腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响I. 腐殖酸对矿物结合汞挥发活性的影响

挥发试验结果表明,试验条件下,富里酸能极显著地促进Fe2O3-Hg,MnO2-Hg与高岭土结合汞的挥发,对膨润土结合汞和碳酸钙结合汞的挥发则表现抑制作用.棕色胡敏酸能促进各矿物结合汞的挥发.灰色胡敏酸影响最为微弱.腐殖酸对矿物结合态汞挥发性的影响与其对汞的络合容量与络合稳定性,矿物对汞的吸持特性,以及矿物与腐殖酸的作用特性密切相关.     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响──Ⅰ.腐殖酸对矿物结合汞挥发活性的影响

挥发试验结果表明,试验条件下,富里酸能极显著地促进Ｆｅ２Ｏ３－Ｈｇ,ＭｎＯ２－Ｈｇ与高岭土结合汞的挥发,对膨润土结合汞和碳酸钙结合汞的挥发则表现抑制作用。棕色胡敏酸参促进各矿物结合汞的挥发。灰色胡敏酸影响最为微弱。腐殖酸对矿物结合态汞挥发性的影响与其对汞的络合容量与络合稳定性,矿物对汞的吸持特性的以及矿物与腐殖酸的作用特性密切相关。     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响研究──Ⅱ.腐殖酸对矿物结合汞挥发活性影响的动态特征

汞的挥发动力学表明：腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性兼具抑制与活化的双重效应,突出表现为矿物结合汞的挥发具有先期抑制与后期活化最后趋于稳定的动态影响特征,其效应具有长期性渐变特点。不同腐殖酸针对不同矿物类型结合汞,其作用速率与强度不同。     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响

挥发试验结果表明,试验条件下,富里酸能极显著地促进Fe     

腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性的影响研究Ⅱ．腐殖酸对矿物结合汞挥发活性影响的动态特征

汞的挥发动力学表明：腐殖酸对矿物结合汞活性兼具抑制与活化的双重效应,突出表现为对矿物结合汞的挥发具有先期抑制与后期活化最后趋于稳定的动态影响特征,其效应具长期性渐变特点。不同腐殖酸针对不同矿物类型结合汞,其作用速率与强度不同。     

模拟淋溶条件下沼液对菜田土壤磷素淋洗及其形态的影响

以不同磷水平菜田土壤为研究对象,通过土柱淋溶模拟试验,探讨施用沼液对土壤磷素形态及其移动性的影响。结果表明:与单施去离子水的对照相比,施用沼液通过减少淋洗溶液体积降低淋洗液中总磷含量722.3μg·柱~(-1),中、高磷土壤淋洗液总无机磷(TIP)分别减少507.2μg·柱~(-1)和1 319μg·柱~(-1)。低、中磷土壤淋洗液中水溶性无机磷(DIP)减少158.1μg·柱~(-1)和474.3μg·柱~(-1)。在低磷土壤中,施用沼液对剖面土壤全磷、有机磷和速效磷含量影响显著,上层(0~7 cm)土壤增加的比例分别为34.8%、37.7%和148%,土壤p H值显著降低0.39个单位,下层(7~14 cm)土壤增加的比例分别为18.5%、29.3%和32.9%,土壤p H值显著降低0.28个单位。在中磷土壤中,施用沼液对上层土壤全磷含量影响未达到显著水平,速效磷增加比例20.1%,下层土壤p H值降低0.33个单位。在高磷土壤中,施用沼液对剖面土壤全磷、有机磷和速效磷含量影响未达到显著水平,下层土壤p H值降低0.34个单位。因此,施用沼液降低土壤磷素淋洗,增加低磷土壤磷素有效性含量,但对中磷和高磷水平土壤的磷素影响未达到显著水平。     

用土柱淋溶实验研究水杨酸对酸性土壤铝迁移的影响

选择2种可变电荷土壤和1种酸性恒电荷土壤用土柱淋溶实验研究了水杨酸对土壤铝迁移的影响。结果表明，不同土壤由于矿物组成的差异，它们对有机酸的吸附容量有很大的不同，因此有机酸对不同土壤中铝的迁移有不同的影响。富铁土游离氧化铁的含量低于铁铝土，它对有机酸的吸附量也低于铁铝土的，因此在淋溶实验初期，有机酸对铝迁移的影响较小，在淋溶实验后期，由于土壤对有机酸的吸附达饱和状态，有机酸对铝的迁移表现出很强的促进作用，特别在有机酸初始浓度较高的情况下。铁铝土含有大量铁、铝氧化物，对有机酸有很高的吸附容量，有机酸对这类土壤铝迁移的影响很小。淋溶土对有机酸的吸附量很小，当有机酸的初始浓度较高时，淋溶实验开始后不久，有机酸就对铝的迁移表现出明显的促进作用。实验结果还表明，铝的迁移还与体系pH有关，低pH条件有利于土壤铝的溶解和迁移。     

土壤有效水与化肥相互作用机理及其应用研究——Ⅲ.不同土壤水势对甘蓝吸收水分和养分的影响

在4级水势下盆栽甘蓝159天,获得以下结果:甘蓝植株含水量与水势呈线性负相关;甘蓝日耗水量及干物质积累量分别与水势呈幂函数和指数负相关;甘蓝植株含N量与水势呈正相关而PK含量与水势呈负相关,因而其N/P和N/K随水势增高而升高,呈线性正相关。甘蓝对NPK养分的吸收量因水势增高而减少,呈幂函数负相关。     

土壤有效水与化肥相互作用机理及其应用研究——Ⅲ.不同土壤水势对甘蓝吸收水分和养分的影响

在4级水势下盆栽甘蓝159天,获得以下结果:甘蓝植株含水量与水势呈线性负相关;甘蓝日耗水量及干物质积累量分别与水势呈幂函数和指数负相关;甘蓝植株含N量与水势呈正相关而PK含量与水势呈负相关,因而其N/P和N/K随水势增高而升高,呈线性正相关。甘蓝对NPK养分的吸收量因水势增高而减少,呈幂函数负相关。     

Effects of Curtailment of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Biological Properties and Tea Leaf Yield in Acid Tea Field Soils

In Japan, the soils in tea fields are further acidified by heavy application of nitrogen fertilizer. In the long-term fertilizer application fields, available P, total carbon and nitrogen contents had the highest in the Multi-F plot, followed by the 98-D.F plot and the smallest in the 95-D.F plot. Soil enzymes activity had the highest the Multi-F plot. It was estimated that all of the enzyme activity were often corresponded with the results of the organic matter and the available P contents. The number of fungi under acidic condition had the close relation since change of these enzymes activity. It was evident that fungi were participated in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus metabolism in acid tea field soils. It became clear that the number of fungi and enzymes activity decreased corresponding well with the available P and the organic matter contents depend on fertilization management. Moreover in case of qualities of green tea, generally difference between experimental plots and Multi-F plot were to be small. It was indicated that influence to the yields by curtailment of the amount of nitrogen fertilization was small.     

Microbial Biomass,Community Diversity,and Enzyme Activities in Response to Urea Application in Tea Orchard Soils

To improve yield and quality in tea orchards, a large amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is usually applied. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of N application on microbial community and activity in tea orchard soils and assess the relative importance of fertilizer application versus land use in structuring the soil microbial community. Urea application caused significant decreases in soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities in the three tea orchards. For the wasteland and forest, soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities significantly increased as a result of N fertilizer application. Urea application caused significant decreases in microbial functional and genetic diversity indices of the three tea orchards. Moreover, the bacterial and fungal phospholipid fatty acids were found to be changed with urea application. Multivariate analyses consistently showed that land use had a greater effect on soil microbial community diversity than urea application.     

福建茶园土壤六六六和滴滴涕残留水平及来源分析

采用现场采样及室内测试方法,分析了福建茶园土壤中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）类有机氯农药（OCPs）的分布、组成和来源。结果表明,∑HCHs和∑DDTs浓度分别为0.251-1.120 ng.g^-1和0.210-2.406 ng.g^-1,属于清洁背景范围;漳浦、福鼎和福州茶园土壤∑OCPs浓度显著高于其他样点。除福州外,其他样点HCH同系物中γ-HCH相对含量最高,占HCHs总量的26.3%-76.3%。DDTs中以o,p′-DDT相对含量最高,为34.7%-60.8%。0-15 cm土壤HCHs和DDTs浓度（分别为0.593 ng.g^-1和1.340 ng.g^-1）均高于15-30 cm（0.451 ng.g^-1和0.862 ng.g^-1）。除福州β-（/α＋γ）-HCH和α-/γ-HCH值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明福州HCHs为历史污染,其他样点均存在HCHs新输入,并可能存在林丹的使用或输入;除福鼎p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT值较高外,其他样点均较低,表明除福鼎外其他样点均有DDTs的新输入;o,p′-DDT/p,p′-DDT值均较高,表明可能有大量三氯杀螨醇的使用或输入。     

茶树叶和刺槐叶对茶园土壤酸度的改良效果

通过培养实验,比较研究了茶树老叶和刺槐叶对2种酸化茶园土壤的改良效果。结果表明,在酸性茶园土壤中分别加入5、10和20g·kg^-1。茶树老叶和剌槐叶培养35d后,相对于对照,土壤pH值有不同程度的提高,土壤交换性酸减小,土壤交换性钙和镁等交换性盐基离子数量有所提高,土壤毒性铝离子的数量减少。2种树叶对土壤酸度的改良效果随其加入量的增加而增加,刺槐叶的改良效果好于茶树老叶,2种树叶对红壤的改良效果优于其对黄棕壤的改良效果。植物物料所含的灰化碱及豆科植物所含大量有机氮的矿化是导致土壤酸度下降的主要原因。     

安溪县茶园土壤和灌溉水环境质量评价

为掌握全县茶叶生长的土壤和灌溉水环境质量,明确安溪茶产业未来的拓展战略与发展方向,2009年在安溪县茶叶主产区选择具有代表性的茶园设立3个监测点,对监测点土壤和灌溉水的重金属污染物含量进行检测,并采用单因子指数法和综合污染指数法进行综合评价。结果表明：3个监测点茶园的土壤和灌溉水环境均未受到重金属污染,全部达到清洁水平。以此,表明安溪茶叶主产区的土壤和灌溉水环境质量都能满足发展无公害茶叶生产的标准要求。     

四川和重庆地区的植茶土壤与茶叶品质

A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of triphenyltetrazolum chloride(TTC) on soil microorganisms and the availability of pH characterization medium in BIOLOG plates.Application of TTC decreased the color development sharply and resulted in a great biocidal effect on the growth and reproduction of soil microorganisms,indicating that TTC can affect the discrimination on soil microbial community.The microtitration plates with 21 cabon sources and two different pH levels(4.7 and 7.0) were used to determine microbial community structure of eight red soils.The average utilization(average well colour development) of the carbon sources in the paltes with different pH levels generally followed the same sigmoidal pattern as that in the traditional BIOLOG plates,but the pH 4.7 plates increased the discrimination of this technique,compared with the pH 7.0 plates.Since most tested soils are acid,it seemed that it‘s better to use a suitable pH characterization medium for a specific spil in the sole carbon source test.     

不同尺度下低山茶园土壤颗粒组成空间变异性特征

利用地统计学方法，在两个尺度下对蘩顶山茶园土壤颗粒组成的空间变异性进行了研究。结果表明：（1）小尺度下土壤颗粒组成各粒级均具有强烈的空间相关性．其中粘粒的空间相关距最大．粗粉粒的空间相关距最小；土壤颗粒组成各粒级主要在东、东南和东北3个方向上具有较强的空间变异，除砂粒外的其它颗粒均在东南方向空间变异明显；各粒级的空间分布没有明显的规律可寻。（2）微尺度下只有粘粒具有强烈的空间相关性，砂粒具有中等空间相关性，其余粒级空间相关性很弱，粘粒空间相关距最小；除砂粒外的其它粒级在东南方向具有明显的空间变异，砂粒在各方向上的空间变异都较弱；除中／细粉粒外的其它粒级在西北-东南方向有明显的变化层次。（3）坡度和坡长等微地形及茶园横坡种植的植被覆盖方式是影响土壤颗粒空间分布的主要因子。     

配施有机肥对茶园土壤性状及茶叶产质量的影响

通过连续4年(2009-2012)的田间定位试验,研究了配施不同比例有机肥对茶园土壤性状及茶叶产、质量的影响,筛选了适宜茶园的施肥结构。结果表明:配施有机肥显著提高茶园土壤pH,有效阻控茶园土壤酸化;提高茶园土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,提高幅度随着有机肥施用比例的增加而增加。配施有机肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)、氮(SMBN)分别比对照处理提高41.70%~72.23%和49.66%~75.63%,土壤微生物商(SMBC/SOC)和微生物生物量氮占土壤总有机氮的比例(SMBN/TN)分别比对照处理提高38.46%~43.85%和16.84%~72.96%;土壤基础呼吸量以全量施用有机肥处理最低,75%有机肥配施25%化肥处理最高;配施有机肥处理土壤呼吸商比对照处理降低20.94%~50.12%。适当的施肥结构促进茶树生长和提高茶叶品质,茶叶产量及品质以25%~50%有机肥配施75%~50%化肥处理较优。综合施肥结构对土壤基础性状、生物学性状和茶叶产量品质的影响,初步认为25%~50%有机肥配施75%~50%化肥(以氮素投入量计)是茶园系统较优的有机肥配施模式。     

Relationship Between Extractable Metals in Acid Soils and Metals Taken Up by Tea Plants

Abstract

The accumulation of heavy metals in plants is related to concentrations andchemical fractions of the metals in soils. Understanding chemical fractions and availabilities of the metals in soils is necessary for management of the soils. In this study, the concentrations of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in tea leaves were compared with the total and extractable contents of these heavy metals in 32 surface soil samples collected from different tea plantations in Zhejiang province, China. The five chemical fractions (exchangeable, carbonate‐bound, organic matter‐bound, oxides‐bound, and residual forms) of the metals in the soils were characterized. Five different extraction methods were also used to extract soil labile metals. Total heavy metal contents of the soils ranged from 17.0 to 84.0 mgCukg^?1, 0.03 to 1.09 mg Cd kg^?1, 3.43 to 31.2 mg Pb kg^?1, and 31.0 to 132.0 mg Zn kg^?1. The concentrations of exchangeable and carbonate‐bound fractions of the metals depended mainly on the pH, and those of organic matter‐bound, oxides‐bound, and residual forms of the metals were clearly controlled by their total concentrations in the soils. Extractable fractions may be preferable to total metal content as a predictor of bioconcentrations of the metals in both old and mature tea leaves. The metals in the tea leaves appeared to be mostly from the exchangeable fractions. The amount of available metals extracted by 0.01 mol L^?1 CaCl₂, NH₄OAc, and DTPA‐TEA is appropriate extractants for the prediction of metals uptake into tea plants. The results indicate that long‐term plantation of tea can cause sol acidification and elevated concentrations of bioavailable heavy metals in the soil and, hence, aggravate the risk of heavy metals to tea plants.     

粤东凤凰山茶区土壤铜、铬化学形态分布及茶叶有效性研究

采用连续化学提取法对粤东凤凰山茶区12个大型茶园共60份土壤样品中Cu和Cr的5种化学形态分布和茶叶有效性进行研究。结果发现,土壤中Cu的5种化学形态的分布规律为残渣态〉有机束缚态〉铁锰氧化态〉碳酸盐态〉交换态,而Cr的化学形态分布为残渣态〉有机束缚态〉交换态〉碳酸盐态〉铁锰氧化态。可交换态Cu和有机束缚态Cu含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Cu呈极显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Cu呈极显著正相关,与有机束缚态Cu和铁锰氧化态Cu呈显著正相关。可交换态Cr含量与土壤有机质呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值与土壤可交换态Cr呈极显著负相关,与碳酸盐态Cr呈极显著正相关。凤凰山茶叶Cu含量的范围在41.20～118.93mg·kg^-1之间,平均为52.92mg·kg^-1。茶叶中Cu含量与土壤可交换态Cu、有机束缚态Cu、有机质都有显著的正相关性,而与土壤pH值有显著的负相关性。茶叶Cr含量的范围在2.73～6.29mg·kg^-1之间,平均为4.13mg·kg^-1。茶叶Cr含量与土壤有机质和pH值分布呈显著正相关和显著负相关。