中国草地固碳减排研究现状及其建议

随着经济的快速发展,温室气体的排放量不断增加,加之人类对自然资源的利用强度逐渐增加,导致全球生态系统的固碳能力减弱,大气中的温室气体浓度达到新高,所造成的温室效应已经成为国际社会普遍关注的重大全球性问题。中国草地碳汇资源得天独厚,发展草原碳汇经济成为履行国际承诺、打造碳汇新经济、建设美丽中国的重要载体。综述中国草地固碳减排现状及其影响因素,包括草地碳汇和家畜生产减排研究、气候变化背景下的草地碳汇、人工草地建设等方面,并提出中国草地固碳减排发展建议,以期为中国实现碳达峰、碳中和及草地固碳减排的贡献提供理论基础,为推动我国社会高质量发展、创造高品质生活提供坚实的技术支撑。     

牧草加工技术要点

人工草地生产力较高,在饲草充余的6～9月份,大多人工草地把鲜草加工成干草、青贮草或半干贮草。经过加工的牧草可提高贮存性和利用率,并便于运输和饲喂,是马类和反刍类家畜冬季的主体饲料,在全年饲料平衡中占有重要地位。     

牧草加工技术要点

人工草地生产力较高,在饲草充余的6～9月份,大多人工草地把鲜草加工成干草、青贮草或半干贮草.经过加工的牧草可提高贮存性和利用率,并便于运输和饲喂,是马类和反刍类家畜冬季的主体饲料,在全年饲料平衡中占有重要地位.     

陇东黄土高原区肉牛产业化及饲草资源生产潜力分析——以甘肃省平凉市崆峒区为例

通过对甘肃省平凉市崆峒区肉牛养殖户分布、饲养水平、养殖规模、草地资源、饲草结构及供需关系进行研究,结合区域气候环境、饲草品种、土地流转及种养政策对现有饲草的供应模式,适宜的草种遴选,饲草轮供优化,饲草产品的深加工及控制饲养成本等方面进行分析。提出充分利用当地天然草地资源、引入适宜饲草品种、增加人工牧草比例、促进饲草加工多样化,立足于饲草结构调整,建立饲草结构—家畜产业发展耦合系统,加快当地草地农业及肉牛养殖业的良性发展,有利于草食畜牧业扩大规模养殖及产业化经营。     

牧草市场潜力巨大 发展空间广阔

当前,世界经济正进入绿色的低碳经济时代,它不仅是本世纪人类最大规模的环境革命,而且也是一场深刻的经济发展能力变革。草地是面积最大的绿色资源,具有固碳能力大、固碳成本相对低廉、固     

草原碳汇管理对策

我国约4亿hm²草原,草原具有强大碳汇功能,但人们对草原碳汇管理的认识和研究还不足。综述了CO₂、温度及降雨等气象因子和草原开垦、放牧、割草、施肥、人工草地建植等草地管理措施对草原碳汇功能的影响及其作用机制,以期对我国草原管理实践提供借鉴。温度和降雨的改变对不同类型草原的碳汇功能影响不同,以碳汇为目标的草地管理,必须综合考虑气候变化对碳固持的影响。草地退化生产力下降,土壤理化环境恶化,土壤有机碳含量降低,退化草地具有较大的固碳潜力,采用合理的草原管理措施能够极大的提高草地有机碳含量,据估算全国重度退化草地如果全面实施围栏封育措施,固碳潜力每年达12.01 Tg C。过度放牧改变了草原植被群落结构,降低净初级生产力,C∶N增加,土壤氮的亏缺限制碳的固持,枯落物的量也降低,减少有机质的形成,草原碳汇功能降低。合理放牧管理增强草原碳汇功能。草原开垦减少枯落物的输入增加了土壤侵蚀,使土壤有机质暴露在空气中,土壤有机质的氧化分解加快,降低土壤有机质含量。高强度的刈割利用不利于草地碳汇,刈割利用要选择合适的刈割时间和刈割高度,并通过粪尿或施肥等管理措施,返还割草地损失的营养物质。施肥、补播、耕翻和灌溉等改良措施促进草原植被更新,提高草原生产力,增强草原固碳能力。农田弃耕和围封禁牧增强草地碳汇功能,配合施肥补播等其他管理措施,可以促进植被恢复,提高其固碳效率。退耕还草增加草原碳汇,牧草固碳能力强弱为:豆禾混播＞多年生豆科牧草＞多年生禾本科牧草＞一年生禾草。     

封育草地与弃耕地土壤碳氮固持及固持速率动态

研究植被恢复对土壤碳氮动态的影响,对了解陆地生态系统碳氮循环,应对全球温室效应具有重要意义。本研究以黄土高原丘陵区封育草地和弃耕地为对象,分别以放牧草地和农田为参照,对比分析了封育14年草地和弃耕地0~300 cm土层土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤全氮(STN)储量、固持量及固持速率。结果表明,封育草地和弃耕地显著增加SOC储量,并且二者封育14年后SOC储量相同;在0~200 cm土壤中,封育14年草地与弃耕地STN储量相对于对照并无增加,0~300 cm土壤中,封育14年草地STN储量显著高于弃耕地(P<0.05);弃耕地SOC固持及固持速率显著高于封育草地,封育14年弃耕地SOC固持主要发生在0~140 cm表层土壤;0~100 cm土壤弃耕地STN固持及固持速率显著高于封育草地,0~300 cm土壤弃耕地STN固持及固持速率显著低于封育草地。以上结果表明,封育和弃耕均可显著提高土壤碳储量,并未明显提升土壤氮储量,弃耕地有较高的SOC固持量及固持速率。     

柴达木盆地农牧交错区种草养畜的生态经济效益

家庭牧场通过人工草地和暖棚等基础建设,农牧业结构调整,以及饲草、饲料加工调制和羔羊育肥等综合配套技术的应用,使试验区生态、经济和社会效益明显改善。结果表明:草地中优良牧草比例和植被盖度明显增加;弃耕地种草养畜不仅提高了初级生产力,减轻荒漠草地载畜压力,而且降低土壤含盐量;暖棚养畜改善了家畜的生存环境,提高了抗病和越冬能力;通过家庭牧场生产结构的优化和基础设施建设,经济效益明显提高,年净收入达19767元,投入产出比为2.25。     

围栏封育恢复和提升辽西退化草地的碳固持功能

以辽西退化草地为例研究了不同围封年限(3年和5年)草地与自由放牧地碳固持功能的差异,探讨了围封恢复草原碳库的机制。结果表明:围封提高了草地碳固持能力,生长季测定期间的放牧地和围封3年、5年的草地碳固持能力分别为0.50 t/hm~2、1.39 t/hm~2和1.25 t/hm~2;随围封年限的增加植物碳贮存量分别提高了5倍和8.39倍,土壤碳库分别提高了43%和94%;放牧不仅损伤植物地上生物量,对地下生物量的损伤可能更大,围封首先恢复植物地上生物量,从而带动地下生物量的提升。围封是恢复退化草地碳汇功能的有效措施,但长期围封对草地生态功能的保育并无益处,因此还要进行更长期观测,根据草地碳汇动态辅以适度放牧等干扰措施,保障草地生态系统的可持续发展和利用。     

内蒙古荒漠草原人工草地固碳效应分析

以内蒙古荒漠草原9种人工草地为研究对象,研究了植物和土壤的固碳能力差异。结果表明:与天然草地相比,四子王旗荒漠草原区人工草地可以有效地增加土壤碳储量,并且以紫花苜蓿、柠条和小叶锦鸡儿人工草地的固碳能力最强;且该地区各类草地植物根系主要集中在0~30cm,地下生物量均高于地上生物量。地上草产量最高的为谷草、紫花苜蓿和青莜麦;地下生物量则以紫花苜蓿、小叶锦鸡儿和柠条人工草地最高。在内蒙古西部地区,种植紫花苜蓿、小叶锦鸡儿和柠条等豆科植物可以有效地促进土壤碳库的积累。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.