The structure of the shell membrane, the development and structural change of the amnion and chorioallantoic membrane during hatching in the goose

The quantitative changes of the yolk, albumen and amniotic-allantoic fluids have been established. The development of the extraembryonic membranes and ultrastructural changes of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) were investigated in goose during the incubation.     

The outer membrane of the avian egg shell as a reticular structure

The shell membranes of fowl, duck, quail and turkey eggs were examined by electron microscopy. A proportion of the outer membrane fibres from all sources were interconnected by lamellae about 90 A thick. The lamellae, which are probably protein, endow the outer membrane with a secondary reticulum reinforcing the reticulum formed by the fibres themselves.     

Variation in some shell membrane characteristics over different parts of the same shell

The variation in shell membrane thickness (μ), membrane weight (mg./cm.2), membrane nitrogen (μg. N/cm.2) and packing index (μg./cm.2/μ) from the broad pole, excluding the air space, to the narrow pole of the same egg has been studied. The pattern of variation for a given characteristic was the same in different eggs from the same bird. Two thickness patterns were found. In Group I thickness decreased from the B collar to the equator, increased again to the G collar and then decreased sharply at the H cap. In Group II the increase from the equator to the G collar was replaced by a continued, but less‐marked, decrease. There was a high, positive correlation between weight and nitrogen, but the relationship between weight and thickness varied within and between eggs. All eggs showed a very similar pattern of packing index variation, decreasing from the B to about the C collar and then increasing to the H cap, the pattern being the same whether measurements were made on wet or dry membranes.     

休产期和产蛋期太湖鹅甲状腺的组织细胞结构比较

在光镜和电镜水平对太湖鹅甲状腺休产期和产蛋期的组织和细胞结构作对比观察。鹅甲状腺组织是滤泡状结构 ,滤泡由单层上皮细胞构成。产蛋鹅甲状腺滤泡腔内富含胶质。休产期鹅甲状腺滤泡腔内胶质较少 ,空泡化程度高 ,呈现功能旺盛状态 ,上皮细胞顶端具有许多微绒毛 ,以摄取滤泡腔内的胶体 ;胞质内线粒体、胶质滴、溶酶体数量较多 ,内质网丰富 ,高尔基体发达。     

天府肉鹅配套系选育

品系选育及配合力测定结果表明，天府肉鹅父母代在舍饲和放牧条件下，年产蛋量分别为79．6个和80．5个。商品代在放牧补饲条件下，56日龄活重达3394.2g，70日龄活重4220.0g，比同日龄四川白鹅多增重718g，上市日龄比达等体重的四川白鹅提前了10－14d。     

Interaction of bovine chorioallantoic membrane explants with three strains of Brucella abortus.

Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) explants were used to determine the in vitro growth and cytotoxic potential of 3 strains of Brucella abortus. Bovine CAM explants were inoculated with 2 x 10(7) colony-forming units of the pathogenic strain 2308, attenuated strain 19, or the rough strain RB51 of B abortus. After inoculation, the explants were harvested and examined at 2 or 4 hours, 12 or 14 hours, and 24 or 26 hours of incubation. Bacterial growth associated with each explant was determined by counting colony-forming units. The degree of cellular damage in each explant associated either with bacterial growth or bacterial toxins was evaluated by morphometric analysis after trypan blue staining. Significant differences were not detected in the numbers of bacteria of any strain of B abortus in the CAM explants at comparable time intervals. The rate of growth of the bacteria in CAM explants was higher between 2 and 12 hours after inoculation than between 12 and 24 hours after inoculation. Cytotoxic effects associated with strain 2308 were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than that caused by other strains. Cytotoxic effects associated with strain 19 and rough strain RB51 were similar, and both were significantly (P less than 0.05) greater than the phosphate buffer solution control. Chorioallantoic membrane explants inoculated with a filtrate of heat-killed strain 2308 induced minimal cellular damage, compared with that caused by the viable bacteria. These results indicated that the number of B abortus in trophoblasts was independent of the degree of cellular damage.     

5个白鹅群体的遗传结构和进化分析

应用微卫星标记对我国5个白鹅品种资源群体(太湖鹅、四川白鹅、织金白鹅、伊犁鹅、皖西白鹅)的遗传结构和进化进行了研究。结果表明:(1)5个白鹅群体的平均杂合度都较高,反映了各鹅种群体内的遗传变异较大,各鹅种的适应性较强;(2)通过计算DS遗传距离和UPG-MA聚类,发现5个白鹅群体间的遗传距离较远,分化时间较长,5个白鹅群体分别独自为一类,聚类结果反映了5个鹅品种的进化与它们的选育历史及地理分布关系密切。应加强对我国现有鹅种资源的保护力度和开发力度。     

Selection for egg shell strength in laying hens using shell membrane characteristics

1. Divergent selection for attachment strength between the shell membrane and the calcium shell was performed in a White Leghorn strain. Multivariate analysis was used to estimate genetic parameters for shell membrane measurements and shell thickness. The aim was to investigate the possibility of improving shell strength in laying hens by selecting for increased attachment strength.

2. A significant direct selection response for attachment strength was achieved. There was a favourable correlated selection differential in the frequency of cracked eggs which resulted in a nonsignificant but favourable, correlated response. Selection for a strong attachment resulted in a thinner egg shell, and vice versa. Heritabilities were all relatively high (0.30 to 0.70). Most of the genetic correlations were in agreement with the achieved correlated responses.

3. Two factors that probably contributed to the responses in egg shell thickness were an unfavourable genetic correlation between attachment strength and shell thickness, and natural selection against changes in attachment strength, in the form of increased mortality during incubation and hatching. Problems connected with breeding for increased shell strength are discussed.     

Evaluation of morphological issues of central nervous system glioblastoma on chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane

Glioblastoma is the most common brain malignancy and is marked by an extremely poor prognosis, despite advances in surgical and clinical neuro-oncology. That is why central nervous system glioblastoma is quite a challenging neoplasm, requiring much further research to understand the molecular and cellular clinical basis. Existing in vivo glioblastoma models are based on the inoculation of glioma cells into rodent brains or the use of transgenic mice. For decades the avian model was the model of choice in developmental biology. However, the reports on chorioallantoic membrane glioblastoma model are quite rare. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate morphological issues of glioblastoma on CAM and the interaction between transplant and CAM. Chicken embryos obtained from a local poultry farm were put in an incubator. Fresh samples of glioblastoma obtained during the operation were grafted on CAM, which is formed on the 7-9 th day of embryo development. The growth and morphological issues of cells were observed with a stereo microscope and the histological preparations were done in particular intervals of time, starting from 24 hours after the transplantation. We observed peritumoral edema, necrotic zones and angiogenesis on the chorioallantoic membrane. This evidence, together with the immunohistological proof, shows that glioblastoma survives on CAM and has its typical morphological features.     

我国鹅的遗传资源与鹅业生产

我国是世界养鹅历史最早的国家之一，也是世界上饲养数量最多的国家之一，饲养量与出栏量约占世界90％左右。据历史考证，在3000多年前，我国就开始驯化养鹅，从古到今，由于我国人民一直就有养鹅、爱鹅、吃鹅的习惯，再加上我国幅员辽阔，各地自然生态条件复杂多样，不同时期的经济文化背景不同，对鹅的选择和利用目的不同，就逐步形成了20余种具有不同外貌特征、     

小鹅瘟与鹅几种常见病的鉴别诊断

小鹅瘟(Goose parvovirus,GP)又称得舍氏(Derzsy)病、小鹅病毒性肠炎、鹅细小病毒感染等,是由小鹅瘟病毒引起的一种急性或亚急性的败血性传染病.本病多发生于2～30 日龄内的雏鹅,特别是以10日龄时发病率和死亡率最高,其发病率和病死率随雏鹅日龄增大而降低.病鹅表现为食欲减退甚至废绝、精神不振、嗜睡,两腿麻痹或痉挛;肛门向外突出,周围被毛潮湿并沾有污染物,排出灰白色或者淡黄色稀粪便,常混有气泡.     

多不饱和脂肪酸结构对扬州鹅血清蛋白和免疫抗体的影响

试验旨在研究日粮多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的结构对扬州鹅血清蛋白和免疫抗体的影响。选择160只同批出雏的21日龄的扬州鹅,随机分成4组,分别饲喂ω-6/ω-3 PUFA比例为12:1、9:1、6:1、3:1的日粮,饲养至42日龄、56日龄、70日龄时分别进行采血并送苏北医院进行血清蛋白等指标测定。结果表明:血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白随着日龄的增加而呈上升趋势。42日龄总蛋白以6:1组最高(P<0.05),56日龄白蛋白以12:1组最高(P<0.05),其他各检测日龄总蛋白、白蛋白组间皆无显著差异(P>0.05),但70日龄总蛋白和白蛋白都以3:1组为高。各检测日龄血清球蛋白组间的差异也基本不显著(P>0.05)。研究还发现,42日龄时,血清IgA、IgG、IgM分别以6:1(3:1)、9:1和6:1等组为高(P<0.01);56日龄、70日龄时,IgA以3:1组为高,IgG以6:1组为高,IgM以9:1(3:1)、3:1组为高(P<0.01)。因此,生长期扬州鹅血清蛋白有随日龄增加而上升的趋势,较低ω-6/ω-3 PUFA比例日粮能够提高56日龄后血清总蛋白、白蛋白和IgA、IgG、IgM等免疫抗体水平。     

Studies of membrane,mammilary cores and cuticle of the hen egg shell

Mammillary cores and outer shell membrane have been studied by comparing the weight and chemical composition of outer membrane with cores still attached and of outer membrane free from cores, from the same shells. Inner membrane and cuticle have also been investigated.

The weights of inner and outer membrane are significantly correlated (P < 0.05). Both membranes contain galactosamine, glucosamine, sialic acid, glucose, mannose and fucose but in different proportions. Uronic acid is probably absent.

An average of 3.3 mg of organic mammillary core material per shell (52 μg/cm²) was present in the shells investigated, but there was a trend suggesting that eggs laid by more mature hens may contain rather more. Cores are rich in hexo‐samine, sialic acid and hexose, but the probable absence of uronic acid suggests that chondroitin sulphates play no part in shell initiation. There were no major differences in the amino acid spectrum of membrane samples with and without cores.

Galactosamine, glucosamine, sialic acid, galactose, glucose, mannose, fucose and an unidentified pentose are present in the cuticle. In some respects these sugars are combined differently from their combination in the adjacent outer levels of the matrix.     

Molecular characterization and B cell membrane expression analysis of Fc fragment gene of goose IgY

A novel goose immunoglobulin υ chain (Igυ) Fc fragment gene was cloned from splenic tissue mRNA using RT-PCR. Deduced amino acid sequence data from different vertebrates revealed high similarity to IgY-Fc fragments of duck (91%) and chicken (64%). Molecular characterization showed that the goose IgY-Fc fragment was consistent with the definition of immunoglobulin, and had the same antigenicity to natural IgY. Flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that the polyclonal antibody against GoυFc reacted with the membrane surface of B lymphocytes in peripheral blood, which indicates that IgY was expressed on the surface of B cells. Analyses of the gene sequence of the goose IgY-Fc fragment and expression of B cell membrane may provide insight into the evolution of the Ig heavy chain gene family and benefit future studies on the avian immune system.