PRECIS和RegCM3对中国区域气候的长期模拟比较

以欧洲中期天气预报中心的再分析资料(ERA40)为侧边界及初始条件,在相同模拟区域和分辨率设置下,完成了PRECIS和RegCM3两个区域气候模式对中国区域近44a(1958年12月-2001年11月)的气候模拟,并分析比较两个模式对中国区域温度和降水的气候态和年际变率的模拟能力。结果表明,PRECIS和RegCM3均能较好地模拟出中国区域多年平均气温的空间分布特征,但PRECIS比观测气温平均偏暖1.5℃左右,而RegCM3则以冷偏差为主,平均偏低0.8℃左右,PRECIS整体上比RegCM3偏高2～3℃;两个模式均可基本再现气温年际变率的分布特征,但变率中心的位置和强度与观测值存在一定偏差;对于中国区域降水量的平均态及其年际变率而言,PRECIS和RegCM3均具有较好的模拟能力,但PRECIS模拟的降水高值中心、变率较大区域的位置和强度比RegCM3更接近实际。     

PRECIS模拟区域的选择对宁夏区域气候模拟效果的敏感性分析

选定4种大小不同的模拟区域设置25km水平分辨率的PRECIS系统于宁夏地区,利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECWMF)1978年12月-1979年9月的再分析数据作为准观测边界条件驱动PRECIS,通过模拟的宁夏地区冬夏两季日平均气温和降水与观测资料的对比,分析25km水平分辨率气候模拟结果对模式区域选择的敏感性。结果表明:25km水平分辨率的PRECIS在4种不同模拟区域下都能较好地模拟宁夏地区典型年的日平均温度和降水量,尤其是对降水的模拟效果更好;总体上,PRECIS的模拟效果随着模拟区域的缩小而下降,但PRECIS在中小模拟区域下仍然能够获得较好的模拟效果。考虑到计算成本,本研究认为在中小模拟区域下25km水平分辨率的PRECIS能够较为高效地进行宁夏地区的气候模拟。     

SRES A1B情景下未来宁夏玉米生育期气候资源变化分析

玉米是宁夏的三大粮食作物之一,其种植分布广泛,中部干旱带和南部山区基本属于雨养玉米区,气候条件对当地的玉米生产影响很大。观测到的气候变化已经对当地农业造成不利影响,未来SRES A2和B2情景下宁夏地区的气候变化研究也有一定成果。由于气候变化引发宁夏的气温和降水出现异常,为分析未来中等排放情景下气候变化可能对当地玉米生产造成的影响,本文利用订正后的英国Hadley气候中心区域气候模式PRECIS模拟的情景数据,分析了SRES A1B情景下宁夏未来2020s、2050s和2080s时段相对于气候基准时段(1961—1990年)的玉米生育期(4—9月)平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、≥10℃有效积温和降水的变化,具体方法为先分析气候基准时段宁夏的气候要素分布并与实际状况进行比较,再将未来3个时段的气象要素与气候基准时段求差值(其中降水用距平百分率表示),分析未来玉米生育期的气候变化。结果表明:平均、最高和最低气温以及≥10℃有效积温的模拟值普遍低于实际值,且具有相似的北高南低的空间分布状态,而降水的模拟值在大范围区域内高于实测值,亦呈现出相似的南高北低分布状态,总体来讲模拟值可以较合理地反映出宁夏的实际状况。相对于气候基准时段,未来各气象要素总体表现为增加,且增幅随时间推移而加大;未来最高气温在宁夏南部增加剧烈,平均气温、最低气温和≥10℃有效积温在宁夏北部增加较多,降水则呈现北增南减的分布。在未来3个时段,最高气温和降水分别为增量最大和波动最大的气象要素,出现极端高温天气和发生干旱或洪涝等异常气候事件的可能性增大。总体上看,未来气温升高对宁夏北部灌区的玉米生产有一定促进作用,尤其是≥10℃有效积温的增加可以提供更充足的热量;而南部山区气温增加虽然对玉米生产有利,但是未来降水的减少将会给雨养玉米造成不利影响,应当采取合理的应对措施。     

SRES A2、B2情景下宁夏地区日较差、夏季日数及霜冻日数变化的初步分析

利用Hadley气候预测与研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS（Providing Regional Climate for ImpactsStudies）进行宁夏地区SRES A2、B2情景下2071-2100年（2080s时段）日较差、夏季日数及霜冻日数变化响应的初步分析。将ECMWF1979-1993年的再分析数据（ERA15）作为边界条件驱动PRECIS模拟宁夏地区的日较差、夏季日数及霜冻日数。模拟值与台站实际观测资料进行的对比分析表明,PRECIS能够模拟出宁夏地区这些极端指标的空间分布差异和年际变化,总体上来说,日较差、夏季日数模拟值偏大,南部地区霜冻日数的模拟值偏小。3个极端指标气候基准时段（1961-1990年）的模拟频率和观测频率的对比分析表明,PRECIS能够模拟出极端指标的频率分布。另外,用观测数据对模式数据进行了订正,经验证,订正后的值与观测值的吻合程度明显提高。相对于Baseline,SRES A2、B2情景下2080s宁夏大部地区的日较差将减少;夏季日数将增加,两种情景下平均每年增量分别可达69d和48d;而霜冻日数将减少,两种情景下平均每年减少量分别可达50d和36d。     

不同林型对小流域气象效应的影响

采用大区平行对比观测试验方法，对御路的小流域不同部位，不同林型（纯林和混交林）的太阳辐射，有效辐射和林内总辐射，地面最高温度，地面最低温度，水分条件及风速等气象参数进行了观测，分析结果表明：混交林的气象效应好于纯林， 混交林构成的复层结构能较多利用和贮存太阳能，减少辐射量，缓和极端温度，缩小温度日较差，并且混交林在降低风速，改善水分条件方面也优于纯林。     

贺兰山油松林冠层的辐射能量截获及传输利用特征

油松作为我国北方地区典型的森林植被类型,研究辐射能量在其冠层中的分配、收支及传输,是构建森林冠层辐射传输模型和生态过程模型的理论基础,对阐明森林植被群落中能量流动和物质循环机理具有重要意义。基于贺兰山生态站油松林通量塔定位观测获取的上、下行长短波辐射、光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation, PAR)以及气象数据,分析2021年4—9月不同天气和季节条件下油松林冠层的辐射能量截获及传输特征。结果表明：(1)晴天条件下太阳总辐射的日变化表现为光滑的“单峰”曲线,但多云条件下则呈现不规则的“多峰”曲线,且减弱48.3%的太阳总辐射能量到达冠层顶部。(2)太阳总辐射以下行短波辐射为主,晴天的上行短波辐射日变化虽也呈“单峰”形态,但仅占下行短波辐射的8.1%,上行和下行长波辐射随昼夜交替略有波动。(3)太阳短波辐射的季节动态特征表明,上行和下行短波辐射在6月最高,而上行和下行长波辐射在7月最高。(4)在冠层上方(25 m处)呈规则“单峰”形态的PAR日动态曲线,经过冠层截获和传输作用后,在冠层下方(7 m处)变为不规则曲线;PAR的透过率为32.2...     

日光温室内太阳辐射估算模型的构建

日光温室内不同位置的太阳辐射量是作物光合和蒸腾模拟模型的重要参数,也是研究温室内墙体能量收支平衡方程的重要因子。该文研究了温室围护结构对太阳辐射的遮蔽,建立了可蔽视角的计算公式,在此基础上估算了晴天温室内任一位置的太阳直接辐射、散射辐射和太阳总辐射,并以辽沈Ⅱ型日光温室为例,将模拟结果与实测结果进行了比较,对造成模拟误差的可能原因进行了分析。研究结果表明:日光温室内模拟的散射辐射和总辐射的日变化与实测值趋势较为一致,模拟值要略高于实测值,平均偏高6.4%和8.8%,误差的可能来源有大气透明系数、棚膜透光率的估算误差、承重骨架的遮蔽及人为观测的误差。研究结果可为日光温室内不同位置作物光合蒸腾模拟、群体光分布模拟、围护结构能量平衡等模拟模型提供参考。     

基于MODIS数据用两步法构建四川省地面太阳辐射计算模型

以MODIS遥感资料为基础数据,采用统计模型反演的方法,构建了两步法计算高分辨率地面太阳辐射量的计算模型。第一步基于遥感云量与地面日照百分率的相关关系,计算格点各月日照百分率值;第二步基于日照百分率与太阳辐射量的相关关系,计算格点太阳辐射量。应用本方案对四川省1km格点分辨率地面太阳辐射量进行计算,并利用6个辐射站总辐射实测值对计算结果进行检验。结果表明：四川省年总辐射量在3102～6659MJ·m^-2,最低值出现在四川盆地东南部,最高值出现在川西高原西部。利用地面辐射站观测资料进行检验,结果表明各站各月太阳辐射量计算值与实际观测结果基本一致,年辐射量计算绝对误差均小于100MJ·m^-2,相对误差均小于2%,表明该模型模拟精度较高,可用于四川省地面太阳辐射量计算。     

基于格网的GCM数据修订分析未来海南岛农业水热资源的变化特征

以海南岛为研究区域，选用5个大气环流模式（GCMs）1970−1999年的逐日输出数据和同期地面气象观测数据，使用空间插值降尺度到0.5°×0.5°格网。以格网单元为基础，应用系统误差修订（修正值法或比值法）和多模式集合平均方法（贝叶斯模型平均法BMA或等权重平均法EW），训练与验证GCMs输出值并进行综合修订。在此基础上，分析RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下，未来海南岛近期（2020−2059年）和远期（2060−2099年）农业水热资源，包括年平均气温、1月平均气温、≥10℃积温、≥20℃积温、年降水量、1月降水量和≥20℃界限温度生长期间降水量的变化特征。结果表明：GCMs输出值的系统误差和BMA权重系数在格网间存在较大的空间差异，且GCMs输出值低估逐日最高气温约3.55℃，高估逐日最低气温约1.19℃，逐日降水量仅为观测值的54.35%。基于格网的综合修订，可有效降低GCMs输出值在空间上的不确定性，BMA与EW的修订结果相似，均优于单一GCM模式。通过格网BMA综合修订后，最高气温、最低气温和降水量在验证期的相关系数r分别约提升0.10、0.07和0.06；均方根误差RMSE分别约降低2.38℃、1.01℃和1.01mm；较单一GCM相对观测值的偏差平均约减少3.25℃、1.13℃和25.67mm。未来海南岛农业热量资源在空间上主要表现为从中部向外围逐渐升高，高温主要分布在南部至西部沿海地区，年平均气温的增幅全岛较为接近，1月平均气温、≥10℃积温和≥20℃积温的增幅分别表现为由东向西、由北向南和由中部向外围递减。在时间上，RCP8.5情景下所有农业热量资源均为极显著增加且增温最快，RCP4.5情景为先增加后平缓，RCP2.6情景较为平缓，远期无显著增温。未来海南岛降水资源在空间上转为由东向西逐步递减的格局，南部和北部沿海地区降水变率增加，西部和中部降水变率减少，在时间上无显著变化趋势。随着未来海南岛气候变暖和降水格局的改变，农作物适宜种植面积扩大，会对农业生产带来巨大挑战，应提前布局，做好趋利避害。     

WGDWS天气发生器在中国五大气候区的适用性

为了检验基于干湿期的天气发生器（Weather Generator based on Dry and Wet Spells,WGDWS）在中国不同气候区的应用效果,该研究利用中国五大主要气候区16 个站点57 a的逐日天气数据,通过对比生成与实测气象要素统计值,及比较WGDWS与随机天气模拟器（Daily Weather Stochastic Simulator,DWSS）生成的气象要素统计值,测试 WGDWS 的可用性和准确性。显著性检验表明,WGDWS产生的每个气象要素的月值和干湿期长度与实测值相比没有显著差异。月最高、最低气温绝对误差≤0.5 ℃的站点比例分别达93.8%和96.4%,月降水日数绝对误差≤1 d的站点比例达95.8%,月降水量绝对误差有91.7%的站点在10 mm之内,月太阳总辐射绝对误差2 MJ/m2以内的站点比例达90.1%;月最长干期、最长湿期、平均干期、平均湿期的平均绝对误差分别为4.16、0.76、1.00、0.15 d。WGDWS在温带季风和亚热带季风气候下的干湿期模拟效果优于温带大陆气候和热带季风气候。比较WGDWS和DWSS生成的逐日模拟序列的误差分布,月最高气温、月最低气温和月总太阳辐射的误差分布高度一致。WGDWS对月降水日数的模拟效果优于DWSS,即等概率条件下,WGDWS相对误差更小,而DWSS对月降水量的模拟效果优于WGDWS。因此,WGDWS能够准确反映长期干旱或长期阴雨天气的实际情况,可用于生成长序列逐日天气数据,以满足气候模型、水分模型和作物生理模型的需求。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.