浅议发达国家林业的主要政策

随着人类社会和经济的发展,世界各国的林业发展都经历破坏森林资源到恢复森林资源再到发展森林资源的过程,期间各国的林业政策都在不断的变化和完善。文章通过对日本、英国、美国等发达国家的林业主要政策进行分析研究,以期为我国林业政策的制定和完善起到借鉴和启示作用。     

乌兹别克斯坦林业发展现状

乌兹别克斯坦是新丝绸之路经济带上的重要国度, 了解乌兹别克斯坦林业发展动态对于加快中乌林业合作、推动中国林业可持续发展有着重要意义。文中介绍乌兹别克斯坦森林资源、林业法规政策、林业机构、森林经营、林产品生产贸易和林业科研教育等现状, 在此基础上总结乌兹别克斯坦林业发展的主要特点和问题, 展望中国与乌兹别克斯坦林业合作的良好前景。     

浅谈林业苗圃生产现状及发展趋势

近几年来,林业苗圃已成为林业发展的重要组成部分,随着社会进步,人们对美化环境、投资荒山造林的重视及小城镇建设提速,对苗木的需求量越来越大。随着苗木市场的升温,苗木经营部门必须转变以往的麻木思想,抓住机遇,完善"自我服务、自我协调、自我监督、自我保护"意识,在开发新品种,提高苗木质量上下功夫。     

生产集中与均衡生产是东北林区贮木场发展的必由之路

本文在进一步论述生产集中和均衡生产这两个设计原则以后，以内蒙古根河和阿里河两个贮木场的改造为实例，论证了在我国东内蒙古林区实施这两个原则的可行性，有效性和必要性，它能够极地压缩在面积，为发展机械化和自动化打下良好基础，大幅度提高劳动生产率，降低生产成本和增加立米产值。在此基础上，本文对极河与阿里河两个贮木场在工艺流程和工艺布局方面作了评述，认为根河贮木场的改造规划设计更体现了集中和均衡生产的原则。     

基于生态林业发展的程序化育苗技术

指出了受自然或人为因素的影响,林区土壤流失、空气污染、生态失衡等环境问题屡见不鲜,影响着人与自然的协同发展。为了更好地解决生态问题,从林业育苗技术规程出发,就程序化育苗推动生态林业发展,提出了相应的技术措施,以期实现生态林业建设中种苗资源的有效供应。     

上饶林业重点工程的种苗生产与管理之我见

在世纪之交 ,国家林业局从社会经济发展对林业的客观需求和国情林情出发 ,遵循自然规律和客观规律 ,围绕新时期林业建设的总体目标和任务 ,对以往实施和拟规划建设的林业重点工程进行了系统整合 ,提出了实施天然林资源保护、三北和长江中下游等防护林体系建设、退耕还林还草、环北京地区防沙治沙、野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设和重点地区速生丰产林基地建设等六大林业重点工程建设发展战略。省林业厅也在此基础上 ,依据江西的实际情况 ,相应调整为三大块六项工程。这次调整 ,将为我国林业带来巨大的经济潜力和发展动力 ,对新世纪我国林业…     

A Synthesis of the Available Evidence to Guide the Design of Mixed-Species Forest Plantings for Smallholder and Community Forestry

There is growing interest in using multi-species plantation systems when undertaking reforestation for timber production. Such plantations can have ecological and socio-economic advantages over those of traditional monocultures. Despite increasing evidence about the functional advantages of increasing species richness in reforestation, there are few silvicultural guidelines to assist in the design and management of multi-species plantings. This paper presents the results of a systematic assessment of previous studies of mixed-species plantings with a particular focus on their advantages and disadvantages for meeting the needs of rural smallholders and communities in tropical regions. Research on mixed-species plantations has increased in recent years. Many earlier studies were concerned with the capacity of mixed-species plantings to improve productivity or the nutritional impacts of mixtures. Many of these studies emphasised young plantations and mixtures of a few relatively fast-growing Acacia, Eucalyptus and Pinus species. More recent studies have explored a wider range of outcomes arising from using mixtures including on the supply of ecosystem services. Issues deserving further study concern the economic advantages or disadvantages of mixed-species plantations, how these plantations might be designed to suit various environmental and socio-economic situations, and how to manage older mixed-species plantations where the interactions between species may be different to those in younger plantations. There is also a need to explore how increased species richness may affect the capacity of new plantations to withstand damage from insect pests or disturbances such as storms or wildfire.     

我国林业主要政策与社区林业发展案例研究

选取江西省崇义县的主要林业政策与制度安排进行研究.利用崇义县6个乡35个农户的数据,采用非参数规划方法--数据包络分析(DEA),构造了投入型Malquist总要素生产率模型,计算农户效率变化.结果表明1980～2002年不论是全部产业还是林业产业的全要素生产率呈现出增长态势.全部产业全要素生产率增长的主要因素在于技术进步,而林业全要素生产率的增长以效率变化为主导.分析表明,进入20世纪90年代以后,造林面积和木材产量下降,主要原因在于木材税费过重.建议取消木材和其他林产品的农业特产税、育林基金制度等;尽快建立森林生态效益补偿制度;弱化政府在配置资源和分配剩余中的作用,采取稳定且属于诱致性的制度变迁方式,给农民一个稳定的制度变迁预期等来消除贫困.     

Moroccan Forestry Policies and Local Forestry Management in the High Atlas: A Cross Analysis of Forestry Administration and Local Institutions

This paper examines how local forestry management has evolved in the Aït Bougmez Valley (Central High Atlas, Morocco) in the last three decades and how this evolution has affected forest ecosystem conditions. It focuses on the impact of the forestry administration on ‘traditional forestry management’ since its introduction in 1985, and of recent innovation in forestry policy. The relatively new Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA) framework is applied, rather than a more ‘classical’ new institutional framework. This approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of both strategic interactions between various actors and ecological consequences of these interactions. An interesting empirical findings is that instead of a quite simple opposition between the forestry administration and local populations, negotiation opportunities exist that are taken by the actors. This leads to specific actor configurations and sometimes unexpected environmental outcomes, even if from a global point of view, forest stands have been seriously depleted over the last 40 years mainly due to exploitation by local population and the absence of economic alternative to forest exploitation. On the other hand, the implementation of a new policy tool in such a context has to be understood as an opportunity for new actors to take part in forest management rules definition.     

Enhancing Tree Seedling Supply to Smallholders in Leyte Province, Philippines: An Evaluation of the Production System of Government Nursery Sector and Support to Smallholder Tree Farmers

A decentralized seedling production is regarded as the most effective means of providing smallholders with planting materials. However, the sustainability of smallholder nursery operation is constrained by several factors, including the limited availability of germplasm, lack of technical skills and low seedling demand low viability of seedling market. The government nursery sector could complement the weaknesses of the smallholder nursery group but government nurseries are not operating effectively to enhance the availability of high quality seedlings of a wide species base for smallholder forestry. Seedling production in government nurseries is quantity-orientated with low emphasis on the production of high quality planting materials. Germplasm used in seedling production is mostly collected from unselected sources and seedlings produced are mostly of low physical quality. The species selection in government nurseries is heavily based on the availability of germplasm which resulted in the production of a few species which are commonly raised on private nurseries. The duplication of species of most seedlings raised in government nurseries with those produced in private nurseries and the far distance of government nurseries from the villages has resulted in low uptake of seedlings by smallholder tree farmers. For the government nursery sector to become more effective in providing support in the present paradigm of decentralized seeding production, a change from its production system and a broadening of the role it plays is needed. The social mobilization on seedling production as a scheme of implementing the Green Philippines Program has led the Department of Environment and Natural Resources to acknowledge the seedling production activity of private individual and communal nursery groups. This can be an opportunity for organizing the private and government nursery sectors to promote the operational effectiveness of the overall forest nursery industry.     

社区林业及其在四川的实践

本文探讨了社区林业的产生和发展过程，介绍了国内外社区林业发展的现状和经验，分析了四川的社区林业发展和取得较好效果的原因，指出了四川社区林业未来发展的目标：一是做好社区发展服务和为生态建设服务的工作；二是处理好社区林业发展与国家生态工程建设的关系；三是加大主区林业传播推广力度。     

Compiling Market and Other Financial Data on Smallholder Forestry in Leyte, the Philippines

Data collection and maintenance of databases concerning smallholder forestry presents special problems in developing countries. This paper examines forestry data collection experiences in a series of research projects in Leyte, Philippines, supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, and the prospects for developing forestry accounting networks. A variety of financial data have been collected in relation to seedling production, plantation performance and timber marketing. Seedling production cost and revenue data have been obtained through snapshot surveys conducted in 2002 and 2008, and repeated attempts have been made to estimate financial returns from growing the most popular tree species. Diverse sources have been identified for timber market information. On the supply side, these include government records of registered plantations, obtaining inventory data from barangay (community) leaders, and reporting information about timber available for harvest on community notice boards. On the demand side, official records of registered timber merchants have been accessed, a detailed survey of timber processors has been conducted, and estimates are being made of apparent per capita timber consumption by district. Experiences in the Philippines reinforce that the potential for forestry accounting networks is limited by the resource-constrained situations of developing countries, placing greater reliance on one-off surveys. Use of pre-existing local networks and institutional structures offers potential for routine collection of forestry data, such as through barangay (village) leaders in the Philippines.     

除草剂在林业育苗中的应用

除草剂不仅在农业上得到广泛的应用,目前林业上也在大量的使用,特别是在育苗过程中,因除草剂种类的选择和使用方法不当常出现各种各样的问题,影响了除草剂的使用效果,因此文章介绍了除草剂的种类、使用及注意事项。     

发展城市林业 建首府生态城市

以城市林业的基本概念，指出了呼和浩特市建设生态型城市的必要性和有利条件，并提出了在呼市建设以城市林业为基础的生态城市具体措施和方法。     

国际社会消除区域性贫困的林业实践及启示

森林资源既是一项重要资产,也是发展生产的重要资本。林业实践是改善民生、消除贫困的主要措施之一也已成为广泛的国际共识。文中介绍非洲、东南亚和亚马孙雨林等地区长期以来依靠林业消除区域性贫困的具体实践,并对实践经验进行归纳总结,包括中央与地方权力的有效协调及合理分配以及非木质林产品的有效利用;指出林业消除区域性贫困的过程具有差异性、长期性和挑战性等突出特征,且仍面临着经济社会发展与生态保护的矛盾始终存在、收入与福利分配不均等现实挑战;提出对中国推进消除区域性贫困林业实践的启示,包括持续创新森林资源严格约束下的非木质林产品经营模式、持续探索生态文明建设背景下的民生林业实践模式以及持续探索和创新森林生态补偿实践模式。     

Land Degradation Control Policies and Practices in Canada and Its Implications to China

Land degradation is one of the significant environmental problems in both China and Canada, which seriously threatens the sustainable development of national economy and society of both countries.This paper introduced some policies, regulations and department coordination mechanisms of land resource management,restoration/ rehabilitation of degraded land,forest resources management,agricultural environmental protection and mineral area land reclamation in Canada.Some practices,experiences and effects in land degradation control of Canada were listed and analyzed.Finally,it was suggested that the successful experiences of Canada in technology,policy and management for land degradation control should be learned for improving efficiency of land degradation in China’s western region.     

加拿大土地退化防治政策和措施及其对我国的启示

土地退化是中国和加拿大共同存在的重大环境问题之一,严重地威胁着两国社会和经济的可持续发展。文中在介绍加拿大的土地资源管理、退化土地恢复、森林资源管理、农业环境保护和矿区复垦等政策制度和部门协调机制的基础上,列举并分析加拿大实施的退化土地防治措施、经验和成效,指出我国应借鉴加拿大在技术、政策和管理等方面的经验,以提高我国西部地区土地退化防治效率。     

欧洲八国林业税费

《世界林业研究》为国家一级刊物 ,是由国家林业局科技委和国家林业局科技情报中心共同主办的综合性学术期刊。本刊为双月刊 ,每期 80页 ,全年定价 48元。国内外统一发行 ,邮发代号 :1 8- 1 2 9。欢迎广大读者随时订阅。本刊的宗旨是为林业部门决策提供科学依据 ,为全国各林业科研实体的研究人员、各高等林业院校的师生以及各林业企业的管理人员提供具有参考价值的文献和资料。设有“综合述评”、“专题论述”、“各国林业”、“问题探讨”、“林业动态”和“统计资料”等栏目。主要报道世界各国在发展林业各学科时所采取的政策法规、实施途…