Structure of a eukaryotic CLC transporter defines an intermediate state in the transport cycle

CLC proteins transport chloride (Cl(-)) ions across cell membranes to control the electrical potential of muscle cells, transfer electrolytes across epithelia, and control the pH and electrolyte composition of intracellular organelles. Some members of this protein family are Cl(-) ion channels, whereas others are secondary active transporters that exchange Cl(-) ions and protons (H(+)) with a 2:1 stoichiometry. We have determined the structure of a eukaryotic CLC transporter at 3.5 angstrom resolution. Cytoplasmic cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) domains are strategically positioned to regulate the ion-transport pathway, and many disease-causing mutations in human CLCs reside on the CBS-transmembrane interface. Comparison with prokaryotic CLC shows that a gating glutamate residue changes conformation and suggests a basis for 2:1 Cl(-)/H(+) exchange and a simple mechanistic connection between CLC channels and transporters.     

His标签的水稻硅转运蛋白表达载体的构建及在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达

以水稻根系c DNA为模板,PCR扩增含His标签的Lsi1基因开放阅读框,并将该基因克隆到巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体p PIC9k中,PCR及测序验证重组质粒p PIC9k-Lsi1目的基因序列.将验证正确的重组质粒p PIC9k-Lsi1通过SacⅠ酶切线性化,电转到毕赤酵母GS115感受态细胞中,通过MD/MM板筛选出甲醇利用快型的酵母转化子,再通过不同浓度梯度的G418平板筛选多拷贝转化菌株.提取酵母基因组,PCR验证正确的菌株即为工程菌(GS115/p PIC9k-Lsi1).用1%甲醇诱导该工程菌72 h后,收集上清,经SDS-PAGE检测到位于32.8 ku处的目的蛋白即为Si转运蛋白(Os Lsi1).     

耐碱Mn-SOD基因克隆与真核表达载体的构建

以高产耐碱Mn-SOD产生菌Bacillussp.110-2总DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增得到耐碱Mn-SOD基因,编码一个完整的开放阅读框,共202个氨基酸,含18个碱性氨基酸,包括12个赖氨酸和6个精氨酸。与地衣芽孢杆菌同源性为99%,与极端耐碱芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halodurans)同源性为78.7%。克隆片段酶切后,插入到巴斯德毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K中,获得毕赤酵母真核表达载体pPIC9K-SOD。     

猪γ干扰素基因真核重组表达质粒的构建及活性测定

以含有全长猪γ干扰素基因的质粒为模板,通过PCR方法扩增猪γ干扰素并引入酶切位点,酶切后与PCI真核表达载体连接在一起,测序后经比较,所扩增序列同Genebank报道的IFN-γ序列同源性为99·8%.将重组质粒转染PK细胞,检测所转染的pIFN-γ的抗病毒活性.试验结果表明,转染pIFN-γ试验组与正常细胞接毒对照组比较有显著差异,说明所构建的重组质粒转染后具有抗病毒作用.     

Structure of human urokinase plasminogen activator in complex with its receptor

The urokinase plasminogen activator binds to its cellular receptor with high affinity and initiates signaling cascades that are implicated in pathological processes including tumor growth, metastasis, and inflammation. We report the crystal structure at 1.9 angstroms of the urokinase receptor complexed with the urokinase amino-terminal fragment and an antibody against the receptor. The three domains of urokinase receptor form a concave shape with a central cone-shaped cavity where the urokinase fragment inserts. The structure provides insight into the flexibility of the urokinase receptor that enables its interaction with a wide variety of ligands and a basis for the design of urokinase-urokinase receptor antagonists.     

3-1E/mChIL-15融合基因构建及在真核细胞中的表达

将鸡堆形艾美尔球虫(E.acervulina)子孢子和裂殖子表面抗原3-1E基因片段与鸡白细胞介素15成熟蛋白基因片段(mChIL15)通过四个柔性氨基酸SPGS连接,构建并鉴定真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1/3-1E-linker-mChIL-15。表达质粒纯化后应用磷酸钙法体外转染293T细胞,通过间接免疫荧光和免疫组织化学方法对重组质粒的体外瞬时表达进行检测。结果表明,成功构建了融合基因3-1E-linker-mChIL-15,转染后30h可检测到融合基因编码的融合蛋白在293T细胞中的瞬时表达。研究为鸡艾美尔球虫基因工程疫苗进一步研制及应用奠定了基础。     

药用植物及其提取物的营养调控作用

随着畜牧业的发展和社会的进步,人们崇尚自然、追求健康意识不断增强,抗生素作为饲料添加剂的安全性引起了广泛的争议。药用植物及其提取物以其来自天然、无(或小)毒副作用、无污染和无残留等独特优点,在饲料、畜牧业中作为抗生素的替代品,发挥营养、保健、提高免疫力、抗应激、抗氧化和改善畜产品品质等多方面的应用越来越受到人们的重视。文章以东北农业大学动物营养研究所几年来在药用植物及其提取物对动物生长性能、内分泌、免疫功能、抗应激、抗氧化、改善代谢、提高肉质等方面的初步研究为主,介绍了国内近年来对药用植物及其提取物的营养调控作用的研究成果。     

GPC3-siRNA真核质粒载体的构建及Huh-7细胞转染

目的探讨GPC3-siRNA真核质粒载体构建并转染Huh-7细胞的可行性。方法构建真核质粒载体pcDNA3.1＋GPC3和GPC3-siRNA-1633,采用脂质体法瞬时转染至Huh-7细胞中。MTT法检测转染后Huh-7细胞的细胞活性,荧光定量PCR、Western blot分别检测GPC3 mRNA和蛋白表达。结果 GPC3-siRNA-1633基因和GPC3真核质粒载体转染Huh-7细胞后细胞存活率高,转染GPC3-siRNA-1633的Huh-7细胞出现GPC3 mRNA和蛋白表达下调。结论 GPC3-siRNA-1633可成功转染至Huh-7细胞,并抑制GPC3表达。     

大鳞副泥鳅生长激素基因cDNA克隆及其真核表达载体的构建

从脑垂体中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR方法克隆大鳞副泥鳅生长激素基因(pGH)cDNA。结果表明,克隆到的pGH的开放阅读框包括633 bp,编码210个氨基酸,其中包括22个氨基酸的信号肽和188个氨基酸的成熟肽,GenBank注册号为DQ350432。把pGH成熟肽的cDNA插入真核表达载体pPIC3.5K,PCR技术、酶切和测序证明重组子中确实定向插入了pGH成熟肽片段;将重组的pPIC3.5K-pGH用SalⅠ酶切后,转化巴斯德毕赤酵母GS115,PCR技术筛选证明pGH已经整合到酵母染色体上。从而成功克隆大鳞副泥鳅生长激素基因cDNA,并构建了胞内真核表达载体pPIC3.5K-pGH。     

Structure of the quaternary complex of interleukin-2 with its alpha, beta, and gammac receptors

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that acts through a quaternary receptor signaling complex containing alpha (IL-2Ralpha), beta (IL-2Rbeta), and common gamma chain (gc) receptors. In the structure of the quaternary ectodomain complex as visualized at a resolution of 2.3 angstroms, the binding of IL-2Ralpha to IL-2 stabilizes a secondary binding site for presentation to IL-2Rbeta. gammac is then recruited to the composite surface formed by the IL-2/IL-2Rbeta complex. Consistent with its role as a shared receptor for IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, gammac forms degenerate contacts with IL-2. The structure of gammac provides a rationale for loss-of-function mutations found in patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency diseases (X-SCID). This complex structure provides a framework for other gammac-dependent cytokine-receptor interactions and for the engineering of improved IL-2 therapeutics.     

Structure of a glycerol-conducting channel and the basis for its selectivity

Membrane channel proteins of the aquaporin family are highly selective for permeation of specific small molecules, with absolute exclusion of ions and charged solutes and without dissipation of the electrochemical potential across the cell membrane. We report the crystal structure of the Escherichia coli glycerol facilitator (GlpF) with its primary permeant substrate glycerol at 2.2 angstrom resolution. Glycerol molecules line up in an amphipathic channel in single file. In the narrow selectivity filter of the channel the glycerol alkyl backbone is wedged against a hydrophobic corner, and successive hydroxyl groups form hydrogen bonds with a pair of acceptor, and donor atoms. Two conserved aspartic acid-proline-alanine motifs form a key interface between two gene-duplicated segments that each encode three-and-one-half membrane-spanning helices around the channel. This structure elucidates the mechanism of selective permeability for linear carbohydrates and suggests how ions and water are excluded.     

水权市场结构及其经济学分析

认识水权市场结构类型不但对水权市场具有理论研究上的意义,而且有助于在实践中指明水权市场的构建途径,减少水权市场建设的盲目性,增强水权市场建设和管理的可操作性。现有的论述从空间维度上划分了水权市场的级次,没有具体阐述各级次水权市场的特征以及它们的关系。在对已有论述进行归纳总结的基础上,运用经济学理论在一定程度上对水权市场结构及其性质作了深化阐述,并以塔里木河流域水权市场建设实践为例进行分析。     

Phylogenetic signal in the eukaryotic tree of life

Molecular sequence data have been sampled from 10% of all species known to science. Although it is not yet feasible to assemble these data into a single phylogenetic tree of life, it is possible to quantify how much phylogenetic signal is present. Analysis of 14,289 phylogenies built from 2.6 million sequences in GenBank suggests that signal is strong in vertebrates and specific groups of nonvertebrate model organisms. Across eukaryotes, however, although phylogenetic evidence is very broadly distributed, for the average species in the database it is equivalent to less than one well-supported gene tree. This analysis shows that a stronger sampling effort aimed at genomic depth, in addition to taxonomic breadth, will be required to build high-resolution phylogenetic trees at this scale.     

朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶真核表达载体构建及在293T细胞中表达条件

乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE;EC 3.1.1.7)是神经传导中调节神经递质乙酰胆碱水平的一种关键酶,是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药的主要作用靶标。目前关于朱砂叶螨乙酰胆碱酯酶的真核表达还未见报道。本研究拟构建朱砂叶螨AChE的真核表达载体,进行在293T细胞中表达条件摸索。将朱砂叶螨野生型ace完整读框和去掉3’疏水区的ace基因分别插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/V5-His-TOPO中,经PCR和双酶切鉴定及测序验证后,成功构建了真核表达载体pcDNA3.1/ace。采用GFP报告基因确定在293T细胞中表达条件摸索,结果表明293T细胞的最适转染时间为48h和LipofectamineTM2000转染试剂的最适加样量为20μL。本试验成功构建了朱砂叶螨AChE的真核表达载体,确定了在293T细胞中的表达条件,为后续筛选新型选择性AChE抑制剂奠定了基础。     

南通市区土地利用现状与结构分析

以MAPINFO、AUTOCAD和EXCEL等软件,采用空间叠置和统计分析等方法,对南通市区建设用地扩展过程、结构及强度等进行了分析;并划分出中心区、主城区、过渡区和外围区,分析了"四区"建设用地的特征。得出结论:南通市区土地利用总体情况较好,但部分仍表现出粗放的经营方式;城市建设用地中绿地与工业用地的结构不合理,需进一步调整;土地利用空间结构呈现出明显的圈层特征;从主城区到外围区方向,土地利用强度呈递减态势。最后,对南通市区用地的合理性等问题进行了分析和总结,并提出了相关建议。     

A crystal structure of the complex between human complement receptor 2 and its ligand C3d

The interaction of complement receptor 2 (CR2)--which is present on B cells and follicular dendritic cells--with its antigen-bound ligand C3d results in an enhanced antibody response, thus providing an important link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Although a cocrystal structure of a complex between C3d and the ligand-binding domains of CR2 has been published, several aspects of this structure, including the position in C3d of the binding interface, remained controversial because of disagreement with biochemical data. We now report a cocrystal structure of a CR2(SCR1-2):C3d complex at 3.2 angstrom resolution in which the interaction interfaces differ markedly from the previously published structure and are consistent with the biochemical data. It is likely that, in the previous structure, the interaction was influenced by the presence of zinc acetate additive in the crystallization buffer, leading to a nonphysiological complex. Detailed knowledge of the binding interface now at hand gives the potential to exploit the interaction in vaccine design or in therapeutics directed against autoreactive B cells.