Rickets in alpacas (Lama pacos) in New Zealand

Rickets was diagnosed in two weaner alpacas from a flock showing ill thrift and lameness during the winter of 1992. Both animals had abnormally shaped ribs with occasional healing fractures, irregular thickening of growth plates and metaphyseal haemorrhages. The mean serum phosphorus concentrations of the alpacas fell during June and July, even though lambs grazing the same pasture had normal serum phosphorus concentrations and the phosphorus concentration of the pasture was considered adequate. Vitamin D deficiency may also have contributed to the osteodystrophy. The alpacas had a thick fleece during the winter, and diurnal Vitamin D, synthesis resulting from solar irradiation is likely to have been minimal, especially considering the reduced sunshine hours recorded during the 1992 winter. Surviving alpacas recovered after treatment with monosodium phosphate and an oral Vitamin D supplement. It is possible alpacas are more susceptible to deficiencies of phosphorus and Vitamin D than other grazing animals in New Zealand.     

Rickets in alpacas (Lama pacos) in New Zealand

Rickets was diagnosed in two weaner alpacas showing ill thrift and lameness during the winter of 1992, from a flock at AgResearch Flock House. Affected alpacas had abnormally shaped ribs with occasional healing fractures, irregular thickening of growth plates and metaphyseal haemorrhages. The mean serum phosphorus concentrations of the alpacas fell during June and July, even though lambs grazing the same pasture had normal serum phosphorus concentrations and the phosphorus concentration of the pasture was considered adequate. Vitamin D deficiency may also have contributed to the osteodystrophy. The alpacas had a thick fleece during the winter, and diurnal Vitamin D3 synthesis resulting from solar irradiation is likely to have been minimal, especially considering the reduced sunshine hours recorded during the 1992 winter. Surviving alpacas recovered after treatment with monosodium phosphate and an oral Vitamin D supplement.     

Electrocardiographic parameters of normal alpacas (Lama pacos)

The electrocardiographic parameters of 40 healthy alpacas (Lama pacos) were recorded with a base-apex lead system to establish the normal resting electrocardiographic parameters in this species. The following parameters were measured: heart rate and rhythm, QRS and T morphology, ST segment position, P amplitude and duration, QRS duration and PQ and QT intervals. The heart rate varied between 50 and 110 bpm, with a mean (sd) of 80 (17.8) bpm, and no significant differences were observed between males and females or between alpacas of different ages. Sinus arrhythmia was observed in 35 of the animals, and a regular sinus rhythm was recorded in the other five. The QRS morphology was variable, with an 'rS' pattern observed in 29 animals, 'RS' in six, 'Rs' in three and 'QS' in the other two. A variable morphology was also observed for the T wave, which was positive in 27 animals, negative in seven and biphasic in the other six. All the electrocardiographic parameters were normally distributed and no significant differences were observed between the sexes, except that the amplitude of the P wave was higher in males. The PQ interval was significantly shorter in animals less than six months old.     

Vitamin D doses for alpacas (Lama pacos)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of cholecalciferol (D3) doses for maintaining adequate vitamin D status in crias and adult female alpacas at pasture. DESIGN: A field experiment during winter and early spring in a herd on a farm in South Australia. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURE: Crias, usually less than 6 months of age and female alpacas, aged 2 to 6 years, were given a single subcutaneous dose of 0, 1000 or 2000 IU D3/kg body weight. Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH D3), phosphorus, calcium and vitamins A and E and alkaline phosphatase activity were measured at intervals over a period of 16 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Crias not given a vitamin D supplement had reduced growth rate during winter and one animal showed clinical signs of rickets. Vitamin D treatment had no effect on the body weight of mature females. Vitamin D supplements increased the 25-OH D3 and phosphorus concentrations in plasma of both crias and adult females; alkaline phosphatase activity was not affected by treatment. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that for alpacas in southern Australia a subcutaneous dose of 1000 IU D3/kg body weight to crias in late autumn and again in mid winter and to adult females in mid winter should prevent vitamin D inadequacy.     

Factors affecting survival in young alpacas (Lama pacos)

Factors affecting survival of young from birth to weaning (7 mo) in alpacas (Lama pacos) were evaluated in data collected at the Estacion Experimental de Camelidos Sudamericanos La Raya in the Altiplano region of Peru. Age of dam effects on survival rate were curvilinear; survival rate increased from approximately 78% for offspring of 3-yr-old dams to about 91% for those from 9- to 11-yr-old dams, then declined to about 85% for 15-yr-old dams. Weight of dam measured 2 mo prior to parturition was associated negatively with survival of the young (b = -.7%/kg). Alpaca born early in the season of birth had a higher survival rate than those born late; the regression of survival on birth date was -.2%/d. Survival rates were curvilinearly related with birth weight and were highest at weights of 9 to 11 kg (90%) and lowest at weights of 4 to 5 kg (20% to 40%). The estimated heritabilities of survival and birth weight were .10 +/- .17 and .34 +/- .23, weight was -.18 +/- .82; the corresponding environmental and phenotypic correlations were positive (.37 and .26, respectively).     

Johne's disease in alpacas (Lama pacos) in Australia

SUMMARY: Johne's disease was diagnosed in 10 alpacas ( Lama pacos ) in Australia between February 1993 and May 1994. Eight of the animals were between 12 and 24 months of age, one was a 6-year-old female, and one was a 4-year-old male. Five, including the 6-year-old and the 4-year-old alpacas, showed weight loss and diarrhoea before death or slaughter. The other cases showed no clinical signs of Johne's disease but 4 gave a positive result on faecal culture and one gave a positive result on testing with the caprine ACID assay and had acid-fast organisms in its faeces. At necropsy, all cases had grossly enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Johne's disease was diagnosed after histological examination of the lymph nodes with conventional culture and polymerase chain reaction testing of tissue samples. This report outlines the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological findings in these cases.     

Rickets in alpacas (Lama pacos) in New Zealand

Abstract Rickets was diagnosed in two weaner alpacas showing ill thrift and lameness during the winter of 1992, from a flock at AgResearch Flock House. Affected alpacas had abnormally shaped ribs with occasional healing fractures, irregular thickening of growth plates and metaphyseal haemorrhages. The mean serum phosphorus concentrations of the alpacas fell during June and July, even though lambs grazing the same pasture had normal serum phosphorus concentrations and the phosphorus concentration of the pasture was considered adequate. Vitamin D deficiency may also have contributed to the osteodystrophy. The alpacas had a thick fleece during the winter, and diurnal Vitamin D3 synthesis resulting from solar irradiation is likely to have been minimal, especially considering the reduced sunshine hours recorded during the 1992 winter. Surviving alpacas recovered after treatment with monosodium phosphate and an oral Vitamin D supplement.     

A preliminary study of copper supplementation in alpacas (Lama pacos)

Supplementing three alpacas with Cu as cupric sulphate (10 mg Cu/kg liveweight) as a single oral dose resulted in no change in the mean plasma Cu concentrations over 30 days while a single oral dose of cupric oxide needles (2.5 g) given to three alpacas caused a small but significant increase in the mean plasma Cu concentrations during days 10-30 following treatment. The mean plasma Cu concentrations of four untreated animals ranged from 4.2 to 5.9 micromol/l over the study. The Cu as cupric sulphate was excreted in the faeces within 5 days while the cupric oxide needles significantly elevated the faecal excretion for over 30 days.     

Intraocular pressure in normal llamas (Lama glama) and alpacas (Lama pacos)

Objective: To determine the mean intraocular pressure in llamas ( Lama glama ) and alpacas ( Lama pacos ) using applanation tonometry. Animals studied: Ten llamas and 10 alpacas. Procedures: Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured with a Tono-Pen™ XL (Mentor Ophthalmics, Inc., Norwell, MA, USA). Three values, with 5% variance, were recorded for each eye. Least-squares means were determined for IOP for each eye of llamas and alpacas. Controlling for age, differences between left and right eye were analyzed using anova . Two age groups were established, less than 5 years and greater than 5 years. The effect of age on IOP within each group was analyzed by linear regression. Probability values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Comparison of mean IOP between right ( n  = 20) and left eyes ( n  = 20), independent of species type, showed no differences in IOPs for llamas and alpacas. Mean IOP declined with increasing age in llamas and alpacas. Mean IOPs for 20 eyes in 10 llamas was 16.96 ± 3.51 mmHg. Mean IOP for 20 eyes in 10 alpacas was 16.14 ± 3.74 mmHg. Mean IOP for all eyes ( n  = 40), independent of species, was 16.55 ± 3.55 mmHg. The range of IOP in normal llamas and alpacas within 2 SD (95% of the population) was 14.89±18.21 mmHg. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in IOP between alpacas and llamas. Mean IOP in both species decreased with increased age.     

Sarcoptes scabiei infection on an alpaca (Lama pacos)

Abstract

Extract

Sarcoptes scabiei has been reported on a number of hosts in New Zealand including the dog, ferret (Mustela putorius), pig, hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), llama (Lama glama) and human (Tenquist and Charleston 2001 Tenquist, JD and Charleston, WAG. 2001. A revision of the annotated checklist of ectoparasites of terrestrial mammals in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 31: 481–542. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). We report here the first record of infestation with these mites on an alpaca (Lama pacos) in New Zealand. The mites were detected on an adult male alpaca that had been maintained for several years along with others on a property in the Wairarapa region of the North Island. The infestation manifested itself as pruritis and alopecia. On clinical examination thick, grey, hyperkeratotic crusts were visible firmly adherent to the skin of the medial surface of both hindlegs. Similar smaller and possibly more recent lesions were also evident on the animal's face, which appeared to be the only affected alpaca on the property.     

显性白毛调控基因(KIT)对羊驼毛色作用的影响

通过同源性比较设计引物,分别扩增羊驼KIT基因exon18～19和intron18,并利用PCR-SScP技术对我国现有羊驼KIT基因intron18进行多态性分析.结果表明:羊驼KIT基因exon18～19长225 bp,包括54 bp的exon18(全长112 bp)、108 bp的intron18和63 bp的exon19.从测序结果看,intron18与exon18和exon19交际处有GT-AG规则,符合分子遗传学理论.而用另1对引物扩增不同毛色羊驼Intron18所得的核苷酸序列与exon18～ex-on19中测得的intron18序列完全相同,未发现"AGTT/TGGA/TTAG"缺失突变现象和核苷酸片段大小差异,即不存在多态性.因此推测在同一品种内,KIT基因对毛色影响的原因不一定是由于KIT基因intron18缺失4个碱基导致K1T基因表达失调而致.     

Effects of parasitic infestation on the productivity of alpacas (Lama pacos)

Summary A trial was carried out in alpacas(Lama pacos) to determine the economic benefit of controlling both external and internal parasites using ivermectin (Ivomec, Merck, Sharpe and Dohme). After four months the treated male alpacas had gained on average 3·1kg more than the untreated males and their fleece weighed 0·36kg more. Treated females gained 1·9kg more than the controls but their fleece weighed 0·03kg less. This resulted in a net financial benefit to the farmer of US$3·54 for each male alpaca and US$1·36 for each female.

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Resumen Se Ilevó a cabo una investigación en alpacas para determinar el beneficio económico del control de parásitos internos y externos, mediante el uso de “Ivomec” (Ivermectin, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme). Después de 4 meses las alpacas machos tratadas habian ganado un promedio de 3·1kg. mas que aquellas que no fueron tratadas y su vellón pesó 0·36kg más. Las alpacas hembras tratadas ganaron 1·9kg mas que los controles, pero su vellón pesó 0·03kg menos. Este tratamiento dio una ganancia neta al ganadero de US$3·54 por cada alpaca macho y $1·36 por cada alpaca hembra.

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Résumé Un essai a été mené sur des alpacas(Lama pacos) pour déterminer le bénéfice économique réalisé par la lutte contre les parasites internes et externes à l'aide de l'ivomec (Ivermectine, Merck, Sharpe & Dohme). Après 4 mois de traitement, le gain de poids pour les males a été d'environ 3,1kg et de 0,36kg pour leur toison par rapport aux non traités. Les femelles avaient gagné 1,9kg en poids vif mais leur toison avait perdu 0,03kg toujours par rapport aux non traités. Cette thérapeutique procure un bénéfice financier net pour le fermier de 3,54$US par male et de 1,36$US par femelle.

     

Development of a diagnostic blood test for tuberculosis in alpacas (Lama pacos)

Vaccination of alpacas (Lama pacos) with heat-killed Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) in oil adjuvant produces an immune response that is able to be measured in vitro. Lymphocyte transformation was present 2 weeks after boosting while antibody as measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was present 4-6 weeks after primary vaccination. Two vaccinated animals were positive to the intradermal skin test at the conclusion of the experiment and showed signs of systemic inflammation 72 hours after the skin test, while the controls remained negative for all tests. The BCG vaccine studies showed that these laboratory tests can also identify M. bovis-specific reactivity, so the technique has potential for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in alpacas. Apart from diagnosing M. bovis-specific reactivity, the blood test for tuberculosis may also be used to diagnose non-specific mycobacterial sensitisation in farmed New Zealand alpacas.     

Actinobacillosis in an alpaca (Lama pacos)

The death of a 6-week-old alpaca being treated for acute polyarthritis is described. Post-mortem and histological findings included fibrinous mural endocarditis, lung abscessation, acute passive congestion of the liver, embolic suppurative nephritis and chronic nonsuppurative polyarthritis. Actinobacillus suis was isolated from the heart lesion and in pharyngeal swabs from four of six clinically normal alpacas in the same flock.