ANTIBACTERIAL AND ENZYMIC BASIC PROTEINS FROM LEUKOCYTE LYSOSOMES: SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION

A lysosomal fraction from polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been directly analyzed for basic proteins by zone electrophoresis. Evidence for the presence of bactericidal basic proteins in polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes is presented.     

Chloroquine: physiological basis of drug resistance in Plasmodium berghei

Mouse erythrocytes, parasitized by chloroquine-sensitive plasmodia, concentrate this drug in vivo to levels over twice as high as erythrocytes parasitized by chloroquine-resistant plasmodia; nonparasitized red cells accumulate little chloroquine. Selective toxicity of this drug may depend upon a special drug-concentrating mechanism of plasmodic impairment of such mechanism.     

蚧轮枝霉对红蜡蚧寄生的观察试验初报

蚧轮枝霉[Verticillium lecanri (Ximm)Viegas]对红蜡蚧有相当强的致病力。田间自然寄生率最高达96.5％.室内用2.0×10~6个/ml孢子悬浮液作杀虫试验,到30d,蚧虫寄生率达到89.7％,寄生致死率为100％.     

Virus-Containing Leukocytes in Polioencephalitis

Crystalline aggregates of strain MM virus occur in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in association with osmiophilic granular structures which are occasionally membrane-bound. This suggests either a phagocytosis and segregation of virus by leukocytes, analogous to the disposition of bacteria by leukocytes, or a utilization of the leukocyte by the virus as a host cell for virus replication.     

Release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis in the rat: polymorphonuclear leukocyte

The antigen-induced release of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis was studied in rats previously treated with different biological and pharmacological agents to deplete these animals of specific cellular elements. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte appears necessary as a crucial cell type for optimum release of the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, whereas the mast cell and lymphocyte are not required.     

Enzyme release from polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes: regulation by autonomic drugs and cyclic nucleotides

Osmotic release of beta-glucuronidase from polymorphonuclear leukocyte lysosomes is inhibited by catecholamines and adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, and accelerated by cholinergic agents and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate. These actions are specific for the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters and for the two cyclic nucleotides, as phenylephrine, tyramine, choline, adenosine 5'-monophosphate and guanosine 5'-monophosphate do not inodify lysosomal enzyme release.     

朱顶兰红斑病的研究：（Ⅱ）寄主范围及危害状

朱顶兰红斑病病菌为Stagonospora curtisii(Berk.)Sacc.经接种试验和调查表明,此菌除危害朱顶兰外,还危害君子兰属的君子兰,文殊兰属的文殊兰,蜘蛛兰属的水鬼蕉,石蒜属的忽地笑、长筒石蒜、换锦花、夏水仙、中国石蒜、红蓝石蒜、石蒜、麦杆石蒜以及水仙属的水仙,总计危害6个属13种植物(包括孤挺花属的朱顶兰)。S.curtisii病菌在不同的寄主植物上呈现的症状有所不同,作者将其归纳为两类:一类呈现红斑,如朱顶兰、君子兰、水鬼蕉被害呈现圆形或纺缍形的红斑;另一类呈现褐斑,如文殊兰、忽地笑、水仙被害呈现褐斑或褐色条斑。     

绿斑病对伏令夏橙果实品质的影响

[目的]为研究绿斑病的病害机理积累资料和奠定理论基础。[方法]以20年生的伏令夏橙树为试材,研究绿斑病藻寄生后不同感病程度的伏令夏橙果实品质的变化规律。[结果]当果实感病程度为40％和80％时,与健果相比,果皮的亮度、红色值、黄色值显著下降;果皮的叶绿素含量显著增加;果皮的类胡萝卜素含量、花青素含量、类胡萝卜素／叶绿素比值和花青素／叶绿素比值显著减少,果皮呈青黄色。当果实感病程度为5％、40％和80％时,感病果实的单果重略低于健果,其果形指数差异不显著。当果实感病程度达80％时,与健果相比,感病果实的可溶性固形物和维生素c含量显著降低;其固酸比差异显著。[结论]绿斑病对伏令夏橙的果实大小和果形无明显影响,但对伏令夏橙果实的色泽、外观和内在品质有显著影响。     

WorldView-2影像的红叶松树识别研究

危险性林业有害生物每年都会造成大面积的严重的森林灾害发生,给国民经济和林业生态环境带来了巨大损失,及时对其发生发展情况进行监测具有重要意义。本文旨在探讨利用高空间分辨率遥感影像识别红叶松树的可行性,从而为单株木灾害监测与防治提供一种快速有效的技术途径。采用WorldView-2多光谱数据,基于二次型分类器,研究了红叶松树的识别方法。通过Fisher线性判别分析发现,WorldView-2的红、绿、蓝3个波段蕴含着丰富的红叶松树信息。据此,基于全部8个波段和红、绿、蓝3个波段分别进行了分类,分类精度基本相同。结果表明,仅利用红、绿、蓝3个波段也可以完成红叶松树的识别,从而有效地实现了数据降维,更为我国“高分二号”数据的应用开辟了新领域。由于林相条件的差异性和复杂性,遥感数据分辨率的选择对于单木灾害的识别非常重要,研究发现,2 m分辨率多光谱遥感数据非常适合红叶松树的提取,且从数据时相上来说,最好选取6—9月份的遥感影像,以减少其他变色植被的干扰,提高监测精度和工作效率。      

甘薯田被寄生鳞翅目幼虫尸体种类识别

<正> 在甘薯田,鳞翅目害虫种类很多,为害也较严重,如何进行薯田鳞翅目害虫天敌调查,特别是如何正确判断寄生物与寄主的种间关系,对于薯田天敌资源调查,害虫的发生量测报,全面评价药剂防治效果,以及探索天敌保护和利用等,有着重要的意义。确定鳞翅目害虫与寄生性天敌之间的关系,通常的做法是从田间采回活的虫体进行饲养,等待寄生蜂成虫的羽化,然后根据寄生蜂成虫鉴定种类;田间采集或者室内饲养未能获得寄生蜂成虫时,可根据寄生蜂幼虫鉴定种类(赵修复,1977)。这是在寄主种类明确的情况下,通过鉴定寄生蜂种类来确定寄主和寄生物之间的关系。但是有时寄主种类并不容易鉴     

Chimpanzees: self-recognition

After prolonged exposure to their reflected images in mirrors, chimpanzees marked with red dye showed evidence of being able to recognize their own reflections. Monkeys did not appear to have this capacity.     

Nest parasitism, productivity, and clutch size in purple martins

Mean maximum nestling weight of purple martins decreased with increase in brood size from three to five. Martins in the absence of acarine nest parasites produced young heavier than parasitized young of the same brood size; in addition, unparasitized nestlings tended to reach a maximum weight equivalent to that of young in parasitized broods of one less member. Modal brood size for parasitized and unparasitized martins was four, but there was a significant trend toward production of broods of five by mite-free birds, and of broods of three by parasitized parents. This suggests a potentially important role for nest parasitism in the determination of clutch size in martins and other birds.     

Receptor-coupled activation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C by an N protein

Cleavage of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by phospholipase C results in the production of two important second messengers: inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol. Although several receptors promote this cleavage, the molecular details of phospholipase C activation have remained unresolved. In this study, occupancy of a Ca2+-mobilizing receptor, the oligopeptide chemoattractant receptor on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte plasma membranes, was found to lead to the activation of a guanine nucleotide regulatory (N) protein by guanosine 5'-triphosphate. The activated N protein then stimulated a polyphosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C by reducing the Ca2+ requirement for expression of this activity from superphysiological to normal intracellular concentrations. Therefore, the N protein-mediated activation of phospholipase C may be a key step in the pathway of cellular activation by chemoattractants and certain other hormones.     

哈氏啮小蜂的产卵选择行为

哈氏啮小蜂对美洲大蠊卵荚的日龄具有识别能力.该蜂能寄生1-20日龄的卵荚,但偏爱寄生1-3日龄的卵荚.该雌蜂对卵荚的攻击力和产卵数随着卵荚日龄的增加而降低,其雌蜂产卵管在60 s内插入5-10日龄的卵荚次数是插入1-3日龄卵荚次数的3倍多.哈氏啮小蜂雌蜂能辨别已寄生和未寄生美洲大蠊卵荚.该蜂对已寄生和未寄生卵荚的攻击率均为100%,该雌蜂产卵管在60 s内对已寄生卵荚的插入次数是对未寄生卵荚插入次数的3倍多,插入1次未寄生卵荚需要的时间是插入1次已寄生卵荚需要时间的5倍多.在同时提供已寄生和未寄生卵荚时,雌蜂选择未寄生卵荚产卵.     

荔蝽卵平腹小蜂辨别寄主能力的研究

在室内以柞蚕卵为寄主,研究荔蝽卵平腹小蜂辨别寄主的能力.结果表明,荔蝽卵平腹小蜂可以分别在寄主卵外和寄主卵内辨别被同种雌性寄生过的寄主卵,辨别能力随着寄主卵被寄生后的时间长短和寄主卵的密度大小而变化.在寄主卵外辨别已寄生寄主的能力随着寄主卵被寄生后时间的延长和寄主卵密度的减小而减弱;而在寄主卵内辨别寄主的能力却随着寄主卵被寄生后时间的延长而增强,寄主卵密度对平腹小蜂在寄主卵内辨别寄主的能力无明显的影响.荔蝽卵平腹小蜂还可以在寄主卵外辨别是自身或是同种其他雌蜂寄生过的寄主卵,但在寄主卵内无此辨别能力.     

Role of nonimmune IgG bound to PfEMP1 in placental malaria

Infections with Plasmodium falciparum during pregnancy lead to the accumulation of parasitized red blood cells (infected erythrocytes, IEs) in the placenta. IEs of P. falciparum isolates that infect the human placenta were found to bind immunoglobulin G (IgG). A strain of P. falciparum cloned for IgG binding adhered massively to placental syncytiotrophoblasts in a pattern similar to that of natural infections. Adherence was inhibited by IgG-binding proteins, but not by glycosaminoglycans or enzymatic digestion of chondroitin sulfate A or hyaluronic acid. Normal, nonimmune IgG that is bound to a duffy binding-like domain beta of the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) might at the IE surface act as a bridge to neonatal Fc receptors of the placenta.     

丽蝇蛹集金小蜂寄生棕尾别麻蝇的生理学效应

丽蝇蛹集金小蜂Nasonia vitripennis寄生能引起寄主棕尾别麻蝇Boettcherisca peregrina蛹的血细胞数量、血淋巴中可溶性蛋白组成与含量,及可溶性糖含量发生明显的变化.寄生蛹的血细胞总数、浆血细胞和颗粒细胞数量都极显著多于未寄生蛹,而血淋巴中可溶性蛋白和糖的含量则均极显著低于未寄生蛹.SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,寄生蛹与未寄生蛹间血淋巴可溶性蛋白电泳图谱有一定的差异,其中分子量为28 kD、32 kD和100 kD蛋白谱带的丰度自寄生2 d后起多明显弱于未寄生蛹,而分子量约14 kD的蛋白谱带则恰相反.     

温度和寄主对柚喀木虱生长发育的影响

【目的】研究温度和寄主对柚喀木虱Cacopsylla citrisuga生长发育的影响。【方法】模拟柚喀木虱的自然生存环境,用人工气候箱研究其在柠檬Citrus limon上繁殖时各虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫产卵前期和产卵量,同时比较其在黄龙病柠檬苗上饲养时上述生物学指标的变化;研究15、20和25℃条件下柠檬、九里香Murraya exotica和酸橘Citrus sunki对柚喀木虱成虫存活率的影响。【结果】在15℃、相对湿度70%条件下柚喀木虱在健康柠檬上平均卵历期为9.38 d,1~5龄若虫历期分别为8.80、6.66、6.00、6.76和5.94 d,产卵前期为16.2 d,世代历期为59.74 d,世代存活率为28.34%;而在带病柠檬上2龄、4龄和总若虫历期显著缩短,产卵前期显著延长,4龄、总若虫期存活率和世代存活率显著下降。来源相同的成虫在健康和黄龙病柠檬苗上的产卵量无显著差异,但在病苗和健苗上分别饲养1代后,从健苗上羽化的成虫产卵量显著高于病苗。在相同的温度条件下,用柠檬饲养柚喀木虱成虫存活率最高;而在相同的寄主条件下,温度为15℃时存活率最高;成虫在柠檬上15℃条件下饲养20 d后存活率仍达81.67%。寄主感染黄龙病使柚喀木虱若虫的发育历期缩短,但对其存活率和繁殖造成不良影响。【结论】该饲养条件下的柚喀木虱能顺利完成整个世代且能获得较高存活率,该饲养条件可用于室内大量繁殖柚喀木虱,并进一步应用到柚喀木虱的生活习性和黄龙病病理研究中。     

寄生对越冬代菜粉蝶蛹血淋巴中蛋白质和糖类代谢的影响

越冬代菜粉蝶Pierisrapae蛹被蝶蛹金小蜂Pteromaluspuparum寄生后,其血淋巴中可溶性蛋白含量在寄生后0.5～2d逐日上升,此后则逐日下降.雌雄寄生蛹血淋巴中可溶性蛋白含量在寄生后1～4d显著高于同期未寄生蛹,寄生后5d则略低于同期未寄生蛹;寄生蛹血淋巴中总糖和海藻糖含量的变化趋势与可溶性蛋白相同,也是寄生后0.5～2d升高,寄生后3～5d降低.寄生后0.5～2d,雌雄寄生蛹血淋巴中总糖和海藻糖含量显著高于同期未寄生蛹,寄生后3～5d则恰好相反.寄生蛹血淋巴中还原糖含量在寄生后0.5～3d日渐升高,寄生后4d维持在较高水平,而寄生后5d则急剧下降.越冬代菜粉蝶蛹血淋巴中海藻糖酶无活力,而雌雄寄生蛹血淋巴中海藻糖酶的活力在寄生后0.5d开始显现,此后逐日升高,至寄生后5d已达43.24～44.27μg葡萄糖·mg-1蛋白·min-1.     

Seasonal microhabitat selection by an endoparasitoid through adaptive modification of host behavior

Differences in the distribution of parasitized and unparasitized hosts has been used to infer modification of host behavior by insect parasitoids. Data are presented showing that not only do parasitized hosts behave differently from unparasitized ones, but that the behavior of parasitized hosts varies in function of the physiological state of the parasitoid. Aphids containing nondiapausing parasitoids leave the aphid colony and mummify on the upper surface of the leaves, whereas those containing diapausing parasitoids leave the host plant and mummify in concealed sites. Modification of host behavior by diapausing parasitoids results in the selection of a suitable microhabitat that reduces the incidence of hyperparasitism and should decrease the action of adverse climatic conditions during the lengthy dormant period.