哺乳动物发育中的端粒酶活性研究进展

端粒位于真核生物染色体末端,它对维持染色体结构具有非常重要的意义。端粒酶能够以自身的RNA序列为模板反转录合成端粒的重复DNA序列,对端粒长度的维持以及哺乳动物的生长发育具有重要的作用。本文主要对端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能,以及它们在哺乳动物发育过程中的重要作用进行阐述。1端粒、端粒酶的结构和功能1.1端粒的结构和功能1.1.1端粒的结构:端粒位于真核生物染色体末端     

端粒、端粒酶与动物衰老相关性的研究

端粒和端粒酶是现代生物学研究的热点, 端粒封闭染色体的末端并维持染色体的稳定性, 端粒的缺失会引起染色体融合并导致细胞的衰老及死亡。端粒酶的活化可延长染色体末端DNA , 维持基因组的稳定。并且端粒酶活性的异常表达又会引起细胞永生化或转化成癌细胞。因此,端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能的研究对于治疗肿瘤和控制细胞寿命有着极其重要的意义。作者综述端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能, 及其基因和调控机理, 并在此基础之上展望了端粒酶在抑制肿瘤、抗衰老等方面的应用。     

端粒和端粒酶的研究进展

端粒和端粒酶是现代生物学研究的热点,端粒封闭了染色体的末端并维持了染色体的稳定性,端粒的缺失会引起染色体融合并导致细胞的衰老及死亡.端粒酶的活化可延长染色体末端DNA,维持基因组的稳定.并且端粒酶活性的异常表达又会引起细胞永生化或转化成癌细胞.因此端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能的研究对于治疗肿瘤和控制细胞寿命有着极其重要的意义.文章综述了端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能,及其与细胞老化的关系,并在此基础之上展望了端粒酶在抑制肿瘤、抗衰老等方面的应用.     

端粒酶活性影响因素的研究进展

端粒酶是真核生物细胞染色体末端富含G的简单重复结构。在生理状况下,随着细胞分裂次数增加,端粒在复制分裂过程中将逐渐丢失碱基,从而致使端粒逐渐缩短。当端粒缩短至一定长度时细胞将进人生长停止衰老死亡阶段,即出现细胞的凋亡。最近几年来,人们研究发现一种端粒酶能够逆转录合成端粒DNA,并添加到端粒从而达到防止端粒缩短,维持端粒的长度,进而保持染色体的稳定性。由于大多数生物体细胞生理状态下,     

植物端粒DNA结合蛋白及端粒酶活性调控研究

植物衰老和种子劣变机理的研究一直是农业科学领域关注的热点。植物衰老会对农业产生巨大的负面影响，牧草提前衰老也会导致草地生产力下降，限制草产业的发展。由于种子劣变，全球每年约有25%的种子失去活力，导致巨额的经济损失，严重影响农业的健康发展。深入揭示植物衰老特性和调控机制，不仅对于阐明植物生态适应性及种群稳定性具有重要价值，而且对于延缓衰老技术和调控措施的选择具有重要实践意义。在模式植物拟南芥研究中发现，染色体端粒与植物衰老以及种子活力密切相关。端粒是染色体末端的重复DNA序列，由端粒DNA和结合蛋白组成。端粒结合蛋白是一组与端粒DNA结合的蛋白质，主要是帮助稳定端粒结构并保护端粒免受DNA修复系统的干扰，其次还参与了基因表达、DNA复制和染色体结构调节等许多生物学过程。端粒酶由端粒酶逆转录酶（TERT）和端粒酶RNA(TER)两个亚单位组成，端粒酶逆转录酶亚基参与线粒体功能以及相关基因表达调控，通过对端粒酶新功能的探索，有助于提高植物的抗逆性，从而延缓植物的衰老进程，为提高作物产量提供一条新的途径。近年来在植物中研究发现，端粒的动态变化与植物衰老存在相关性，植物端粒内稳态的维持机制仍存...     

克隆动物的端粒长度研究进展

端粒是真核染色体分子末端的DNA区域,是由重复的DNA序列和端粒结合蛋白形成的DNA-蛋白复合物,对于染色体的复制和稳定起着重要作用。近年来研究结果表明,端粒长度的缩短与人类疾病和衰老密切相关。同时,体细胞核移植(somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)作为一种有效的无性生殖手段,越来越多的在科研和生产中得到应用。由于体细胞核移植通常采用体细胞作为核供体细胞,因而供体细胞的端粒长度、核移植后重组胚的端粒在胚胎早期是否会被修复、端粒长度是否有变化等问题,对于研究克隆动物的重编程、发育生物学都有着重要的指导意义。作者将对端粒的结构和端粒长度的机理研究、在克隆哺乳动物中对端粒长度的探索研究,以及近几年来关于端粒方面的一些研究进展加以阐述。     

端粒、端粒酶与肿瘤的关系及其应用

端粒是染色体末端的特殊结构，其长度随细胞分裂而进行性缩短；端粒酶是一种核糖核蛋白酶，能够逆转录合成端粒，维持其长度，在几乎所有恶性肿瘤中能检测到端粒酶活性，它作为一种新的肿瘤标记物及抗癌靶点，日益受到重视，具有重要的生物学意义，可作为诊断指标和治疗方法的研究对象，应用于病理学中。     

端粒、端粒酶与衰老

端粒是真核细胞线性染色体末端的一种特殊结构，由于DNA的末端复制问题和自由基对端粒DNA的不可修复性损伤而使其缩短，进而导致细胞的衰老和死亡。端粒酶是一种具有保持种属特异性端粒长度的酶，在延缓机体的衰老中发挥重要的作用。     

端粒和端粒酶与衰老关系的研究进展

端粒是存在于线性染色体末端的一段特殊的DNA－蛋白质复合物，由于末端不能复制，正常体细胞随着细胞分裂的进行而逐渐丢失端粒序列，导致细胞老化和死亡。端粒酶是维持端粒长度的一种特殊的DNA聚合酶，在细胞的增殖、衰老及永生中起重要作用。本文就端粒和端粒酶及其与衰老的作一综述。     

端粒酶与细胞永生化

端粒是真核细胞染色体末端的一种特殊结构,由端粒DNA和端粒蛋白质组成。正常动物细胞DNA的端粒随着细胞分裂而缩短,当缩短到一定长度时细胞将停止增殖并死亡。端粒酶可以从端粒DNA 3′OH末端延伸端粒或合成新的端粒。本文主要介绍了端粒酶的结构和功能以及在细胞永生化中的应用。     

端粒酶和细胞衰老

端粒是真核细胞染色体末端的一种特殊结构 ,由端粒 DNA和端粒蛋白质组成。端粒DNA是富含 G的高度保守的重复核苷酸序列 ,人和其他哺乳动物的端粒 DNA序列均由 5′-3′,方向 (TTAGGG) n 反复串联组成 ,它参与 DNA复制 ,对维持染色体的稳定和完全复制有重要作用。正常动物细胞 DNA的端粒随着细胞分裂而缩短 ,当缩短到一定长度时细胞将停止增殖并死亡。细胞中的端粒酶在正常细胞不表达 ,只在生殖细胞、干细胞和肿瘤细胞中表达。文章介绍了细胞衰老的细胞生物学机制、端粒酶和细胞衰老的关系 ,讨论了端粒酶和克隆动物的早衰现象的关系     

A cohort study of telomere and telomerase biology in cats

OBJECTIVE: To investigate telomere lengths in tissues of domestic shorthair (DSH) cats of various ages, evaluate the relationship between telomere length and age of cats, and investigate telomerase activity in the somatic tissues of cats. SAMPLE POPULATION: Tissues obtained from 2 DSH cats and blood samples obtained from 30 DSH cats. PROCEDURE: DNA isolated from blood cells and somatic tissue samples was subjected to terminal restriction fragment (TRF) analysis to determine mean telomere repeat lengths. Protein samples were subjected to analysis by use of a telomeric repeat-amplification protocol to assess telomerase activity. RESULTS: MeanTRF values of cats ranged from 4.7 to 26.3 kilobase pairs, and there was significant telomeric attrition with increasing age of cat. Telomerase activity was not found in a wide range of normal tissues obtained from 2 cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of these results clearly indicates that telomeres are shorter in older cats, compared with young cats; therefore, telomeres are implicated in the aging process. The analysis of telomerase activity in normal somatic tissues of cats reveals a pattern of expression similar to that found in human tissues. IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE: Fundamental differences in the biological characteristics of telomeres and telomerase exist between humans and the other most widely studied species (ie, mice). The results reported here reveal similarities in telomere and telomerase biologic characteristics between DSH cats and humans. Hence, as well as developing our understanding of aging in cats, these data may be usefully extrapolated to aging in humans.     

Telomere length and telomerase activity in canine mammary gland tumors

OBJECTIVE: To measure telomere length and telomerase activity in naturally occurring canine mammary gland tumors. SAMPLE POPULATION: 27 mammary gland tumor specimens obtained during resection or necropsy and 12 mammary gland tissue specimens obtained from healthy (control) dogs. PROCEDURE: Telomere length in tissue specimens was measured by use of restriction endonuclease digestion and Southern blot analysis. Telomerase activity was measured by use of a telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. RESULTS: Telomere length in mammary gland tumors ranged from 11.0 to 21.6 kilobase pairs (kbp; mean +/- SEM, 14.5+/-0.5 kbp) but did not differ among tumor types. Telomeres in mammary gland tumors were slightly shorter than in normal tissue specimens, but telomere length could not be directly compared between groups, because mean age of dogs was significantly different between groups. Age was negatively correlated with telomere length in control dogs but was not significantly correlated with length in affected dogs. Telomerase activity was detected in 26 of 27 mammary gland tumors and in 4 of 12 normal tissue specimens. However, telomerase activity and telomere length were not correlated in tumor specimens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Telomere length is maintained in canine mammary gland tumors regardless of the age of the affected dog. Measurement of telomere length may be a useful tool for monitoring the in vivo effects of telomerase inhibitors in dogs with tumors.     

应用端粒长度推断个体年龄的研究进展

细胞衰老机制是细胞生物学研究的一个重要课题。随着端粒及端粒酶与细胞衰老和年龄增长关系的揭示,端粒长度的缩短已经成为细胞衰老和年龄增长的生物学标志之一。作者首先介绍了端粒和端粒酶的结构、功能,进而分析其与细胞衰老、年龄增长的关系,并对端粒和端粒酶在年龄推断中的应用研究加以综述。     

Effects of donor cells’ sex on nuclear transfer efficiency and telomere lengths of cloned goats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of donor cells’ sex on nuclear transfer efficiency and telomere length of cloned goats from adult skin fibroblast cells. The telomere length of somatic cell cloned goats and their offspring was determined by measuring their mean terminal restriction fragment (TRF) length. The result showed that (i) reconstructed embryos with fibroblast cells from males Boer goats obtained significantly higher kids rate and rate of live kids than those of female embryos and (ii) the telomere lengths of four female cloned goats were shorter compared to their donor cells, but five male cloned goats had the same telomere length with their donor cells, mainly due to great variation existed among them. The offspring from female cloned goats had the same telomere length with their age‐matched counterparts. In conclusion, the donor cells’ sex had significant effects on nuclear transfer efficiency and telomere lengths of cloned goats.