Reserarch advance on mechanism of arsenic trioxide on tumor

The article demonstrates the relative concepts of apoptosis and summarizes the effect of arsenic trioxide to the carcinoma, its possible principle included. Recent development of the reports about arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis is referred and reviewed. Apoptosis is a natural mechanism and a common physiological death of cell, and its abnormity has great effect on cancer. Arsenic trioxide can induce apoptosis in APL cell and other cancer cells, and has been used in treating the patient with other kinds of malignant cancers. The mechanisms of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis are gradually becoming a hotspot, but still not lucid. With intensive study of arsenic trioxide, it can be a useful ways in treating cancer patients in the future.     

Genetic effect on phytoaccumulation of arsenic in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica juncea</Emphasis> L

The presence of excessive amounts of heavy metals such as arsenic in the environment is a problem in many parts of the world. Many countries e.g., Bangladesh are already severely affected by arsenic contamination of soil and groundwater. Phytoaccumulation is a method in which plants are used to uptake heavy metals from soil. The genus Brassica has many species that can efficiently accumulate arsenic. Despite many studies on phytoaccumulation, little is known about the genetics of phytoaccumulation of Brassica. This study investigated the genetic effect on phytoaccumulation of arsenic in Brassica juncea L. and attempted to identify any morphological trait(s) for phytoaccumulation. Two cultivars of B. juncea namely, B. juncea cv. Rai and B. juncea cv. BARI-11 were chosen as parents for the study. A set of their morphological characteristics were selected to evaluate their potential as marker(s) for phytoaccumulation. A single concentration, 15 ppm of arsenic was used to study the genetic effect on phytoaccumulation using quantitative genetics. The results revealed that phytoaccumulation of arsenic (by the root and shoot systems) is heritable in the broad sense and polygenic in nature. The stem diameter was also found to be heritable in the broad sense and path analysis indicated that it has a significant direct effect on the shoot uptake. It is concluded that phytoaccumulation of arsenic in B. juncea (cvs. Rai and BARI-11) is a genetic phenomenon and stem diameter may be a potential marker of phytoaccumulation of arsenic in B. juncea (cvs. Rai and BARI-11).     

食品中砷的暴露评估研究进展

砷以有机态和无机态广泛存在于自然界中。国际癌症研究中心（IARC）将砷和无机砷化合物列为第一类致癌物（Group1,对人类致癌）。食物和水是无机砷暴露的主要途径。无机砷膳食暴露对人体健康的影响已受到广泛重视。文章综述了近年来联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂联席专家委员会（JECFA）、欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）等国际组织对食品中砷安全性评价的最新进展,总结了目前中国关于砷膳食暴露的研究现状,指出食品中砷的形态、不同砷形态的毒性作用、生物有效性价态以及食品中无机砷的提取和检测方法将是砷安全性评价的重要研究方向。旨在为进一步开展砷的膳食暴露评估及其他相关研究提供参考。     

Breeding vandaceous orchids for commercial cut-flowers in Singapore: an overview

Summary Extensive artificial hybridisation among members of some 86 genera of vandaceous orchids within the subtribe Sarcanthinae in Singapore over the past five decades has created many thousands of exotic hybrids. A small number of these are selected for commercial cut-flower production, while others are cultivated as pot-plants. Two classes of intergeneric hybrids are of special commercial importance as export cut-flowers, the bigeneric Aranda (Arachnis x Vanda) and the trigeneric Mokara (Arachnis x Vanda x Ascocentrum) hybrids. Cytogenetic studies of these hybrids in recent years have provided information on the significance of ploidy levels and genomic constitutions on the horticultural performance of cut-flower cultivars, and also on the strategy for effective breeding in vandaceous orchids.     

Practical breeding for durable resistance to rust diseases in self-pollinating cereals

Summary The rust pathogens of cereals exist as populations of races that differ in their ability to attack various varieties. Varieties that are resistant when first released often become susceptible later due to the spread of previously undetected races but the time taken for this to occur in very variable. It often occurs so rapidly as to curtail the commercial use of otherwise satisfactory varieties.Some varieties, however, are widely grown for many years and remain adequately resistant to the prevalent rust diseases. They may aptly be described as having durable resistance. This durable or long-lasting resistance can be detected without any assumptions about, or detailed knowledge of, whether durability depends on any particular mechanisms of resistance, on various degrees of racespecificity or on many or few genes. Cappelle-Desprez is given as an example of a wheat variety with durable resistance to yellow rust.The most powerful test for the detection of durable resistance occurs when a variety is widely grown commercially for several years. A much weaker test is obtained by growing varieties in small disease nursery plots even when the test is repeated for several years. Usually, resistance which is durable is also partial or incomplete. Often, however, partial resistance of wheat to yellow rust has not been durable. Thus the observation that resistance is partial is not, of itself, a satisfactory criterion for the detection of durable resistance.It is suggested that the most obvious sources of durable resistance for use in breeding programmes are varieties which have been widely grown and have displayed this character. The transfer of such resistance during breeding may be achieved if the creation or incorporation of higher levels of resistance that have not been tested for durability is avoided. It should then be possible to derive resistance from the durably. resistant parent. Methods of achieving this are discussed.     

植物体细胞胚发生及发育研究进展

体细胞胚发生是植物界的一个普遍现象,具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的潜在经济价值。近几年来,对植物体细胞胚胎发生的研究取得了较大的进展,但同时也存在着一系列的问题有待于进一步解决。根据近几年来的相关研究报道,本文综述了影响体细胞胚发生和发育的外部条件,如植物激素、光质、碳源、活性炭、渗透压、培养条件等;内部因素如基因型、生理状态。以期为植物体细胞胚诱导提供一定参考价值。     

Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview

Summary The seed of Cannabis sativa L. has been an important source of nutrition for thousands of years in Old World cultures. Non-drug varieties of Cannabis, commonly referred to as hemp, have not been studied extensively for their nutritional potential in recent years, nor has hempseed been utilized to any great extent by the industrial processes and food markets that have developed during the 20th century. Technically a nut, hempseed typically contains over 30% oil and about 25% protein, with considerable amounts of dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. Hempseed oil is over 80% in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and is an exceptionally rich source of the two essential fatty acids (EFAs) linoleic acid (18:2 omega-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 omega-3). The omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (n6/n3) in hempseed oil is normally between 2:1 and 3:1, which is considered to be optimal for human health. In addition, the biological metabolites of the two EFAs, gamma-linolenic acid (18:3 omega-6; GLA) and stearidonic acid (18:4 omega-3; SDA), are also present in hempseed oil. The two main proteins in hempseed are edestin and albumin. Both of these high-quality storage proteins are easily digested and contain nutritionally significant amounts of all essential amino acids. In addition, hempseed has exceptionally high levels of the amino acid arginine. Hempseed has been used to treat various disorders for thousands of years in traditional oriental medicine. Recent clinical trials have identified hempseed oil as a functional food, and animal feeding studies demonstrate the long-standing utility of hempseed as an important food resource.     

茶叶抑制肥胖的生物化学与分子细胞生物学机制

茶作为一种天然饮料,已有几千年的饮用历史,其良好的减肥效果也日益引起国内外众多学者的关注。本文对茶叶抑制肥胖的机制研究进行了分析和综述,分为生物化学和分子细胞生物学两个方面讨论了茶叶抑制肥胖的机理,最后讨论并展望了茶叶抑制肥胖作用的发展前景与研究动向。     

细菌溶血素的分类及代表性溶血素研究进展

【研究目的】溶血素作为细菌致病的重要毒力因子,在动物细菌性疾病的发病过程中起着不容轻视的作用。但是,目前国内尚未见到关于细菌溶血素的系统介绍。另外,细菌溶血素的英文命名并不统一,检索时容易造成漏检或误检;【方法】通过查阅大量英文文献资料,归纳汇总近20年报道的溶血素研究进程;【结果】该文详细列出了细菌溶血素名称、分类以及各溶血素家族列表。并且分别介绍了其中三种典型的穿孔毒素：葡萄球菌α-毒素、链球菌溶血素-O（胆固醇结合家族代表）、埃希氏大肠杆菌溶血素HlyA (RTX家族成员代表)。【结论】最近十几年,溶血素的家族成员、分子结构、分类、作用机理日趋明朗。这无疑是寻找代替抗生素治疗细菌性疾病方法的一条新路。     

大丽花名优品种的引种及露地栽培技术研究

大丽花是世界上品种最多的花卉之一,其品种繁多、花大色艳、群体花期长,并具有药用价值。作者在西安植物园于1996年春开始,从甘肃省临洮县引进大丽花名优品种200余个,经过十多年的栽培和研究,在繁殖方法、栽培技术、田间管理、以及越冬贮藏等方面均取得一定进展,值得推广。     

Breeding cassava for resistance to cassava mosaic disease

Summary Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is one of the most serious and widespread diseases throughout cassava growing areas in Africa, causing yield reductions of up to 90%. Early research on breeding of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for resistance to CMD in Africa is reviewed. Changes in population size and in activity of the white-fly vector to CMD (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) in relation to changes in environmental conditions such as amount and distribution of rainfall, light intensity and temperature are discussed in relation to screening for resistance to CMD. Over the past eight years, significant progress has been made at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Resistance to CMD has been successfully incorporated into high yielding cultivars of acceptable quality. The CMD resistant material has been evaluated and many promising clones have been selected in various countries in tropical Africa and India. The resistance has been effective in those countries.     

棉纤维发育相关转录因子的研究进展

 转录因子在棉纤维细胞分化发育过程中起重要的调节作用。近年来已经有多个与棉纤维发育相关的转录因子被研究报道,主要包括MYB、HD-ZIP、MADS、TCP等家族成员,其中研究最为广泛的为MYB类转录因子。GL1类的MYB转录因子和MIXTA类的MYB转录因子通过不同的调控方式参与对棉纤维细胞发育的调控。对这些转录因子的深入研究,对于揭示棉纤维细胞分化发育的分子机理具有重要的意义。本文就这方面的研究进展作一简要概述。     

上海海洋文化旅游发展研究

上海位于东海之滨的独特地理位置与悠久的人类经济活动,赋予了上海旅游资源浓郁的海洋特征,在其几千年的发展过程中,形成了许多特色鲜明的海洋文化体系,为海洋文化旅游业的发展提供了有利条件。首先介绍了海洋文化与海洋文化旅游,指出上海在其发展进程中与海洋形成的密切关系,认为上海具有发展海洋文化旅游的巨大优势,因此,提出利用这些优势,从制度、观念、教育、可持续发展等层面发展上海海洋文化旅游,以很好的促进上海海洋文化旅游健康快速发展。     

植物抗旱研究工作中的问题与方法初探*

干旱是最常见的环境胁迫之一。在我国，尤其是北方，干旱是农业生产最严重的限制因素。多年来抗旱机理的研究也研究的热点之一，各种抗旱的形态生理指标被提出来，但至今对植物抗旱机理的认识并不深入，提出的抗旱指标也在实际运用中效果并不理想。本文对植物抗旱机理研究中的一些问题阐述了自己的观点。     

Arsenic Stress in Plants

Being a toxic metalloid and group I carcinogen, Arsenic (As) poses a threat to plants, especially to crops which are consumed by human beings, and sooner or later results in hyper/hypopigmentation and skin cancer. It is a well‐known fact that South‐East Asia is suffering from groundwater As contamination, and according to a recent report, the contamination has been found also in Hungary, Mexico, Argentina, Australia, United States, etc. Thus, As contamination has become a global problem. As is toxic even at low concentration because it has no known function as nutrients. Arsenite (III) and arsenate (V) are the main phytoavailable forms of inorganic arsenic. Being analogous to phosphate, As(V) is transported by a phosphate‐cotransport system in plants, whereas As(III) is transported through ‘OsNIP2.1’ (member of aquaporin superfamily) in rice. Besides, ‘AsSe1’ (As‐accumulation gene), ‘AsTol’ (As‐tolerance gene) and ‘OsACR2.1’ (an arsenate reductase gene) have also been identified. The production of phytochelatins (PCs), a metal‐binding thiol peptide, in response to As stress may hold a way of proper As tolerance in plants but still needs a thorough study. However, with the proper knowledge of arsenic speciation, transportation, accumulation, overexpression in crop plants may result in ways to develop arsenic tolerant transgenics.     

铝毒胁迫下甘蓝型油菜种子萌发期相关性状的QTL定位

随着土壤酸化的日益加重,铝毒已成为影响作物种子萌发质量以及作物产量的重要胁迫因子之一。作物耐铝相关性状的QTL定位和候选基因筛选已有许多报道,但铝胁迫下甘蓝型油菜萌发期相关性状的QTL定位报道较少。本文以80μg mL?1的铝胁迫浓度处理重组自交系(10D130×中双11号)群体进行种子萌发试验,处理3 d时调查发芽势, 7 d时调查发芽率,测定其根长、芽长和干重,并计算各性状相对值。基于6K SNP芯片,结合高密度遗传连锁图谱对油菜萌发期的5个性状进行QTL定位,共检测到23个QTL。其中与相对发芽势、相对发芽率、相对根长、相对芽长和相对干重相关的QTL分别有9个、1个、4个、5个和4个,覆盖了A、C基因组, LOD值介于3.00～5.26,可解释的表型变异为7.70%～13.10%。根据各QTL置信区间序列筛选,与铝胁迫相关的候选基因共30个。ALMT1基因和MATE基因与有机酸的合成和分泌有关,主要通过苹果酸、柠檬酸和草酸等有机酸的分泌来增强植物的耐铝性;STOP1基因、NAC基因和RAP2.4基因均属于转录激活因子,通过诱导耐铝基因的表达增强植株的抗性; ABC转运蛋白、膜蛋白转运体、GDSL脂肪酶通过减少有毒物质在质膜上的积累或将有毒物质排出体外等途径增强植物的耐铝性;过氧化物酶和细胞色素P450均属于氧化胁迫相关基因,具有防止植物细胞氧化损伤、抵御逆境胁迫的功能;另外,还有部分编码逆境蛋白的基因,均在各种胁迫反应中起重要作用。本研究的结果将为培育耐铝油菜品种及后续基因的功能研究提供理论依据。     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定果蜡中总砷的含量

建立了一种采用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定果蜡中总砷含量的有效方法。该方法最低检出限为0.023ng/mL,RSD为0.52%。柑橘专用果蜡总砷含量为(0.048±0.005)mg/kg,苹果专用果蜡总砷含量为(0.024±0.002)mg/kg,加标回收率为95.45%～100.16%。实验表明,此法操作简便,灵敏度高,重现性好。     

高粱新技术育种的实践与探讨

高粱育种新技术是指除传统的自然选择育种和人工杂交育种以外的育种技术,主要包括组培育种、航天育种、物理诱变育种、化学诱变育种和转基因育种以及其他一些具有较大潜力的育种技术。笔者曾对多种高粱育种新技术进行了长期研究应用,目前已建立了高粱育种新技术体系,筛选出了优良恢复系材料,育成了优良杂交种。本文以笔者的研究应用实践为基础并结合相关的研究报道,对不同育种新技术的特点、研究应用中存在的问题及潜力进行了探讨。着重指出,与常规育种相比,高粱育种新技术具有以下主要特点：适用于改变个别简单遗传性状;育种周期短,后代稳定快,田间试验规模小：变异量相对较小但能获得新的特异性状。     

Application of new knowledge,technologies, and strategies to wheat improvement

There have been many changes impacting wheat improvement since the 1996 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Wheat Yield Symposium. This review highlights a few of the technological advances and impacts of new knowledge on wheat improvement that have occurred in the past 10 years as well as on-going challenges. One of the most dramatic discoveries has been the revelation that the genomes of graminaceous crops are complex, rapidly evolving, and heterogeneous, even within species. The use of marker-assisted selection for improving complex traits is one of the challenges facing wheat breeders. Integration of association analysis into conventional breeding programs is proposed as a crop improvement strategy that has the potential to improve the efficiency of molecular breeding.     

植物表达重组蛋白的N-糖基化研究进展

分子农业中，植物作为生物反应器生产药用重组蛋白是近十几年来基因工程研究的一大热点。植物具有完整的真核表达系统、重组蛋白通常可以正确组装、折叠和修饰，同时，由于植物表达体系的方便、廉价等优点，利用转基因植物生产药用蛋白的研究迅猛发展，已有100余种蛋白中得到表达，有些已进入商业化生产。但是植物与动物对蛋白的转译后修饰并不是完全保守的，植物是否能够真正“忠实”地表达出实用、可靠的目的蛋白产品已成为备受瞩目的话题，由于大多数药用蛋白都是分泌型蛋白，因此植物表达重组蛋白的N-糖基化成为新的研究热点。笔者对植物表达体系对药用蛋白的N-糖基化修饰途径和人源化改造植物表达重组蛋白的研究进展两个方面加以综述，并对生物反应器的未来发展方向进行了探讨和展望。