高效液相色谱法测定甘蔗叶片中脱落酸

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定甘蔗叶片样品中内源ABA含量的分析方法。以流动相甲醇-5%乙酸为缓冲液,等度洗脱,紫外检测波长为254 nm。通过实验条件优化,0.25~10 mg/L范围内ABA标准溶液检测结果呈现良好的线性关系(相关系数r2=0.996),加标回收率为87.5%~102.4%,相对标准偏差不大于5%,检出限LOD=0.0202 mg/L,定量限LOQ=0.0675 mg/L。结果表明该方法能达到定量检测的目的,可以用于甘蔗叶片中内源ABA含量检测。     

利用HPLC法测定王草青贮饲料中的有机酸

建立并优化了测定王草青贮饲料中乳酸(LA)、乙酸(AA)、丙酸(PA)、丁酸(BA)的高效液相色谱检测方法.采用20 mmol/L NaH2PO4/H3PO4(pH2.65)-甲醇二元梯度洗脱程序在高效液相色谱-紫外检测器上完成4种有机酸的定性定量分析.结果表明,4种有机酸在0.015～2.25 mg/mL范围内的线性关系较好,相关系数R2≥0.999 4,精密度、稳定性的RSD均小于5％,样品回收率在88.44％～114.51％,LA、AA、PA、BA的检出限分别是1.40、3.31、3.57、5.23 μg/L.该方法简单、准确、重复性好,可用于王草青贮饲料中有机酸测定.     

毛细管离子分析法测定茶叶中的锌、锰、铜、铅和镉

用毛细管离子分析(CIA)法测定了茶叶中的锌、锰、铜、铅和镉,在10mmol/L咪唑,10mmol/Lα-羟基乙酸,pH=4.0的电泳介质中,五种离子在10min内得到了分离,用间接紫外法检测,以外标法定量,五元素的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9973~0.9997,平均回收率在96.4%~104.2%之间,相对平均偏差为2.1%~3.3%,检测限为0.02~0.2μg/ml。此方法快速简便、准确度高、测定成本低。     

基于正交设计的康乃馨试管苗增殖和开花诱导研究

以康乃馨无菌苗为实验材料,以MS为基本培养基,添加不同浓度的植物生长调节剂NAA、6-BA,设不同的pH值,进行3因素4水平的正交设计实验,筛选康乃馨增殖的最佳培养条件;以1/2 MS为基本培养基,附加不同浓度的植物生长调节剂NAA、6-BA、GA_3,设置不同的光照时间,进行4因素4水平的正交设计实验,筛选诱导康乃馨试管开花的最佳培养条件,建立无菌苗快速繁殖试管诱导开花体系。结果表明,康乃馨增殖的最佳培养条件为MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+2 mg/L 6-BA,pH6.2,增殖倍数达到11倍。诱导无菌苗试管开花的最佳培养条件为1/2 MS+4 mg/L GA_3+0.5 mg/L 6-BA+0.6 mg/L NAA,培养温度20℃,开花率可达87%,单株花朵开花持续时间长可达16 d,光照时间对开花率影响不大,但总体来说光照时间长于12 h,有利于开花。     

固定化酶膜催化茶多酚形成茶黄素反应条件优选

用SAS统计软件中的响应面分析法探讨了固定化多酚氧化酶酶膜催化儿茶素生产茶黄素的最佳反应条件,确定了酶膜法生产高纯度茶黄素的五个重要因素及最佳组合。五个因素包括反应时间、酶与底物之比、通气量、底物浓度和pH值。最佳反应条件为：反应时间49βmin、酶与底物之比为1:128.7、通气量为23.81L/min 、底物浓度5.95βmg/ml和pH值4.3。该条件下产物茶黄素浓度的理论值为0.766βmg/ml,实测值为0.754±0.017βmg/ml,表明优化模型合理,条件筛选结果准确。     

不同外源诱导剂对克新8号马铃薯微型薯诱导效果的影响

以“克新 8号”脱毒试管苗为材料 ,研究了在 2 0± 2℃、全黑暗条件下 ,添加不同浓度的外源诱导剂 (BAP、NAA、香豆素、B9)对微型薯诱导效果的影响 ,结果表明 :BAP诱导的最佳处理浓度为 5mg/L ;NAA诱导的最佳处理浓度为 5mg/L ;香豆素诱导的最佳处理浓度为 2 0mg/L ;B9诱导的最佳处理浓度为 10mg/L。     

小麦叶片中甘氨酸甜菜碱含量的毛细管电泳测定方法研究

为了揭示甜菜碱含量与小麦抗逆性的相关性,建立了毛细管电泳法测定小麦叶片中甘氨酸甜菜碱含量的方法,小麦叶片经研碎、水提取后,与溴代烷-2,4-溴代苯甲酰甲基溴酯化后直接进行电泳测定.在缓冲溶液为pH=3.0的50 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠溶液、弹性石英毛细管柱75μm(id)×37 cm、分离长度30cm、电泳电压15 kV、电极极性由正到负、紫外检测波长265 nm的电泳条件下,甘氨酸甜菜碱酯化物及其结构类似物分离良好.该方法标准曲线的线性范围为0.05～0.3 mg/mL,回归方程为Y=3084990X-73638,r=0.9994.检出限为0.005 mg/mL,精密度和回收率分别为3.2%和98.2%.由此说明,该方法快速,简便,准确度高,适合小麦中甜菜碱含量的测定.     

木瓜蛋白酶水解大豆浓缩蛋白实验研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶对大豆浓缩蛋白进行酶水解改性,通过氮溶解指数(NSI)的测定确定水解的有效性。实验表明,木瓜蛋白酶对大豆浓缩蛋白产生了有限水解,对大豆浓缩蛋白的功能特性有一定影响。通过L9(34)实验确定了最佳水解条件是:酶浓度为7000u/g、温度为65℃、pH为6·5、反应时间为2h、底物浓度为5·5%。     

茶氨酸的衍生化及毛细管电泳定量技术

采用胶束电动力学毛细管电泳技术定量茶氨酸,以2,4-二硝基氟苯为衍生化试剂,建立茶氨酸定量的新方法。运行缓冲液为pH9.8的0.03βmol/L四硼酸钠缓冲液体系,分离电压为28kV,分离温度为17℃,在360βnm下进行检测。研究了不同pH、反应时间、反应温度、缓冲液浓度对衍生化反应的影响,确立了衍生化反应的最佳条件。证实了4℃和25℃环境下衍生化产物可以稳定保存5天。测定了茶氨酸衍生化方法的性能指标：线性范围为0.2~5βmmol/L（r²=0.993）,最低检测限为0.05βmmol/L。     

高效液相色谱法测定热带水果中维生素E含量

采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定冷冻干燥处理的11种热带水果中维生素E的含量。使用SB-Phenyl柱,用甲醇/水为流动相,采用紫外检测器在300nm处对样品中的维生素E进行测定,用外标法进行定性定量分析。结果表明:8种热带水果的维生素E质量分数分别为,红毛丹0.935mg/kg,杧果23.9mg/kg,菠萝蜜17.7mg/kg,火龙果24.1mg/kg,菠萝1.28mg/kg,番木瓜16.5mg/kg,人心果10.6mg/kg,草莓20.0mg/kg;尚有龙眼、椰子、荔枝未检出。维生素E质量浓度在2~21 mg/L时,其峰面积与进样质量的线性相关系数达到0.9997,测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.4%~3.5%(n=6)。试样加标回收率为94%~102%。该方法的最小检测质量分数为0.10mg/kg。      

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).