蕨类植物里白的群落学特征分析

调查表明,浙江省临安市大溪村里白所处群落共有种子植物69种,隶属38科59属,其中热带类型24属,温带类型32属。按Ruankiaer生活型统计,高位芽植物占90.7%,地上芽植物占2.7%,地下芽植物占5.3%,一年生植物占1.3%。叶级以中型叶为主,占66.7%;叶型以单叶比例最大,占84.0%;叶质以草质叶为优势,占57.3%;全缘叶种类占总种数的57.3%,非全缘叶种类占42.7%。群落结构可分为乔木层,灌木层和草本层。该群落的多样性指数较高,Simpson指数平均值为0.778,Shannon-wiener指数平均值为2.258,群落均匀度平均值为0.783。     

广东象头山国家级自然保护区红花荷植物群落特征分析

广东象头山国家级自然保护区处于我国南亚热带常绿阔叶林地带,有一定面积的红花荷群落分布。调查结果表明,红花荷群落的组成种类丰富,1 600 m2样地有维管植物95种;科、属区系以热带性成分为主;生活型以高位芽为主,有56种,占总数的58.9%,其中,大、中高位芽33种,占高位芽的58.9%,常绿性高位芽53种,占高位芽的94.6%;群落层次结构可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间层,比例为36.8%,24.2%,17.9%,21.1%,乔木层比例最高,层间植物较多,这些均说明红花荷为喜温暖、湿润、对生态环境要求较高的植物。红花荷林是我国南亚热带常绿阔叶林类型中较特殊的群落,应加以保护和利用。     

贵州省纳雍县珙桐群落研究

以贵州省纳雍县珙桐群落为研究对象,分析了群落的物种组成、外貌、结构。结果表明,该群落中共有35科43属45种植物;外貌主要由革质、单叶、中型叶和非全缘叶为主的落叶小高位芽植物景观所决定,结构分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间植物层。     

濒危植物篦子三尖杉的群落特征

研究了云南、贵州和江西自然分布的8个篦子三尖杉群落。群落共有微管属植物108科,235属,336种。篦子三尖杉在群落中是主要层的共优种或伴生种,但随着生境条件不一致,这些篦子三尖杉生长地的植物群落类型也各不相同。群落组成上以樟科和蔷薇科等为主要优势科,山胡椒属和荚蒾属等属为主要优势属,伊桐、灯台树、木姜子、八角枫、短梗大参、大叶方竹、毛竹等是主要优势种;群落外貌特征同亚热带常绿阔叶林近似,生活型组成以高位芽植物为主, 高位芽植物(Ph.)、地上芽植物(Ch.)、地面芽植物(H.)、隐芽植物(Cr.)和一年生植物(Th.)分别占62.78%、12.67%、9.73%、12.29%和2.53%。叶级以微型叶为主(68.49%),无大型叶和巨型叶。叶质以纸质叶所占比例最大(55.89%),膜质叶最小(4.93%)。叶型以单叶为主(76.99%),全缘叶和非全缘叶近相等;从群落结构上看,8个群落的乔灌木个体在水平空间均呈集群分布状态,而群落以高于3.5 m以上的层次在群落中占优势, 平均盖度为68.71%。从目前的静态生命表看,道真县、江口县、台江县、镇远县的篦子三尖杉种群属于增长型种群,而芦溪县、凯里市、屏边县和新平县的种群属于稳定型种群;此外,不同群落之间具有物种多样性水平明显不同,群落之间的共有种少,相似程度较低等特点。     

上海人工常绿阔叶林群落学特征及多样性研究

对上海人工常绿阔叶林群落特征进行了调查,分析了这些林分群落的植物组成、结构、性质,并计算了各主要种群的相对密度、相对频度、相对显著度及重要值。结果表明,该群落种类组成有40科73属76种,以草本植物占数量优势。乔木层中香樟和杜英为优势树种;生活型组成则以一年生植物和高位芽植物占显著优势(占36.84%和32.89%)。群落各层的植物多样性指数次序为草本层灌木层乔木层。     

福建闽江源国家级自然保护区长柄石杉群落结构与物种多样性分析

对福建闽江源国家级自然保护区长柄石杉群落的植物组成、生活型谱、垂直结构和物种多样性进行了调查分析,结果表明:群落有维管植物83科154属198种,生活型谱显示群落包括藤本在内的高位芽植物占总种数的66.67%,其中以小高位芽和矮高位芽植物占优势;地下芽也占一定比例,达14.14%,且以蕨类植物为主。群落垂直结构分化明显,分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层。物种丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数分析表明:群落草本层与灌木层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数明显大于乔木层与层外层,而群落各层次的均匀度无显著差异。     

乌冈栎群落生活型谱及叶相分析

通过野外调查,对不同分布区的乌冈栎群落生活型谱及叶相进行了分析。结果表明,各地乌冈栎群落在生活型谱和叶相具有较高的相似性。生活型以矮高位芽(30%~58.18%)和小高位芽(36.36%~50.77%)为主,整体上各地常绿植物比例要高于落叶植物。叶相分析表明,中小型叶、单叶、革质叶、全缘叶和渐尖叶在群落中具有较高的比重。有将近1/3~1/2植物叶表面被毛。整个群落林层简单、低矮等特征与典型的亚热带常绿阔叶林有一定的区别。     

滇西北亚高山不同退化群落植物生活型的特征研究

以滇西北香格里拉亚高山的极度退化、重度退化、中度退化、轻度退化和未退化的5类森林群落为研究对象,采用典型样地法设置样地,测定其群落内植物的生活型特征.研究结果表明,滇西北亚高山不同程度退化林地中植物生活型由中高位芽、小高位芽、矮高位芽、地上芽、地面芽、地下芽、1年生植物共7大类组成.其中以地面芽植物占绝对优势;1年生植物、中高位芽植物和地下芽植物所占比例最小,未发现达到30 m的大高位芽植物.随着群落退化程度的减低,物种丰富度呈现先增加后下降的趋势;中高位芽和小高位芽植物显著增加.随着林地退化程度的加剧,地面芽植物的比例大幅度上升,并成为植物生活型组成的绝对优势成分.     

普定县天龙山喀斯特森林群落植物多样性对比研究

以贵州省普定县天龙山的喀斯特森林原生群落为研究对象,分析了群落的物种组成、外貌、结构。结果表明,该群落中共有26科33属40种植物;外貌主要由革质、单叶、中型叶和全缘叶为主的常绿高位芽植物景观所决定,结构分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间植物层。植物多样性的香隆-威纳(Shannon-wiene)r指数(H)为1.33,辛普森(Simpson)指数(D)为0.93,明显大于灌木林群落、灌丛群落和灌草群落的相应指标。     

广东银瓶山森林公园浙江润楠群落结构与物种多样性研究

通过样方调查,对广东银瓶山森林公园的浙江润楠(Machilus chekiangensis)群落的群落特征和物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:(1)在1600m2的样地内共有维管束植物58科85属107种;(2)群落以浙江润楠为建群种,优势地位明显;年龄结构显示其种群可能处于受干扰后的恢复阶段;(3)群落植物以小高位芽植物为主,叶以单叶、纸质、全缘叶、中小型叶为主;按Raunkiaer标准,群落内的种群频度为1%～20%的种类占优势;(4)群落成层现象明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层及藤本层,对群落物种多样性分析发现,Margalef指数的大小顺序为:灌木层>乔木层>草本层>藤本层,Simpson指数和Shannon-Wiener指数的的大小顺序均为:灌木层>乔木层>藤本层>草本层,Pielou指数的大小顺序为:藤本层>灌木层>草本层>乔木层。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.