害虫、天敌和中性节肢动物亚群落多样性指数差异均不显著; 2个系统节肢动物群落物种数和个体数时间动态以及年季动态差异均未达显著水平。【结论】转基因杨棉复合系统对靶标害虫具有较好的毒杀以及控制种群数量的作用,对系统中非目标昆虫以及天敌和中性昆虫作用不明显,但表现出对这些功能类群相对较好的生态效应趋势。总体上看,转基因杨棉复合系统对节肢动物群落没有负面效应,且对整个生态系统的功能发挥有一定的促进作用,但其生态安全性有待长期监测。     

马尾松毛虫综合治理技术研究与推广应用

在历史上松毛虫是苍梧县最主要的森林害虫。“八五”期间进行了综合治理,实施了以封山育林为主的营林措施;划分害虫发生类型区分类施策;做好害虫和天敌的预测预报,准确掌握其种群动态;越冬前施放白僵菌;科学使用农药控制虫源地,有效地控制松毛虫灾害,严重危害率由１．５４％下降到０．１６％。     

枣园节肢动物天敌群落时空结构和优势度分析

近年来,随着人们对生态环境和生物多样性的广泛关注以及害虫防治技术的深入研究,有害节肢动物的天敌防治再次纳入人们的视野.国内外诸多学者在总结引入天敌控制有害节肢动物经验后,认为本地寄生性和捕食性天敌对当地有害节肢动物的综合治理起着很大的作用(张明伟等,2003).在枣园害虫的综合治理中,重视枣园生态系统中节肢动物天敌群落的保护是一项积极的措施,值得深入探讨和研究.     

化学农药防治黄脊竹蝗效果调查与分析

黄脊竹蝗是楠竹林的主要食叶害虫。1997年5月～10月,我们通过用林丹烟剂放烟,烟雾机放烟和竹腔注射化学农药防治黄脊竹蝗的对比试验。结果表明,竹腔注射适量的化学农药防治黄脊竹蝗,效果最好,防治最彻底。     

白僵菌超低容量稀释剂的筛选及应用

<正> 超低容量喷雾杀虫是六十年代初发展起来的一门新技术,目前在非洲、美国、日本及西欧等地区已普遍采用。我国从七十年代开始使用这一技术,并取得一定效果。但到目前为止,国内外均未见过应用白僵菌进行超低容量治虫的报道。为了克服农药对环境的污染,害虫的抗药性和在防治过程中杀伤天敌等缺点,解决应用白僵菌粉剂治虫存在的菌粉运输量大、保存时间短、粘着力差,耗菌多等问题,我们从1979年起开展白僵菌超低容量防治松毛虫的研究工作,试图通过研究,把白僵菌防治森林害虫的技术水平提高一步。     

Winter wheat pests and their natural enemies under organic farming system in Slovakia: Effect of ploughing and previous crop

Organic farming system of winter wheat was investigated in Solvakia over three years, 1995–1997. The system was carried out on a small scale (four plots of 50 m²). Neither pesticides nor inorganic fertilisers were applied. Effect of two treatments, ploughing and previous crop, on the community of pests and natural enemies was surveyed. There were two types of ploughing (shallow and deep) made in autumn before sowing. As previous crops, silage-maize and alfalfa were used each season. The effect of all factors was analysed by multivariate method, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Monte Carlo permutation to assess statistical significance. During three years, 37 taxons of pests and 27 taxons of natural enemies were recorded. The results of RDA showed that the community of insects (pests and natural enemies) was mainly influenced by temporal variation. The highest abundance of all insects was observed in 1996. The effect of the two treatments on the community of pests and natural enemies was less obvious. Pests were found to be significantly more influenced by ploughingthan by previous crop. Most of pests occurred more abundantly on plots with shallow ploughing and on plots after maize. Abundance of natural enemies were, however, significantly affected by previous crop. Majority of them were more abundant on plots after maize than after alfalfa. Ploughing had only marginally significant effect on natural enemies that were more abundant on shallow ploughed plots. Both ploughing and previous crop had only negligible effect on species diversity of natural enemies.     

毛竹叶化学成分对叶部主要害虫影响的通径分析

利用对竹叶可溶性糖、蛋白质、单宁和类黄酮含量的测定和毛竹叶部主要害虫种群的系统调查等资料。采用通径分析研究了竹叶4类化学成分对竹刺瘿螨、南京裂爪螨、竹缺爪螨、竹小爪螨、蠕须盾蚧和刚竹毒蛾等害虫的影响。结果表明：除竹刺瘿螨和南京裂爪螨外，竹叶化学成分对其余4种叶部害且：有着显著影响。这种影响主要表现为对各害虫种群的抑制作用；对于竹缺爪螨，直接作用以可溶性糖的影响最大，间接作用以类黄酮通过可溶性糖的影响较大；对于竹小爪螨，直接作用以单宁的影响最大，间接作用中则以类黄酮通过单宁的影响最大；对于蠕须盾蚧，直接作用以类黄酮的影响最大，间接作用以单宁通过类黄酮的影响最大；对于刚竹毒蛾，直接作用以蛋白质的影响最大，间接作用以类黄酮通过蛋白质的影响最大。     

中国红树林的害虫种类及其综合防治

通过查阅文献资料,共统计中国红树林害虫128种,隶属2纲7目55科,其中以鳞翅目、半翅目昆虫为主,分别占总数的52.4%和26.6%。危害无瓣海桑Sonneratia apetala、桐花树Aegiceras corniculatum、秋茄Kandelia obovata、白骨壤Avicennia marina、海桑Sonneratia caseolaris的害虫分别有45种、45种、37种、32种和20种。广东红树林害虫种类最多,共95种;广西其次,49种。鳞翅目害虫主要包括海榄雌瘤斑螟Acrobasis sp.、桐花树毛颚小卷蛾Lasiognatha cellifera Meyrick、棉古毒蛾Orgyia postica Walker、蜡彩袋蛾Chalia larminati Heylaerts、丽绿刺蛾Latoia lepida Cramer等,多以幼虫取食为害;半翅目害虫主要有考氏白盾蚧Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli(Cooley)、广翅蜡蝉Ricania sp.等,以幼虫、成虫吸食植物汁液为害。在害虫的综合防治中,以生物防治为主,如利用寄生蜂、苏云金杆菌、白僵菌、捕食性天敌和生物制剂等进行防治,结合物理防治可以提升防治效果。同时,探讨分析了红树林虫害暴发的原因和机制。     

Population dynamics of herbivorous insects and potential arthropod natural enemies on Alnus species in Kabale district, Uganda

Monitoring populations of pests and their natural enemies under different management situations and seasonal weather parameters provides extremely useful information for taking preventive measures against pest outbreaks. The abundance, spatial and temporal distributions of herbivorous insects and arthropod natural enemies on Alnus species were monitored at four sites in Kabale district, Uganda between June 1999 and August 2000. Chewing insects, dominated by Coleoptera (75%), constituted the majority of insect herbivores sampled. Dominant and potentially serious pests of Alnus included Apion globulipenne, an unidentified Chrysomelidae (Coleopt. 27), Phymateus viridipes, Coloborrtics corticina and a Cacopsylla species (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Spiders were the predominant natural enemies accounting for 64% of the total natural enemies encountered, followed by parasitic Hymenoptera (30%). There were marked spatial and temporal variations in arthropod abundance. Among sites, mean abundance of total insect herbivores and total natural enemies on A. acuminata over 15 months ranged from 3.8–8.5 and 3.3–4.7 individuals per 1-m branch length respectively. Over the same period, mean number of total insect herbivores and total natural enemies on A. nepalensis that was studied at only one site were 11.9 herbivores and 4.2 natural enemies per 1-m branch length. Populations of most insect orders increased in the wet season although the greatest herbivore abundance was evident in the dry season. Further studies are necessary on the impact and management strategies of the potentially important insect pests and natural enemies on Alnus.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Insect pest problems in tropical agroforestry systems: Contributory factors and strategies for management

Agroforestry trees are attacked by a wide spectrum of insects at all stages of their growth just like other annual and perennial crops. Pest management in agroforestry has not received much attention so far, but recent emphasis on producing high value tree products in agroforestry and using improved germplasm in traditional systems, and emergence of serious pest problems in some promising agroforestry systems have increased awareness on risks posed by pests. Insects may attack one or more species within a system and across systems in the landscape, so pest management strategies should depend on the nature of the insect and magnitude of its damage. Although greater plant diversity in agroforestry is expected to increase beneficial arthropods, diversity by itself may not reduce pests. Introduction of tree germplasm from a narrow genetic base and intensive use of trees may lead to pest outbreaks. In simultaneous agroforestry systems, a number of factors governing tree—crop—environment interactions, such as diversity of plant species, host range of the pests, microclimate, spatial arrangement and tree management modify pest infestations by affecting populations of both herbivores and natural enemies. Trees also affect pest infestations by acting as barriers to movement of insects, masking the odours emitted by other components of the system and sheltering herbivores and natural enemies. In sequential agroforestry systems, it is mostly the soil-borne and diapausing insects that cause and perpetuate damage to the common hosts in tree—crop rotations over seasons or years. An integrated approach combining host-plant resistance to pests, exploiting alternative tree species, measures that prevent pest build up but favour natural enemies and biological control is suggested for managing pests in agroforestry. Species substitution to avoid pests is feasible only if trees are grown for ecological services such as soil conservation and low value products such as fuelwood, but not for trees yielding specific and high value products. For exploiting biological control as a potent, low cost and environmentally safe tool for pest management in agroforestry, research should focus on understanding the influence of ecological and management factors on the dynamics of insect pest-natural enemy populations. Scientists and policy makers in national and international institutions, and donors are urged to pay more attention to pest problems in agroforestry to harness the potential benefits of agroforestry.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

人工林物种多样性与害虫的控制

根据国内外的最新研究成果,从人工林害虫可持续控制的需求出发,对利用物种多样性与系统稳定性控制虫害的可能性、人工林物种多样性与害虫控制的关系及其内在作用机制、天然林与人工林在抑制虫害能力上的差别进行综述,分析人工林植物物种多样性与昆虫物种多样性对害虫控制的影响,认为植物物种多样性主要从植食性昆虫搜寻寄主植物,植物营养的差异对植食性昆虫取食和发育的影响,及种类组成不同的植物群落中植食性昆虫天敌数量的变化3个方面影响害虫的发生;要通过调节植物群落中昆虫物种的多样性影响目标害虫的种群数量,既要维护其天敌类群的稳定,也要使与害虫处于同一营养层次的其他植食性昆虫有足够的多样性,甚至也要保护和利用中性、中位及顶位昆虫.对人工林害虫的控制,可借鉴天然林自控虫害的原理,采用生态育林、封山育林及生物技术措施,逐步调整林分的结构,提高其物种多样性,增强林分自身的抗虫能力.     

枣园节肢动物群落的数量与生物量多样性特征分析

根据香农 -维纳信息多样性指数的定义 ,提出了生物量多样性指数的计算公式 ,并以此分析了枣园生态系统中节肢动物群落特征。结果表明 ,枣园节肢动物各类群的生物量多样性指数比数量多样性指数变化更为敏感 ,更能反映枣园生态系统中节肢动物群落的结构特征。作者认为 ,利用生物量多样性指数分析群落的结构特征更切合实际     

平原耕作区不同植被类型昆虫及天敌群落特征

通过对河北省廊坊市平原耕作区的调查,系统研究了不同植被类型中昆虫群落结构、天敌种类、数量以及昆虫群落多样性.初步分析了不同植被类型对昆虫群落和天敌的影响,并初步探讨了作为天敌类群鸟类对昆虫的影响.结果表明：在不同植被类型中昆虫群落结构明显不同,植被类型对天敌种类、数量影响很大.其中杨树纯林的昆虫群落丰富度、多样性指数最高;枣与花生间作的丰富度、多样性指数最低.     

广西油茶病虫害种类调查及发生特点

通过对广西油茶（Camellia oleifera）主产区的病虫害种类调查,发现广西区内为害油茶的病害有12种,虫害84种,介绍了广西油茶主要病虫害发生为害特点、发展趋势,并提出对油茶园进行科学管理、加强病虫害防治研究和保护利用天敌的应对措施.     

转抗虫基因三倍体毛白杨成年树木节肢动物及抗虫稳定性调查

对田间生长的8 a生转抗虫基因（Bt cry1A和API）三倍体毛白杨进行分子生物学检测,证明外源基因在杨树基因组中稳定存在。对试验林进行节肢动物调查表明,林内节肢动物共有11个目、26个科,已明确为害虫的有11种,占整个群落的42%;天敌（包括捕食性与寄生性）8种,占群落的31%;中性昆虫7种,占群落的27%,其中主要害虫为美国白蛾。秋季对试验林叶面积损失调查表明,不同转基因系号的抗虫性有明显差异,有4个株系没有被美国白蛾啃食,10个株系的食叶面积小于10%,6个株系的食叶面积在10%~15%之间。