水稻条纹叶枯病产量损失与防治指标研究初报

通过对条纹叶枯病不同病情与产量损失关系的研究,初步探明了水稻条纹叶枯病对产量的影响,病株率(x)与产量损失率(y)之间的关系为正相关,回归方程为y=1.06 0.84x(R=0.9278)。据此提出水稻条纹叶枯病的防治指标为病株率3%。     

稻秆蝇为害损失及经济阈值初探

水稻苗期受稻秆蝇为害,后期有一定的补偿,主茎、分蘖受害,分蘖可以增加0.3—1.1,但这种补偿对产量贡献小。受害株数增加,产量损失加重,其回归预测式早稻为y=-0.06+0.1866x;晚稻为y=-0.6262+0.463x。据此推算,用农药味喃丹防治,危害允许水平为3.4％,早稻苗期防治指标20.6％,晚稻防治指标9.7％。     

水稻纹枯病的危害程度、产量损失与氮、钾、密的关系

 采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计,研究了水稻纹枯病的危害程度、产量损失与亩施氮量、施钾量和水稻移栽密度的关系。结果表明:水稻成熟期纹枯病病指、总产量损失与氮、钾、密因素存在极显著的非线性关系(p<0.01),但病株的产量损失与这些因素的关系不明显(p>0.05),与病情严重度分级的关系极显著,且:y=0.0746+2.3334x (p<0.01)。此外,本文还对水稻在几乎不受病虫危害时的产量水平,受纹枯病危害后的产量损失与试验因素间的关系,进行了分析。     

早稻纹枯病为害损失估计及防治指标的研究初探

经调查测产,早稻纹枯病产量损失率与病情指数之间存在指数函数关系,拟合方程为:y=e0.4659+0.039　23x（式中y为损失率,x为病情指数）。根据望江地区情况,得出纹枯病经济允许损失L=2.17,防治指标用病情指数表示为8左右。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病对水稻产量损失及测报因子的初步研究

南方水稻黑条矮缩病是近年来在我国南方稻区新发生的一种重要病毒性病害.本文通过测定水稻品种‘T优272'上该病不同发病程度所对应的产量损失,分别建立了以病丛率、病株率与产量损失率之间的线性回归方程y=1.0270x1-1.363 4(R=0.999 6)、y=1.050 9x2-0.450 8(R=0.999 2).依据回归方程及南方稻区水稻生产实际情况,南方水稻黑条矮缩病在中稻上经济允许水平与成灾水平因子是病丛率4.79％与30.54％或病株率3.81％与28.98％,晚稻上经济允许水平与成灾水平因子分别是病丛率5.06％与30.54％或病株率4.08％与28.98％,中晚稻的绝收水平因子是病丛率79.22％或病株率76.55％.     

桃小食心虫经济阈值的研究

［目的］ 研究苹果不同品种桃小食心虫危害的经济阈值,为合理制定苹果桃小食心虫的防治策略提供依据。［方法］ 选取卵果率作为防治指标,对卵果率和苹果产量及产量损失的统计关系进行分析。［结果］ 产量损失率(y)与卵果率(x)呈正相关,其线性回归式分别为：‘津青’,y=0.650 8x+2.091 6(R=0.994 06*);‘黄元帅’,y=2.099 5x+0.984 5(R=0.986 0*);‘乔纳金’,y=0.589 1x+2.373 3(R=0.910 9*)。［结论］ 应综合有关因素确定不同品种苹果不同产量水平的经济允许产量损失率,制定出相应的经济阈值。     

小菜蛾为害不同生育期秋甘蓝对产量的影响及经济阈值研究

采用笼罩法测定了小菜蛾在秋甘蓝不同生育期为害造成的产量损失,建立了产量损失率与小菜蛾虫口密度的回归关系式。结果表明,在秋甘蓝苗期、莲座期、结球始期和结球中后期秋甘蓝损失率(y)与小菜蛾虫口密度(x)关系式分别为:y=9.480 6x-2.586 2,y=3.621 8x-0.790 2,y=-0.210 7x2+6.698 1x-1.906 5和y=0.081 1x2-0.147 9x+0.405 4。根据经济阈值模型,秋甘蓝不同生育阶段的小菜蛾幼虫经济阈值分别为苗期0.54头/株,莲座期0.91头/株,结球始期0.67头/株,结球中后期6.08头/株。该研究为秋甘蓝小菜蛾的防治策略和经济阈值的确定提供了科学依据。     

玉米粗缩病病情严重度与产量损失关系的研究

通过对玉米粗缩病137个病株样本的分析,依据株高减率对玉米的影响,制订了该病严重度6级分级标准,研究了不同严重度下苞生长位、鲜苞(果穗)长(重)的损失程度.实际应用时,运用组建产量损失率与株高减率的关系(y=0.015 5x2+0.118 2x+45.004)进行为害程度预测,对于指导大田防治更有实际的意义.     

水稻品种间纹枯病的严重度与产量损失的关系

在田间人工接种条件下,比较江苏省10个水稻生产品种的纹枯病发病程度及其产量损失率。结果表明:水稻品种间的发病程度和产量损失率均有明显差异。增施氮肥后纹枯病的严重度增加,但对产量的影响则因品种而异。在按株测定7个水稻生产品种的病害严重度与产量损失的关系中获知:用来衡量病害严重度的病级(病斑高度)与产量损失之间有十分密切的关系,从而建立了病级(x)与产量损失率(y)之间的回归方程:y=4.487x-1.416。     

稻瘿蚊防治指标研究

1988-1991年在广州,通过田间笼罩及大田调查,研究稻瘿蚊为害与产量损失的关系,结果表明:水稻分蘖期受害比秧苗期受害产量损失大,分蘖期标葱串与产量损失率呈显著正相关。秧苗期不受害,分蘖期受害标葱率(x)与产量损失串(y)的关系式 早熟品种为y=0.2558+0.7691×(r=0.9334^**迟熟品种为y=-5.0741+0.8709x(r=0.9792^**)秧苗期及分蘖期(迟熟品种)均受害的关系式为Y=-61408+0.6676x (r=0.9741^**)。稻瘿蚊主害代的防治指标应以前一代受害稻株(标葱)中的有效虫源为依据,掌握在晚稻分蘖初期阴雨天多、带活虫标葱串达2-3％时为宜。     

华北地区苗圃毛白杨叶锈病流行预测式的推导

 根据1983-1987年在北京、河北、山东、山西调查的苗圃毛白杨叶锈病病情,结合相应的气象数据,通过逐步回归在18个自变量因子中,筛选出早春百株病芽数(X₁)和发病适温期间降雨量(X₂)的互作因子(X₁X₃),建立预测当年最高病情(Y)的方程式:Y=2.8229+0.0133X₁X₃。
该方程经数学检验合理,两年当中建立模型以外的10例实测病情对方程式进行检验,证明有较高的可靠程度,可在华北地区试用,为防治决策提供依据。     

野燕麦、遏兰菜复合群体对小麦产量损失研究

试验采用二因素五水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计，研究野燕麦遏兰菜不同密度的复合群体与小麦减产率，穗数减少率，穗粒数减少率等指标函数间的变化规律。结果表明，野燕麦密度是影响产量的主要因子，遏兰菜密度是次要因子。野燕麦，遏兰菜密度与小麦减产率，穗数减少率，穗粒数减少率在试验范围内呈正相关关系，小麦减产率回归方程为：Ｙｙ＝２０．７０＋６．０９１３ｘ１＋２．１５６３ｘ２＋４．３２５０ｘ１ｘ２－２．１３５５ｘ     

Effects of soil moisture on cotton root length density and yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch in Aksu Oasis farmland

Effects of soil moisture on cotton root length density (total root length per unit soil volume) and yield under drip irrigation with plastic mulch were studied through field experiments. The results indicate that spatial distributions of root length density of cotton under various water treatments were basically similar. Horizontally, both root length densities of cotton in wide and narrow rows were similar, and higher than that between mulches. Vertically, root length density of cotton decreased with increasing soil depth. The distribution of root length density is different under different irrigation treatments. In conditions of over-irrigation, the root length density of cotton between mulches would increase. However, it would decrease in both the wide rows and narrow rows. The mean root length density of cotton increased with increasing irrigation water. Water stress caused the root length density to increase in lower soil layers. There is a significant correlation between root length density and yields of cotton at the flower-boll and wadding stages. The regression between irrigation amount and yield of cotton can be expressed as y = -0.0026x2+18.015x-24845 (R2 = 0.959). It showed that the irrigation volume of 3,464.4 m3/hm2 led to op-timal root length density. The yield of cotton was 6,360 .8 kg/hm2 under that amount of irrigation.     

棉花苗期棉蚜防治指标的研究

棉蚜(Anhis gossypii Glover)是上海郊区棉花早中期主要害虫之一,但近几年来,很多人改变了对棉蚜为害的看法,有的认为有虫无害,有的认为天敌能控制棉蚜为害,所以可以不进行防治。作者从1977～1981年对棉蚜的为害进行了研究,为综合防治提供正确的防治指标。本试验在小区及大田中进行。结果表明,在1～2张真叶卷叶时,单株减产率为31.02％～51.46％,而在3～4张真叶时为24.80％～42.97％,在大田条件下,不同卷叶株率(x)与减产率(Y)的关系式为: y=0.7034×-1.4641利用y=0.7034×-1.4641关系式,结合当地棉花的生产水平,可确定防治指标。     

The effects of rust and anthracnose on the photosynthetic competence of diseased bean leaves

ABSTRACT The effects of rust (caused by Uromyces appendiculatus) and anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and their interaction on the photosynthetic rates of healthy and diseased bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves were determined by gas-exchange analysis, in plants with each disease, grown under controlled conditions. The equation P(x)/P(0) = (1 - x)() was used to relate relative photosynthetic rate (P(x)/P(0)) to proportional disease severity (x), where beta represents the ratio between virtual and visual lesion. The beta values obtained for rust were near one, indicating that the effect of the pathogen on the remaining green leaf area was minimal. The high values of beta obtained for anthracnose (8.46 and 12.18) indicated that the photosynthesis in the green area beyond the necrotic symptoms of anthracnose was severely impaired. The impact of anthracnose on bean leaf photosynthesis should be considered in assessments of the proportion of healthy tissue in diseased leaves. The accurate assessment of the healthy portion of the leaf could improve the use of concepts such as healthy leaf area duration and healthy leaf area absorption, which are valuable predictors of crop yield. The equation used to analyze the interaction between rust and anthracnose on the same leaf was P(z) = P(0) (1 - x)(x) x (1 - y)(y), where P(z) is the relative photosynthetic rate of any given leaf, P(0) is the maximum relative photosynthetic rate, x is anthracnose severity, y is rust severity, betax is the beta value for anthracnose in the presence of rust, and betay is the beta value for rust in the presence of anthracnose. From the resulting response surface, no interaction of the two diseases was observed. Dark respiration rate increased on diseased leaves compared with control leaves. The remaining green leaf area of leaves with both diseases was not a good source to estimate net photosynthetic rate because the effect of anthracnose extended far beyond the visual lesions, whereas the effect of rust on photosynthesis was essentially limited to the pustule plus halo.     

不同杀菌剂对油菜根肿病的防效及对油菜产量损失的影响

本研究使用5种杀菌剂和1种微肥于油菜苗期2~3片真叶期进行灌根处理,以传统的石灰处理方法比较,评价不同处理对油菜根肿病的防治效果和对油菜产量损失的影响。5种杀菌剂处理、微肥以及石灰处理均对油菜根肿病有较好的防效,其中50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂防效达90.82%;从产量损失方面比较,10%氰霜唑悬浮剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂,75%百菌清可湿性粉剂和60%硫磺·敌磺钠可湿性粉剂处理可显著减少根肿病引起的产量损失;50%氟啶胺悬浮剂处理较对照增产不显著,而且对油菜生长有抑制作用;油菜根肿病的病情指数与油菜产量呈显著的负相关性,相关系数r=-0.796 2,油菜产量(y)与病情指数(x)的回归方程为y=-32.65x+2 372。     

Effect of sharp eyespot (Rhizoctonia cereatis) on yield loss in winter wheat

A single-shoot assessment method was used at 18 locations in England and Wales from 1976 to 1981 to compare the average yield of large numbers of shoots naturally infected with sharp eysspot (Rhizoctonia cerealis) with the yield of healthy shoots. Slight sharp eyespot infection had. on average, little effect on yield. Moderate infection significantly reduced yield per ear and 1000-grain weight by 5 and 4% respectively. Severe infection significantly reduced yield per ear and its components, grain number per ear and 1000-grain weight, by 26, 20 and 11% respectively. Application of the formula y = 0-05 x₁+ 0.26 x₂ (where y = percentage yield loss, X₁= percentage of moderately Infected shoots and x₂= percentage of severely infected shoots) to the results of ADAS winter wheat disease surveys from 1975 to 1982 gave estimated national yieid losses due lo sharp eyespot ranging from less than 0.1 to 0.9%. Survey results indicated that increased disease incidence and associated yield losses are associated with trends towards earlier drilling and, possibly, with increased use of carbendazimgenerating fungicides, combined with more favourable infection weather.     

白刺灌丛沙包生物量的预测模型

本文以甘肃省民勤绿洲外的唐古特白刺 ( Nitratria tangutorum)灌丛沙包为例 ,利用野外便于测定的灌丛沙包长 ( X1)、宽 ( X2 )、高 ( X3 )等指标 ,以线性回归方法 ,分别对白刺灌丛的总的生物量、地上生物量、沙包内生物量和粘土内生物量建立了回归预测模型 ,从而为该类灌丛沙包的生物量获取提供了方便