竹瘿长角金小蜂的研究

竹瘿长角金小蜂的研究莫建初，王问学，王德良，龙水琼（中南林学院株洲４１２００６）关键词竹广肩小蜂．竹瘿长角金小蜂，寄生蜂，生活习性，空间分布竹瘦长角金小蜂ＮｏｒｂａｎｕｓａｉｏｌｏｍｏｒｐｈｉＹａｎｇｅｔｗａｎｓ属膜翅目、金小峰科、长角金小蜂属，是近...     

寄生外来有害种刺槐叶瘿蚊的毛链金小蜂属(膜翅目:金小蜂科)中国1新种(英文)

记述毛链金小蜂属(膜翅目:金小蜂科)1新种:叶瘿蚊毛链金小蜂,对新种的外部形态特征进行详细描述.该种寄生于刺槐叶瘿蚊(双翅目:瘿蚊科)幼虫-蛹.刺槐叶瘿蚊是我国新近发现的外来有害物种,对我国刺槐林造成重大危害.模式标本保存于中国林业科学研究院昆虫标本馆.     

竹林害虫竹瘿广肩小蜂的寄生蜂

2013年5月—2014年10月调查竹瘿广肩小蜂Aiolomorphus rhopaloides Walker的寄生蜂,共发现9种。中国枝瘿金小蜂Homoporus sinensis Xiao,Zhang,HuangPolaszek和黄腹长角金小蜂Norbanus longifasciatus Girault是首次记录寄生竹瘿广肩小蜂的寄生蜂。本文提供了这2种寄生蜂主要鉴别特征及其主要寄生生物学。     

寄生于杨潜叶跳象的3种金小蜂(膜翅目:金小蜂科)及1新种记述

对北京市密云县杨潜叶跳象(鞘翅目:象甲科)寄生蜂进行调查,发现杨潜叶跳象幼虫期寄生小蜂天敌共3种,属金小蜂科金小蜂属(包括1新种与1中国新记录种):密云金小蜂新种,皮金小蜂新记录种及瑟茅金小蜂.寄生蜂总自然寄生率达12.27%(±2.16%),是杨潜叶跳象生物防治的有效天敌资源.详细描述3种寄生蜂的外部形态特征,附有新种部分特征图,并列出寄生杨潜叶跳象3种金小蜂及新种近缘种的检索表.模式标本保存于中国林业科学研究院昆虫标本室.     

寄生青海草原毛虫的金小蜂一新种(膜翅目:金小蜂科)

【目的】草原毛虫(鳞翅目:毒蛾科)是我国三江源自然保护区的重大害虫,取食危害多种高山草甸植物。为了保护自然保护区植被,无公害防治草原毛虫十分重要。调查草原毛虫天敌昆虫区系,以期为利用天敌控制草原毛虫打下基础。【方法】在三江源自然保护区核心区调查采集青海草原毛虫蛹,带回室内饲养出寄生蜂成虫,随后统计寄生率,并进行天敌分类研究。【结果】发现1种寄生青海草原毛虫的金小蜂新种——三江源草原毛虫金小蜂Pteromalus sanjiangyuanicus Yang,详细描述该寄生蜂新种的形态特征,提供清晰的形态特征彩色照片;并记述其生物学、分布等基础信息;列出区分新种与相近种——草原毛虫金小蜂Pteromalus qinghaiensis Liao 1987的检索表。【结论】为生物防治青海草原毛虫和其他种草原毛虫这种重大害虫找到1种新天敌,在生物防治上具有重要价值。     

大兴安岭落叶松毛虫的卵寄生蜂（膜翅目：细蜂总科,小蜂总科）

调查发现，大兴安岭落叶松毛虫ＤｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍｕｓｓｕｐｅｒａｎｓｓｉｂｉｒｉｃｕｓＴｓｃｈｅｔｖｅｒｉｋｏｖ共有５种卵寄生蜂（其中包括１个新种）。它们的总寄生率达５４．６３％（±１．７０％），在自然控制这种害虫上发挥着重要作用。同时，对５种卵寄生蜂作了较为详细的形态描述，并对一些误名作了更正。这５种卵寄生蜂为：落叶松毛虫黑卵蜂ＴｅｌｅｎｏｍｕｓｔｅｔｒａｔｏｍｕｓＴｈｏｍｓｏｎ（细蜂总科）；松毛虫卵宽缘金小蜂Ｐａｃｈｙｎｅｕｒｏｎｓｏｌｉｔａｒｉｕｍ（Ｈａｒｔｉｇ），松毛虫迈金小蜂ＭｅｓｏｐｏｌｏｂｕｓｓｕｐｅｒａｎｓｉＹａｎｇｅｔＧｕ（新种），落叶松毛虫卵跳小蜂Ｏｏｅｎｃｙｒｔｕｓｐｉｎｉｃｏｌｕｓ（Ｍａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ）和松毛虫赤眼蜂ＴｒｉｃｈｏｇｒａｍｍａｄｅｎｄｒｏｌｉｍｉＭａｔｓｕｍｕｒａ（小蜂总科）。     

寄生吐伦球坚蚧(半翅目:蚧科)的蚧盾金小蜂属一新种(膜翅目:金小蜂科)

【目的】开展吐伦球坚蚧生物防治技术研究,调查该害虫的寄生性天敌昆虫。【方法】采集■■树带有吐伦球坚蚧若虫、成虫的枝条,带回室内,置于试管中饲养,以获得天敌。【结果】调查发现一种寄生该害虫的金小蜂新种——吐伦球坚蚧蚧盾金小蜂Eunotus turanicusi Yang et Kereman,详细描述该寄生蜂新种的形态特征,提供清晰的形态特征彩色照片;并记述其生物学、分布等基础信息;列出区分新种与相近种——强壮蚧盾金小蜂E.strenus Xiao et Huang的检索表。【结论】本研究为生物防治吐伦球坚蚧这种危害多种果树的重大害虫找到了一种新天敌,在生物防治上具有重要价值。     

油松球果瘿蚊的研究

油松球果瘿蚊（Ｃｅｃｉｄｏｍｙｉａｗｅｎｉ）Ｊｉａｎｇ严重危害油松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓ）Ｃａｒ．一年生小球果，并可在雄球花序上取食；该虫在辽宁兴城一年发生二代，以蛹在地表越冬。发现其蛹寄生蜂天敌３种，其中中国新记录属新种１种：球果瘿蚊短喙金小蜂（Ｃａｐｅｌｉａｃｏｎｉ）Ｙａｎｇ。越冬代油松球果瘿蚊蛹总寄生率可达２０９％。拟除虫菊酯类和有机磷类药剂均对杀灭其成虫有效，可降低一年生球果受害率４４％～５６％。     

寄生栗瘿蜂的长尾啮小蜂一新种记述(膜翅目:姬小蜂科)

本文报道采自浙江省江山和安吉的寄生于栗瘿蜂的长尾啮小蜂一新种，即栗瘿长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus dryocosmiWuet Xu,sp.nov，并对新种进行了描述，模式标本保存于浙江大学农业与生物技术学院应用昆虫研究所。     

角胚跳小蜂属在我国的首次记录及其一新种记述(膜翅目:跳小蜂科)

本文报道两种寄生螟蛾科害虫的跳小蜂,即采自越南河内寄生稻纵卷叶螟Ｃｎａｐｈａｌｏｃｒｏｃｉｓ ｍｅｄｉｎａｌｉｓ Ｇｕｅｎｅｅ的螟克角胚跳小蜂Ｃｏｐｉｄｏｓｏｍｏｐｓｉｓ ｎａｃｏｌｅｉａｅ（Ｅａｄｙ）和采自山东泰安寄生刺槐谷蛾Ｈａｐｓｉｆｅｒａ ｂａｒｂａｔａ （Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｏｐｈ）的三节角胚跳小蜂Ｃｏｐｉｄｏｓｏｍｏｐｓｉｓ ｔｒｉｓｅｇｍｅｎｔｉｓ Ｘｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．新种。对新种进行了描述     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.