冰片基炔丙基醚的合成及锆氢化反应

莰烯在对甲苯磺酸等催化下与炔丙醇、２炔丁醇、３三甲基硅基炔丙醇反应，分别制得冰片基炔丙基醚、冰片基２炔丁基醚和冰片基（３三甲基硅基）炔丙基醚，产率６３％～７４％。冰片基炔丙基醚经氢化氯二茂锆〔Ｃｐ２Ｚｒ（Ｈ）Ｃｌ〕锆氢化后，与Ｉ２反应立体选择性地合成了Ｅ型的烯基碘化合物，产率８５％     

莰烯和长叶烯的间接ω-酰化

(E)-ω-氯汞化莰烯与乙酰氯在三氯化铝的催化下生成(E)-ω-乙酰基莰烯。同法合成了(E)-ω-苯甲酰基莰烯和(E)-ω-乙酰基长叶烯。ω,ω-二(氯汞)莰烯与乙酰氯反应得到(E)和(Z)-ω-乙酰基莰烯的混合物,用柱层析进行分离并用核磁共振谱确定了两个异构体的构型。     

冰片烯的合成研究

分别以α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和莰烯为原料,合成2-氯莰烷,再以2-氯莰烷为原料合成冰片烯. α -蒎烯合成2-氯莰烷的反应温度为-5℃, β -蒎烯合成2-氯莰烷的反应温度为-10℃;莰烯合成2-氯莰烷的反应条件是以氯化锌为催化剂、投料比6∶1(物质的量比,下同)、温度为35℃,反应时间24h.2-氯莰烷合成冰片烯的工艺条件为,以叔丁醇钾为消除反应试剂、投料比为3∶1、DMF为溶剂、反应温度为120℃、反应时间为3h.采用FT-IR、GC-MS和1HNMR等方法对2-氯莰烷和冰片烯进行了结构鉴定.     

内型─8─烷氧基甲基异莰烷类化合物的合成

以ω─甲酰基莰烯经两步氢化合成的内型异莰烷基甲醇为原料，先制得了内型异莰烷基－溴甲烷，再使后者和醇钠反应合成了７个标题化合物，均属新化合物。并且用相转移催化的方法进行了该类化合物的合成，结果良好。各产品纯化后进行了ＩＲ、￣１ＨＮＭＲ与ＭＳ分析。     

-蒎烯经二溴莰烷合成冰片二烯

以α-蒎烯为原料与Br2进行加成、异构化反应合成2,6-二溴莰烷,以2,6-二溴莰烷为中间体制备冰片二烯。α-蒎烯合成2,6-二溴莰烷的条件:Br2和α-蒎烯为2.5∶1(物质的量之比),反应温度为0℃,反应时间24 h,反应溶剂为二氯甲烷,此条件下α-蒎烯转化率为97.6%,定向转化为2,6-二溴莰烷的选择性最高(48.8%)。提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷纯度为99.0%,得率为45.6%。以提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷为原料制备冰片二烯的适宜反应条件:反应温度100℃,反应时间5 h,叔丁醇钾为消除试剂,叔丁醇钾与2,6-二溴莰烷投料比4∶1(物质的量比),DMF为溶剂。2,6-二溴莰烷转化率为99.12%,冰片二烯的选择性为99.0%,提纯后的冰片二烯纯度可达98.5%。采用FT-IR、GC-MS和1H NMR等方法对2,6-二溴莰烷和冰片二烯进行了结构鉴定。     

Synthesis of the Bomadiene from 2,6-Dibromocamphane

以α-蒎烯为原料与Br2进行加成、异构化反应合成2,6-二溴莰烷,以2,6-二溴莰烷为中间体制备冰片二烯.α-蒎烯合成2,6-二溴莰烷的条件:Br2和α-蒎烯为2.5∶1(物质的量之比),反应温度为0℃,反应时间24h,反应溶剂为二氯甲烷,此条件下α-蒎烯转化率为97.6％,定向转化为2,6-二溴莰烷的选择性最高(48.8％).提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷纯度为99.0％,得率为45.6％.以提纯后的2,6-二溴莰烷为原料制备冰片二烯的适宜反应条件:反应温度100℃,反应时间5h,叔丁醇钾为消除试剂,叔丁醇钾与2,6-二溴莰烷投料比4∶1(物质的量比),DMF为溶剂.2,6-二溴莰烷转化率为99.12％,冰片二烯的选择性为99.0％,提纯后的冰片二烯纯度可达98.5％.采用FT-IR、GC-MS和1H NMR等方法对2,6-二溴莰烷和冰片二烯进行了结构鉴定.     

ω-酰基莰烯系列化合物的合成、香气与分析

通过ω-甲酰基莰烯与格氏试剂反应,然后水解和氧化,合成了13种ω-酰基莰烯,并进行了MS、IR、~1H NMR分析和评香鉴定。     

制取高纯度樟脑的新方法

采用阳离子交换树脂催化莰烯水合反应制得的粗异龙脑中含较少的封醇和３－莰醇，最主要的副产物是水合莰稀。在酸性化剂硼酸的存在下，水合鞭烯发生痈水变成莰烯而易被从樟脑中分离出去，因引可得到纯度９８％以上，熔点高达１７６－１７９℃的高质量的樟脑。本报告制取高纯度樟脑过程的合成路线、产物、樟脑纯化以及物料平衡方面的研究结果。     

草酸二异龙脑酯的合成及其结构表征

通过莰烯和草酸在硼酐催化作用下的重排加成(酯化)反应合成了草酸二异龙脑酯,探讨了原料配比、催化剂用量、反应温度以及反应时间对酯化反应的影响。研究结果表明,莰烯(13.6 g)、草酸和催化剂的质量比为1.7∶2∶1,反应温度为55℃、反应时间为96 h的条件下,莰烯的转化率为89.5%,草酸二异龙脑酯的选择性为95.6%。产物通过IR、LCMS-IT-TOF、1H NMR、13C NMR等手段进行了结构鉴定与表征。     

路易斯酸催化莰烯异构酯化合成乙酸异龙脑酯的研究

以路易斯酸为催化剂催化莰烯与冰乙酸酯化制备乙酸异龙脑酯,通过催化剂筛选和反应条件的优化,获得了莰烯与冰乙酸酯化反应合成乙酸异龙脑酯的最佳反应条件,即:FeCl_3为催化剂,添加量为莰烯质量的10%,反应温度在25℃,反应时间2h,n(莰烯)∶n(冰乙酸)1∶3。在此条件下,采用含莰量94.9%的莰烯(莰烯84.8%,三环烯10.1%)为原料进行反应时,莰烯转化率接近99%,乙酸异龙脑酯选择性94%,乙酸异龙脑酯的平均产率88%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.