不同砧木苹果树体内锌含量变化的研究

矮砧苹果树根系吸收锌的能力较强，体内锌的总量高于乔砧树，因此较乔砧树不易发生簇叶（小叶）病，有利于叶绿素更新和光合速率，也可促进果实体积和品质的改善，锌大量进入果实时期在７月以后．Ｍ９砧树砧穗间组织构造差异对锌运转的滞阻作用不很明显．     

不同砧木对苹果树水分状况日变化的影响

不同砧木红星苹果树含水量的日变化呈Ｖ形曲线，以乔砧树最高，Ｍ７中间砧树次之，Ｍ９中间砧树较低。含水量的日变化与水势的日变化基本呈正相关。地上部含水量与砧木解剖构造有关。矮砧树地上部含水量较低是导致树体矮化的因素之一。     

苹果病毒病害与无病毒苗繁殖

带褪绿叶斑病毒、茎痘病毒和茎沟病毒英国东茂林试验站的研究表明，金冠、桔苹、发现（Ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙ）、拉克斯坦（Ｌａｘｔｏｎｓｓｕｐｅｂ）等４个苹果品种。１年生无病毒苗木的干周，比带毒苗木增长１０．５％，２年生苗本增长１１．８％（表３）。于绍夫等（１９８８）的研究表明。无病毒苹果苗木具有较强的二次校抽生能力，表３无病毒苗木与带毒苗木生长情况比较（英国东茂林）＊砧木为Ｍ２６嫁接在Ｍ２６、Ｍ７、ＭＭ１０６等自根砧上的乔纳金等４个品种，平均单株二次枝重为１．０—８．４条，二次枝平均长度１０．５０－４２．７０厘米（表４略）。嫁接在Ｍ２６中间砧上的红星等９个品种，平均单株：二次枝量１．０—７．４条，二次枝平均长度２．０—４０．３０厘米（表５略）。无病毒苹果苗木这种较强的二次枝抽生能力，为提早结果、早期丰产，提供了优良的生物学基础。２．无病毒苹果树势强，枝量增长快，枝类转化迅速，早实、丰产。于绍夫等（１９９２）的研究表明，嫁接在Ｍ２６上的乔纳金，１—３年生树的平均干周为６．１、９．９和１２．５５厘米，平均树高为１５６．７、２２２．６和１９０厘米，平均亩枝量为２１４６．３、５３８４．８和２７４３２条，树冠覆盖率为１０％、     

不同砧木对苹果树水分状况日变化的影响

不同砧木红星苹果树含水量的日变化呈Ｖ形曲线。以乔砧树最高,Ｍ７中间砧树次之,Ｍ９中间砧树较低。含水量的日变化与水势的日变化基本呈正相关。地上部含水量与砧木解剖构造有关,矮砧树地上部含水量较低是导致树体矮化的因素之一     

地面覆盖对新红星苹果树光合速率的影响

地面覆盖对新红星苹果树光合速率的影响胡维军，李岩，刘寄明，鲍书鼎（山东省果树研究所，泰安２７１０００）叶幕形成后光合速率高且稳定性好是新红星苹果丰产稳产树的光合特征［１，２］，为了探讨获取这一特征的栽培途径，进行了成龄新红星苹果树不同地面覆盖处理试验...     

北海道9号在遵化的抗寒性表现

北海道９号在遵化的抗寒性表现遵化年均温１０．４℃,年降水８００ｍｍ,属于暖温带半湿润气候区,为多数苹果品种的适生区。１９９４年,新店子镇马各庄村从山东烟台引进北海道９号／Ｍ２６中间砧苗和乔砧北海道９号及新世界,共计４万多株。１９９５年冬,大面积幼树发...     

在俄亥俄州苹果砧木MAC早期表现

１９７７年在美国南部的俄亥俄州的某一地区，采用密执安州苹果无性繁殖系（ＭＡＣ）砧木栽植了恩澎和金冠苹果树。损失显著的是嫁接在Ｍ．２６上的果树，在砧木ＭＡＣ４、ＭＡＣ１６和ＭＡＣ２４上嫁接的果树，相对缺乏早熟性和生产效率。ＭＡＣ１结果树在大小上同Ｍ．２６和Ｍ７类似，但与Ｍ．２６比较，缺乏早熟性和丰产性。嫁接在ＭＡＣ９（ＭＡＲＫ）上的树与嫁接在Ｍ．９和Ｍ．２６上的果树一样不早熟、不丰产，其在大小上同其它的砧木相似。     

苹果茎顶的显微嫁接研究

本研究用金帅和斯巴丹（Ｓｐａｒｔａｎ）两个苹果品种的茎顶在离体条件下分别嫁接在山定子、Ｍ７、Ｍ９和Ｍ２６的茎或根上，并获得成功。这种苹果显微嫁接方法尚未见报导。茎顶长度为０．２、０．４和０．７毫米，砧木长度为０．５—１．２厘米。嫁接成活率因接穗大小、嫁接方式而变化，其成活率范围在５６．３％到８１．３％之间。从获得无毒苗和具有较高的成活率两方面考虑，带有２片叶原基的茎顶作接穗是适当的。 嫁接七周后接穗干重因砧木不同而表现明显差异，矮砧上的接穗干物质积累量最少，半矮砧次之，乔化砧最多。作者认为，这可以作为一种鉴定砧木生长型的新途径，应进一步扩大砧木类型和品种的试验研究。     

M_（26）中间砧苹果树安全越冬措施调查

Ｍ_（２６）中间砧苹果树安全越冬措施调查 刘金章（玉田县农林局０６４１００）在当前果树生产发展中，优种矮化密植无毒化是今后的发展方向，也即是实现两高一优农业发展的重要途径。为此我县于１９９２年重点栽植了５５０亩Ｍ２６中间砧苹果园，分别在郭家屯乡、玉田镇...     

国内外苹果新矮化砧作中间砧对红富士树体生长结果的影响

通过对１２种国内外苹果新砧作中间砧嫁接青富１３，在树体生长、开花坐果、产量、品质、干周比值等方面进行比较，筛选出Ｍａｒｋ、７５－９－３５、Ｓ１９、７５－７－１等几种优于Ｍ２６的新矮化砧。     

Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.     

苹果矮化中间砧木利用研究

通过8年对金冠、红星、国光3个品种的6个矮化和半矮化砧木的不同组合进行的区域化试验,结果表明,利用矮化或半矮化中间砧可以控制树高、树冠大小,提早成花,早果,早期丰产。利用矮化中间砧,选择适宜的砧穗组合,生产中是可行的。     

Effect of Apple Rootstocks and Length and Type of Interstock on Leaf Nutrient Levels

The levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined in the leaves of young apple plants over a four-year period. The treatments were three root-stocks, MM 111, MM 106 and M 9; three interstocks, Red Delicious (cv Red Prince) (RD), MM 106 and M 9; and four interstock lengths, 2·5, 7·5, 12·5 and 18 cm. The level of Ca was lower in the leaves of plants with an MM 111 rootstock than in those on MM 106 or M 9. The level of K in the leaves was lower on plants with an M 9 than with an MM 106 or RD interstock. Only lengths of M 9 inter-stock differentially affected the nutrient level, and these effects were not consistent. Nutrient levels of leaves from rootstock and interstock treatments were similar over the four-year period. A small differential effect was shown only on the level of Ca. Rootstock treatments differentially affected the levels of N and Ca in the leaves over the four-year period, whereas the interstock treatments differentially affected the level of Cu over the same period. The effects of interstock lengths on leaf nutrient levels over the four years were few and inconsistent.     

不同砧木对苹果树水分状况年变化的影响

苹果树各器官水势的年变化中，大部时间乔砧树高于矮化中间砧树，与半矮化中间砧树差异较小，与矮化中间砧树差异较大。水势较低影响树体营养生长而有利生殖生长。     

苹果叶营养元素含量的影响因素分析

 通过采样分析及肥料定位试验, 研究了采样时期、品种、砧木、产量、施肥等因素对苹果叶营养元素含量的影响。结果表明: 苹果叶营养元素含量的季节性变化明显; 富士、秦冠、红星、金冠、嘎拉等5个苹果品种间的叶N、P、Ca、B、Mn、Zn含量存在显著差异; M9、M26、M7、MM106矮化中间砧(新疆野苹果基砧) 和新疆野苹果乔化砧上, 苹果品种间叶营养元素含量存在差异, M9的K、Fe高而其余元素含量偏低, M26的Mg、Mn、Zn高而K、Fe低, M7的N、P、Cu、Fe、Zn较高, MM106的N、Mn高而K低, 乔化砧的Fe高而Cu、Zn低; 不同产量水平果园间叶营养元素含量不同, 高产果园较低产园N、Mg、Zn元素含量高而P、K含量低; 施肥提高叶K含量效果明显, N次之, P效果缓慢。     

柱型苹果引种研究

在山东省的自然条件下进行了柱型苹果引种试验。结果表明,3个柱型苹果品种生长结果正常,表现出典型的柱型生长习性。柱型苹果与生产上常见品种的花期相遇,可以互为授粉树。利用M_(26)和M_9矮化中间砧可有效地控制树体高度和侧梢的产生,促进成花和结果。不同砧木或中间砧对柱型苹果果实的品质性状有一定的影响。在高度密植(0.6m×1.0m)条件下,1年生和2年生柱型苹果即可获得较高的产量。在供试的3个品种中,以特拉蒙综合表现较好。杂交试验表明,柱型性状是由单个显性基因(Co基因)控制的,利用现有的柱型苹果品种作为亲本选育新的柱型苹果品种是可行的。     

干旱胁迫下不同中间砧嫁接苹果苗的导水特性

 以基砧为八棱海棠的4 种不同中间砧嫁接的苹果幼苗长富2 号/八棱海棠、长富2 号/M9、长 富2 号/M26、长富2 号/SH6 为试验材料,研究干旱胁迫对其导水特性的影响。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下, 4 种中间砧木嫁接苗的整体、冠层、茎干、根系叶比导水率均有减小,各器官叶比导水率基本趋势是乔 化 > 半矮化 > 矮化,其中矮化中间砧的变化幅度最大,乔化中间砧的变化最小。中间砧嫁接口导水阻 力表现为矮化砧比半矮化、乔化砧高,在正常水分条件下,八棱海棠、M9、M26 和SH6 中间砧嫁接区域 导水阻力在植株总体导水阻力中所占的比率分别为4.07%、6.60%、4.97%和5.11%,当受到干旱胁迫后, 嫁接区域所占比率均有不同程度减小。由于矮化苗有效导水率长期低下,根系吸水和运输水分的能力下 降,导致地上部分水分供给减少,从而影响树体的生长。     

Performance of ‘Discovery’ apple on M.9, M.26 and MM.106 rootstocks at two densities

Summary

The apple rootstocks M.9, M.26, and MM.106 were evaluated for their efficiency in bringing ‘Discovery’ apple trees into production. The experiment, carried out over a ten- year period compared two planting densities at 1666 and 3333 trees per ha. Tree vigour differences between rootstocks were measured in term of trunk growth, tree volume, weight of branches pruned off and final weight of the above-ground parts of the trees. Fruit production is presented both as total yield and as the weight of first class fruit. Fruit colour development is also shown. Cropping efficiency is calculated and presented in relation to the different vigour measurements. The results confirm that ‘Discovery’ is slow to come into production. M.9 was the most productive rootstock, but due to vigour differences MM.106 gave the same yields per tree, although the latter had the lower yield efficiency. M.26 performed poorly; its vigour was similar to M.9 but it produced the lowest yields.     

Einfluss verschiedener Unterlagen auf vegetative und generative Parameter bei der Apfelsorte ‘Topaz’ unter biologischen Anbaubedingungen in Ostösterreich

In autumn 2008, in the research orchard of the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences in Vienna, the apple cultivar ‘Topaz’ was planted on the rootstocks M9 (clone T337) with and without ‘Rubinola’ as interstem, M26, M7 grafted at 25?cm and at 55?cm respectively, M111 and ‘Bittenfelder seedling’, trained as spindles and tested for eight years according to organic production rules. The trees on seeding grew very vigorously, followed by MM111 and M7 normally grafted; the M7 highly grafted trees showed less vigor, comparable with M26, while the trees on M9 with and without interstem grew very weakly. Tree losses were only observed on M9 without interstem. The highest yields per hectare were found on M7 normally grafted, followed by M26, M7 highly grafted and M9 without interstem. M7 highly grafted showed the highest single fruit weights, followed by MM111, at the other end were M9 with and without interstem, and M26. The rootstock M7 grafted at 55?cm combines a medium growth with high yield and good fruit quality and therefore can be recommended for dry areas like our site. M9 without interstem showed a higher specific yield and fruit firmness after storage compared to the variant with interstem. Whether these advantages for ‘Topaz’ on M9 can be combined with a higher grafting height as effective preventive method to control Phytophthora cactorum, has to be examined in further research.