土霉素对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果及对柑橘产量和品质的影响

为有效防控柑橘黄龙病,于2017年在佛罗里达大学柑橘研究与教育中心的奥本代尔市柑橘试验场进行田间试验筛选黄龙病的防治药剂及其浓度,测定注射土霉素后叶片中柑橘黄龙病菌亚洲种Cadidatus Liberibacter asiaticus、土霉素、淀粉含量、柑橘产量、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量和酸度,显微镜下观察注射土霉素后淀粉粒的分布。结果表明,浓度为1.6g/株土霉素处理180 d后柑橘叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量减少幅度最大,为91.78%;注射浓度为1.6g/株土霉素后7d,叶片中土霉素含量达142.2 μg/kg,注射后11 d叶片中土霉素含量达到最大,为239.8 μg/kg,注射后45 d叶片中土霉素含量低至99.6 μg/kg以下;注射后7~90d,叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量呈波浪形变化,注射90 d后叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量一直处于增长趋势,叶片中黄龙病菌亚洲种含量总体随着土霉素含量的升高而降低;注射浓度为1.6g/株土霉素后,叶片中淀粉含量大幅度下降,60d时达到最低值,为3.3 μg/mm²,90d时达到峰值,为14.5 μg/mm²;单株产量为16.7 kg,与注射浓度为0.8 g/株土霉素处理差异不显著,但均显著高于其它2个处理;柑橘出汁率、可溶性固形物和酸度均与清水对照差异不显著。表明土霉素可有效抑制黄龙病菌亚洲种,减少柑橘叶片内淀粉含量,增加柑橘产量,但对果实品质未产生显著影响。     

海南柑橘黄龙病发生分布调查及病原种类鉴定

本研究在海南全省范围进行了柑橘黄龙病的发生分布调查和病原种类鉴定,共采集了14个市县62处柑橘种植点的不同柑橘品种样品1227份。用柑橘黄龙病菌亚洲种和非洲种rpIA-rpIJ基因片段的通用检测引物A2/J5和柑橘黄龙病菌美洲种16S rRNA基因片段的特异检测引物GB1/GB3,对样品进行PCR扩增,发现海南柑橘黄龙病的病原为柑橘黄龙病菌亚洲种,检测样品中阳性率为79.01%,未发现柑橘黄龙病菌非洲种和美洲种。结果发现,柑橘黄龙病已分布在海南的琼中、澄迈、儋州、琼海等8个市县。同时选取海南澄迈、儋州、琼海等4个市县有代表性的甜橙、柚子、柠檬感染黄龙病的样品,扩增样品的rpIA-rpIJ基因A2/J5片段,进行序列比对和系统进化分析。序列比对结果发现,海南各地不同品种中的柑橘黄龙病菌rpIA-rpIJ基因A2/J5片段序列一致性为99.87%,序列十分保守。系统进化分析表明,海南各地不同品种的柑橘黄龙病菌都与黄龙病菌亚洲种聚集为同一进化分枝,与黄龙病菌非洲种和美洲种分属不同的进化分枝。本研究明确了海南柑橘黄龙病的发生分布情况和病原种类,对柑橘黄龙病的防控具有重要的理论意义。     

200g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂防治柑橘潜叶蛾的药效试验

在砂糖橘秋梢抽出5 cm前喷施200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC能有效防治柑橘潜叶蛾;药后7 d再喷施1次200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC,保梢效果在93%以上。试验表明,喷药28 d后,灭虫保梢效果显著,建议防治柑橘潜叶蛾使用200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC 3 000~4 000倍液。     

柑橘喷施叶面肥对柑橘木虱､柑橘潜叶蛾和炭疽病发生的影响

柑橘生产上叶面肥的使用很普遍?为了评估喷施叶面肥对柑橘新梢期的主要害虫柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri和柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella发生?为害的影响, 本文分别在养虫笼和网室条件下调查了以上2种害虫对喷不同叶面肥(尿素?复合氨基酸和葡萄糖)砂糖橘苗木的选择和为害, 以及柑橘炭疽病发生情况?试验结果表明:从木虱成虫选择性和产卵两个方面来看, 不同喷施处理的砂糖橘对木虱的吸引作用表现为尿素>复合氨基酸>葡萄糖>清水对照, 其中尿素和复合氨基酸处理吸引作用显著高于对照?喷施3种叶面肥后潜叶蛾为害程度均显著高于对照, 以葡萄糖处理的为害率和受害指数最高?另外, 尿素和复合氨基酸处理苗木的柑橘炭疽病病叶率和病情指数显著高于对照, 复合氨基酸处理病叶率显著高于葡萄糖?说明喷尿素?复合氨基酸叶面肥对柑橘木虱有较强的吸引作用, 同时加重柑橘炭疽病?另外, 与对照相比, 喷施3种叶面肥均能加重潜叶蛾的为害, 尤其是葡萄糖?     

黄龙病对柑橘叶际微生物组的影响

为明确柑橘叶际微生物组对黄龙病发生的响应规律，采用荧光定量PCR技术检测采集柑橘叶片感染黄龙病菌的情况，通过扩增子测序分析法对PCR检测结果为阴性和阳性叶片的微生物群落进行比较，并通过相关性分析和网络分析对黄龙病菌和叶际微生物的相关性进行解析。结果显示，夏季采集的柑橘叶片中黄龙病菌的检出率为7.5%，而到秋季黄龙病菌的检出率上升到32.3%。黄龙病的发生显著改变了柑橘叶际细菌群落的组成和结构，对于细菌类群的丰度也有一定影响；而对叶际真菌群落的组成和结构无显著影响。黄龙病菌与叶际细菌存在普遍的负相关关系，正相关关系相对较少但相关性更强。黄龙病菌可能通过与厌氧棍状菌Anaerotruncus sp.、梭菌Clostridiales sp.、假单胞菌Pseudomonas sp.、鞘脂单胞菌Sphingomonas sp.、毛螺菌Lachnospiraceae sp.和链球菌Streptococcus sp.的负向互作对柑橘叶际整个细菌群落产生负影响。表明黄龙病发生对柑橘叶际真菌和细菌群落的影响规律不同，同时黄龙病菌可能通过与几种主要细菌的负向互作来实现对叶际微生物组的影响。     

柑橘黄龙病PCR检测技术研究

以柑橘黄龙病病原亚洲菌系β-操纵子的特异引物fA2/rJ5进行PCR扩增,依据是否有目标DNA片段的产生来检测柑橘黄龙病菌的存在与否。该检测技术,具有快速、简便、灵敏等特点,可用于柑橘黄龙病的早期诊断,对控制该病害的传播具有重要意义。     

两类抗生素药剂对‘纽荷尔’脐橙黄龙病菌的抑制作用及根际细菌群落结构的影响

为探究磺胺二甲氧嘧啶钠盐（sulfadimethoxine sodium salt, SDM）和氨苄青霉素（ampicillin, AMP）对柑橘黄龙病（citrus Huanglongbing, HLB）的防效以及对柑橘根际细菌群落结构的影响, 本试验以‘纽荷尔’脐橙为研究对象, 采用0.5 g/L SDM和1 g/L AMP进行灌根, 使用TaqMan qPCR技术监测病树叶内黄龙病菌菌量的动态变化, 并利用宏基因组技术分析根际细菌群落结构的变化。结果显示, AMP连续处理后病树叶片内黄龙病菌菌含量在一定程度上受到抑制, 初步判断AMP对黄龙病有一定的抑制效果, SDM处理对黄龙病菌菌含量抑制效果较差;2类抗生素处理组中根际主要优势类群结构和相对丰度在门、属分类水平上均发生改变, 解磷细菌中慢生根瘤菌属Bradyrhizobium细菌的相对丰度在处理后有明显变化, pstA、pstC等部分磷循环功能基因相对丰度发生改变, 表明2类抗生素药剂均影响了‘纽荷尔’脐橙病树根际细菌群落结构。     

柑橘黄龙病菌在染病贡柑枝条和果实橘络内的分布规律

 柑橘黄龙病是柑橘生产上最具毁灭性的病害之一,由目前还无法分离培养的候选韧皮部杆菌亚洲种(“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, CLas)引起的。早期研究表明CLas在染病柑橘植株内的分布并不均匀。为进一步探究CLas在染病枝条及果实内的空间分布规律,本研究以感染黄龙病的贡柑(带果实)枝条为材料,利用定量PCR(quantitative PCR, qPCR)分析同一枝条不同部位及果实橘络中的CLas浓度。结果表明,带果贡柑枝条不同部位的CLas分布不均匀且以果实橘络部位的CLas浓度最高(15 487.6 CLas cells/ng总DNA)。通过对同一橘络不同片段长度(每1.5 cm)中的CLas进行定量分析发现,同一橘络中的CLas同样呈不均匀分布(CLas个数范围:12 407~10 271 089)。此外,定量分析发现黄龙病引起的畸形果大小两侧橘络中的CLas浓度差异不显著。该结果可为探究CLas在柑橘枝条及果实中的转运规律提供参考。     

柑橘黄龙病菌在染病贡柑枝条和果实橘络内的分布规律

 柑橘黄龙病是柑橘生产上最具毁灭性的病害之一,由目前还无法分离培养的候选韧皮部杆菌亚洲种(“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, CLas)引起的。早期研究表明CLas在染病柑橘植株内的分布并不均匀。为进一步探究CLas在染病枝条及果实内的空间分布规律,本研究以感染黄龙病的贡柑(带果实)枝条为材料,利用定量PCR(quantitative PCR, qPCR)分析同一枝条不同部位及果实橘络中的CLas浓度。结果表明,带果贡柑枝条不同部位的CLas分布不均匀且以果实橘络部位的CLas浓度最高(15 487.6 CLas cells/ng总DNA)。通过对同一橘络不同片段长度(每1.5 cm)中的CLas进行定量分析发现,同一橘络中的CLas同样呈不均匀分布(CLas个数范围:12 407~10 271 089)。此外,定量分析发现黄龙病引起的畸形果大小两侧橘络中的CLas浓度差异不显著。该结果可为探究CLas在柑橘枝条及果实中的转运规律提供参考。     

柑橘衰退病毒含量对其蚜传效率的影响

为明确毒源植株和蚜虫中柑橘衰退病毒(Citrus tristeza virus,CTV)的发生情况与蚜虫传播CTV能力的关系,将褐色橘蚜、棉蚜、橘二叉蚜和绣线菊蚜置于分别感染了4个CTV分离株的锦橙上取食24 h后,运用巢式RT-PCR和实时RT-PCR检测蚜虫和锦橙的带毒情况,并分析蚜虫的传毒能力。结果显示,蚜虫中CTV的平均带毒率为0.76~0.84,其中棉蚜的最高,其次为绣线菊蚜、褐色橘蚜和橘二叉蚜。锦橙中各CTV分离株的含量差异不大,与蚜虫传毒效率间无显著相关性;也未发现蚜虫带毒率与其传播CTV能力之间存在相关性。蚜虫体内CTV的含量为5.36×103±2.33×103~2.01×106±3.67×105拷贝,褐色橘蚜中含量最高,其次为棉蚜、橘二叉蚜和绣线菊蚜;且高蚜传能力CTV分离株在褐色橘蚜体内的含量远高于低蚜传能力分离株。表明蚜虫体内CTV的含量可能与蚜虫传毒能力有关。     

浙江柑橘黄龙病病原β-操纵子核糖体蛋白基因的PCR检测及其序列比对

长期的观察发现,不同柑橘品种感染黄龙病后出现的病症也不尽相同,针对这种现象本文检测了浙江柑橘黄龙病病原β-操纵子核糖体蛋白基因并进行了序列比对,BLAST比对结果说明所扩增的基因序列之间差异性为0,与基因库(NCBI)中黄龙病亚洲韧皮杆菌DNA序列相似性为100％,由此说明浙江柑橘黄龙病病原β-操纵子核糖体蛋白基因并未发生变异,出现上述现象可能是其他基因发生变异或者与品种的抗病性有关。     

Preliminary research on soil conditioner mediated citrus Huanglongbing mitigation in the field in Guangdong, China

Huanglongbing (HLB, yellow shoot disease) is devastating citrus production worldwide. No effective control measure is currently available. In China, management of HLB through nutrient applications was used in the past and the interest has been renewed recently. In this study the effects of a soil conditioner (SC) on HLB-affected mandarin citrus (Citrus reticulate Blanco) were evaluated in four orchards (three with cultivar Shatangju and one with cultivar Chuntianju) in Guangdong Province, China. We observed that HLB trees showed more vigorous growth with lower titres of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, the putative pathogen of HLB, than the untreated trees at 10 months post treatment (MPT) with SC. “Ca. L. asiaticus” titres in younger trees (2-year) were significantly lower than those in older trees (8-years old) (P?=?0.005). Comparison of SC treatments using 4-year-old Chuntianju showed that the “Ca. L. asiaticus” titres were significantly lower in new leaves with 7 MPT (94.51 % reduction or 2.59 times lower) than those with 1 or 4 MPT (P?=?0.002). The P, N, K, Mn, and organic matters contents in the treated orchard soils were all significantly higher than those in the non-treated soil tested at 2 MPT (p?<?0.05). Effects of SC treatments on fruit yield and quality were also significant. Our preliminary results showed that SC treatment could have various levels of positive influence on HLB-affected mandarin trees.     

黄龙病菌在柑橘枝条上的分布和多样性分析

 柑橘黄龙病是由“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”(CLas)引起的毁灭性病害,在染病植株的叶片和果实上表现出不同症状。但目前还未见在同一植株或枝条上表现不同症状的叶片或果实中的CLas是否存在多样性的报道。本研究分析来自美国佛罗里达与中国广东两地染病柑橘样品,发现佛罗里达的CLas遗传多样性较低。以3对位于CLas短串联重复位点两端的序列为引物,对广东柑橘黄龙病病株的样品进行PCR扩增和PAGE检测,结果发现:同一植株上的CLas多样性高于同一枝条;同一病枝上显不同症状的叶片和果实中的CLas浓度分布不均匀,但成熟病果中CLas的浓度最高。以同一病枝条为一个组,PCR扩增和PAGE检测53个枝条的样品,发现不同组间CLas多样性不一:3对引物扩增条件下分别有4组(7.55%)、7组(13.21%)和11组(20.75%)样品存在组间多样性,推测同一枝条中含有不同的CLas菌株。以上结果说明了CLas在柑橘枝条上的分布规律,为监测我国CLas的多样性提供了科学依据。     

Partial Purification of Thai Isolate of Citrus Huanglongbing (Greening) Bacterium and Antiserum Production for Serological Diagnosis

We aimed to improve the purification of citrus Huanglongbing (greening) bacterium (HB), Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticum and to produce an antiserum against HB. Periwinkle plants Catharantus roseum L. graft-inoculated with HB were used to produce an antiserum. All young leaves of new shoots incubated at 20–25°C and 25–30°C, a few mature leaves incubated at 20–25°C, and all mature leaves incubated first at 25–30°C and later transferred to 20–25°C developed yellowing symptoms and were then used to prepare immunogen. The HB was partially purified from these leaves by an improved method that included a macerating enzyme treatment of the midribs of infected leaves and homogenization of infected phloem sieve tissues. An antiserum raised against partially purified HB reacted clearly at a dilution of 1/16 with HB-infected citrus extract prepared at a concentration of 40 times, but did not react with healthy or tristeza virus-infected citrus extract in microprecipitin tests. Received 23 August 2002/ Accepted in revised form 4 December 2002     

Effect of temperature on latent period of septoria leaf blotch on winter wheat under outdoor conditions

Batches of two winter wheat cultivars (Riband and Apollo) were inoculated with conidia of Mycosphaerella graminicola at weekly intervals over a 2 year period. Following 72 h incubation, plants were placed in ambient temperatures ranging between −7 and 32°C with mean batch temperatures of 2·9–20·2°C. Latent period until the first visible symptoms ranged between 11 and 42 days. The relationship between development of lesions and accumulated thermal time was described using a shifted cumulative gamma distribution model. The model provided good estimates of lesion development with r ² > 0·92 for both cultivars. Base temperatures, below which the pathogen did not develop, were estimated from the model as approximately −2·4°C for the two cultivars. Latent period was estimated as being 250 and 301 degree-days above the estimated base temperature, when defined as time from inoculation to first lesion and time to 50% of maximal lesions, respectively, for cv. Riband. The values for cv. Apollo were similar, but with estimates of thermal time periods c . 5% higher. The relationship between mean temperature and inverse latent period, expressed as days either to first lesion or to 50% of maximal lesions, was best described by a linear regression with r ² > 0·96 for both cultivars. The opportunity for plants to outgrow disease was reduced when prolonged periods of cold temperature occurred, because the base temperature for growth of the pathogen was less than that for the crop.     

离体砂糖橘黄龙病病果中病菌浓度变化规律的探究

柑橘黄龙病(Citrus Huanglongbing,HLB)是柑橘生产上最具毁灭性的病害,对我国乃至世界的柑橘产业造成了巨大的经济损失[1].由于CLas还无法进行分离培养[2],导致对CLas的研究(如病原学、基因组学等)主要依赖于含有CLas的寄主材料,如染病柑橘和带菌柑橘木虱(Diaphorina citri)...     

Quantification of DNA of citrus huanglongbing pathogen in diseased leaves using competitive PCR

A quantification system for huanglongbing pathogen using a competitive polymerase chain reaction method and image-analyzing software were developed to obtain precise results. Significant differences in the quantity of pathogen were thus determined in leaves of two citrus cultivars commonly cultivated in southern Vietnam. Less pathogen-related DNA was detected from the tissue of citrus cultivars that are believed to be more tolerant than susceptible cultivars. The quantification system will be used in studies on pathogen proliferation and movement inside citrus tissue.     

Chemical compounds effective against the citrus Huanglongbing bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' in planta

Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide and is threatening the survival of the Floridian citrus industry. Currently, there is no established cure for this century-old and emerging disease. As a possible control strategy for citrus HLB, therapeutic compounds were screened using a propagation test system with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'-infected periwinkle and citrus plants. The results demonstrated that the combination of penicillin and streptomycin (PS) was effective in eliminating or suppressing the 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterium and provided a therapeutically effective level of control for a much longer period of time than when administering either antibiotic separately. When treated with the PS, 'Ca. L. asiaticus'-infected periwinkle cuttings achieved 70% of regeneration rates versus <50% by other treatments. The 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterial titers in the infected periwinkle plants, as measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, decreased significantly following root soaking or foliar spraying with PS. Application of the PS via trunk injection or root soaking also eliminated or suppressed the 'Ca. L. asiaticus' bacterium in the HLB-affected citrus plants. This may provide a useful tool for the management of citrus HLB and other Liberibacter-associated diseases.     

湖南省永州地区柑橘慢衰病与黄龙病病原鉴定及分布调查

为明确湖南省柑橘黄化症状与柑橘慢衰病和柑橘黄龙病的相关性,应用形态学和分子生物学方法对湖南省永州地区表现黄化症状的柑橘进行了两种病原的鉴定及分布调查。结果表明,造成该地区柑橘黄化现象的主要原因为柑橘半穿刺线虫和黄龙病菌对柑橘的侵染。所检样本中,柑橘慢衰病平均发生率为82.1%,土壤中的半穿刺线虫群体密度最高达到3 077条/100mL。永州地区柑橘黄龙病病菌属于韧皮部杆菌属类细菌亚洲种,平均检出率为64.3%。柑橘半穿刺线虫和黄龙病菌在柑橘园存在混合侵染现象,混合侵染率为53.6%。柑橘半穿刺线虫在永州地区柑橘产区分布广泛,是造成柑橘黄化症状的重要病因,重视并有效防控柑橘半穿刺线虫已迫在眉睫。