香港温室气体排放及驱动因素分析

研究并总结香港温室气体排放特征和气候行动的有益经验,可为全国其他地区的减排行动提供科学依据。利用脱钩指数和LMDI因素分解模型分析了1992—2015年香港温室气体排放变化特征、结构特征和主要影响因素。结果表明:(1)研究期内香港温室气体排放和能源消费已初步实现达峰,峰值均出现在2014年;2015年碳强度比2005年降低了40.82%,已实现2030年目标;(2)香港碳排放与经济发展为非常理想的强脱钩状态;(3)能源消费碳排放对香港碳排放总量起的是减排作用,非能源消费碳排放起的是增排作用;能源强度、能源消费碳排放系数和碳强度这3个驱动因素的累积影响对香港起了积极的减排作用,能源强度因素贡献最大;人均GDP、人口、能源结构和碳排放结构因素的累积影响对香港一直起增排作用,人均GDP和人口因素的累积增排贡献最大,高耗能的发电行业能源消费比例和碳排放比例居高不下是能源结构和碳排放结构因素起增排作用的重要原因。清洁发电、节约用电是未来香港气候行动的工作重点。     

中国农村能源消费的时空分布特征及其政策演变

对中国农村能源消费的可获得历史数据进行整理,系统分析了农村能源消费的时空分布特点及其政策演变。从总量看,中国农村能源消费总量（标准煤）从1979年的307.19 Mt上升到2008年的998.51 Mt,增加了3倍多;从消费结构看,非商品能源消费所占的比重有所下降,商品能源消费比重稳步上升,生物质能源已不再占农村能源消费的主导地位;从空间分布来看,中国农村地区人均用能呈现出北多南少、东多西少的分布特征,区域资源禀赋是影响各省能源消费结构的重要原因。总体而言,当前农村能源仍然游离于国家商品性能源供给体系之外,没有真正上升到国家的能源战略体系中。农村能源政策体系受制于“二元结构”以及能源“分业管理模式”,其实施和安排以少量的技术政策为主,致使政策体系缺乏系统性、稳定性、协调性和连续性,呈现多部门、多目标管理与多主体的管理。     

陕西省能源消费碳排放及脱钩分析

根据IPCC碳排放计算方法计算了陕西省1980—2010年的能源消费碳排放量,系统分析了陕西省能源消费碳排放总量、碳排放结构以及不同产业和工业不同部门碳排放的变化,并应用脱钩理论探讨陕西省经济增长与能源碳排放的脱钩关系及程度。结果表明:1980—2011年,陕西省碳排放总量及煤炭消费引起的碳排放量呈现波动上升的“N”型曲线特征,石油和天然气消费引起的碳排放呈逐年递增趋势,碳排放主要来自于煤炭消费;工业部门是碳排放的主要部门,工业部门中重工业和电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业排放量最大,比重分别为48%和37%,采掘业次之,所占比重为11%,轻工业所占比重最小,约为4%,通过工业内不同行业的比较发现,电力、热力的生产和供应业、化学原料及化学制品制造业、石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业、石油开采和天然气开采业、非金属矿物制品业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、煤炭开采和洗选业和有色金属冶炼及压延加工业是陕西省碳排放主要来源,2005年和2010年8大行业碳排放量占工业碳排放总量的92.56%和95.11%;1980—2011年间除1981年和1997—2000年为强脱钩,1982年和2001—2003年为扩张性负脱钩外,其余时期经济与能源碳排放均呈现弱脱钩状态,能源效率的提高是目前实现弱脱钩的主要原因,但其未能抵消经济发展对能源需求的增长幅度,未来一定时期内弱脱钩发展趋势仍将持续。     

中国发展能源农业的环境效益的定量评价和地理分布格局分析

在总结现有估算方法的基础上,从减少大气污染物排放、减少农村面源污染和生态效益3个方面建立环境效益的评价模型,利用已有统计资料和数据,定量评价了我国发展能源农业的潜在环境效益,并分析了其地理分布格局。研究表明：（1）中国农村生物质能蕴藏丰富,2007年我国农村生物质能源总蕴藏量和理论可利用量分别达30.88×108tce（折标煤,t）和5.98×108tce。生物质能源的利用理论可以减少排放SO21674.33万t,NOX246.57万t,CO215.50亿t,CH47524.35万t,总N626.01万t,总P467.96万t,通过使用沼气从而减少砍伐森林2123.99万hm2。（2）中国发展能源农业的环境效益总体上分布不均,省际差异较大。西南、东北地区及河南、河北、山东等省是环境效益较大的地区,效益最少的地区主要分布在上海、北京、天津、青海、宁夏和海南。     

陕西省碳排放影响因素及其区域分异特征

根据1996-2010年陕西省终端能源消费数据及2010年各市区单位GDP能耗数据,对陕西省碳排放量进行了核算,并基于Kaya恒等式,利用对数平均Divisia指数分解模型对陕西省碳排放的影响因素进行了分解分析。结果表明:(1) 陕西省碳排放总量、人均碳排放量在1996-2000年均为小幅度下降,此后大幅度增加,而碳排放强度总体呈现出下降趋势。从能源消费碳排放比例来看,煤炭消费碳排放量占绝对比重(70.47%)。(2) 陕西省各市区碳排放总量与碳排放强度表现出明显的区域分异特征。陕西省的碳排放总量关中最高,陕北次之,陕南最小;地级市区中:西安市、榆林市和渭南市排放量超过5.00×10⁶ t,杨凌区的碳排放量仅有7.21×10⁴ t;渭南市和榆林市碳排放强度较高,而商洛市和杨凌区碳排放强度较低。(3) 经济产出、产业结构及人口规模对陕西省碳排放量的增加表现为正效应,能源结构和能源强度对陕西省碳排放量的增加表现为负效应。其中经济增长是陕西省碳排放量增加的决定因素,而能源强度降低是碳排放量减少的决定因素。     

基于碳承载力对河南省能源消费碳排放及其驱动因素的研究

实现碳达峰、碳中和对我国经济社会系统的变革具有深远的影响,定期开展区域性碳排放量研究对生态系统的保护具有重要的意义。本文基于河南省近20年的能源消费碳排放数据和陆地生态系统碳承载力数据,对近年来碳排放量情况进行了分析,并采用LMDI（logarithmic mean divisia index）因素分解模型和Tapio脱钩模型,对碳排放驱动因素以及与经济耦合情况进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）从2000年至2020年,河南省碳排放量呈现“先急后缓”的增长状态,在2012年后增加量开始减少并逐渐趋于稳定。（2）整体上,经济产出效应和人口规模效应对碳排放起促进作用;与之相反,能源消费强度效应和能源消费结构效应抑制了碳排放,经济产出效应的影响在减少,能源消费强度效应的影响在增加。（3）由Tapio脱钩模型分析得出,河南省碳排放与经济增长之间以弱脱钩为主,脱钩指数逐年减小,逐步向强脱钩状态迈进。总的来说,从2000年至2020年河南省碳排放情况得到了很好的控制,合理规划土地利用、提高新能源的消费比重、降低能源消费强度对该地区节能减排具有重要意义。     

中国农村户用沼气工程建设对减排CO2、SO2的贡献--分析与预测

农村户用沼气工程是中国可再生能源建设的重点项目,可为农村居民生活提供清洁的可再生能源,该工程的建设能减轻农村环境污染,有助于部分缓解全球气候变暖的趋势.该文根据国际通用的减排量计算方法,对中国农村户用沼气替代传统生物质能和煤炭所产生的CO2和SO2的减排量进行了计算分析,为制定农村能源发展战略和农村环境发展规划提供参考.研究结果表明,在1996～2003年间,每年可减少CO2排放39.76～419.39万t,减少SO2排放2.13～6.20万t.通过对2010、2020和2050年沼气替代农村传统能源减排CO2和SO2量的预测,证明农村户用沼气工程的建设可以有效减少CO2和SO2的排放.     

深圳市土地利用碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线协整分析

中国城市化和工业化进程极为剧烈,由此带来的土地利用变化与能源消费碳排放效应将是影响我国实现碳减排目标的关键因素,研究土地利用和能源消费碳排放环境库兹涅茨曲线,能预判碳排放拐点出现的时间,揭示经济发展与碳排放之间的动态关系.以深圳市为典型案例,利用1979-2010年的土地利用变化和能源消费碳排放数据,借助CKC简化模型分别构建了深圳市土地利用和能源消费碳排放总量、人均碳排放量的CKC模型,基于单位根和协整Engle-Granger检验对深圳市土地利用和能源消费碳排放CKC曲线进行了探析.结果表明:深圳市经济增长分别与土地利用碳排放和能源消费碳排放量成正相关,并存在长期稳定的均衡关系.GDP分别和土地利用碳排放、能源消费碳排放存在单向因果关系,深圳市存在人均土地利用和人均能源消费CKC,到达拐点的人均GDP分别为28708.60元和59604.89元.研究结果有利于了解未来碳排放态势,从而为相应的减排政策的制定提供依据.     

中国规模化养殖场畜禽粪便资源沼气生产潜力评价

为探明中国规模化养殖场畜禽粪便排放量、沼气生产潜力及其分布情况,该文利用2009年统计数据,确定了中国畜禽粪便年排放量估算方法和各种估算参数,估算中国主要畜禽年粪尿排放量、产沼气潜力和温室气体减排潜力。结果表明,2009年中国规模化养殖畜禽粪便排放总量约8.37亿t,年沼气生产潜力约为472.1亿m3,减排潜力为1.9亿t CO2。生猪、奶牛和肉牛养殖是中国畜禽粪便的主要来源,粪便排放主要在东北、华北和西北等北方地区。这可为中国规模化养殖场治理污染提供决策依据。     

京津冀能源消费碳排放与水资源消耗双重分析

[目的]探究京津冀区域能源消费碳排放和水资源消耗的影响因素和未来变化,为该区制定针对性政策提供科学支撑。[方法]基于京津冀2002—2012年能源消耗碳排放的估算,构建了基于六大行业的能源碳排放和基于三次产业的水资源消耗因素分解模型,并设定情景分析模型对该区域2015和2020年的CO2排放和水资源消耗进行模拟和预测。[结果](1)2002—2012年京津冀能源碳排放呈年均8.51%的增速,累积增长了226.26%,以工业能源碳排放为主,其次是交通运输业和生活消费,而水资源消耗变化趋势都较稳定;(2)因素分解结果显示人均财富的变动是京津冀区域CO2排放量和水资源消耗量增加的最大正向因素,能耗强度和水耗强度则为最大负向因素;(3)在设定的所有情景中,2015和2020年京津冀区域的CO2排放量分别相比2005年至少会增加553.6和819.2 Mt,水资源消耗量分别相比2012年至少增加3.36×109 m3和9.97×109 m3。[结论]京津冀区域的3大产业的水资源消耗量在研究时期内的变化趋势都较稳定,表明产业结构的调整和产业用水效率的提高将是京津冀区域水资源管理决策的重中之重。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.