双Bt基因提高青花菜对菜粉蝶和小菜蛾抗性

以青花菜（Brassica oleracea L.ssp.italica）下胚轴为外植体,通过农杆菌介导的遗传转化方法将苏云金芽胞杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis）晶体毒蛋白基因Cry1Ac和Cry1C分别导入青花菜栽培品种绿彗星中,各获得35株卡那霉素抗性植株。分别以Cry1Ac和Cry1C特异引物对转基因植株进行PCR扩增,结果得到27株Cry1Ac阳性植株和13株Cry1C阳性植株。以目的基因Cry1Ac和Cry1C为探针,进行Southernblot分析,证明多数植株目的基因已经整合到青花菜基因组中。对含有单拷贝目的基因植株自交纯合后通过有性杂交获得带有Cry1Ac和Cry1C双价的转基因青花菜。利用RT-PCR检测Bt基因在转基因植株中的表达情况,发现不同株系间在RNA水平上存在显著的表达差异,部分株系中双价Bt同时得到表达。ELISA检测转基因植株Bt毒蛋白含量为0.12～0.82μg/gFW。结合室内和田间饲虫试验,证明抗虫效果与Bt毒蛋白表达水平正相关。通过多世代选择,获得高抗菜粉蝶（Pieris rapae L.）和小菜蛾（Plutella xylostella L.）的纯合转基因青花菜材料。双价抗虫基因共同作用,提高了青花菜的抗虫性。     

福建漳浦野生稻稻瘟病抗性鉴定评价和抗性基因检测

为挖掘和利用福建漳浦普通野生稻稻瘟病抗性资源,采用自然诱发对福建漳浦普通野生稻2个居群(石湖潭和古糖)67份材料的苗瘟、叶瘟和穗瘟进行抗性鉴定评价,并用Pi9、Pid2、Pi5、Pi2、Pi54和Pikm共6个抗性基因的功能标记分析基因型。结果表明,不同时期病级差异明显,变异系数在31.65%~43.46%之间,苗期平均病级为7.51,分糵期和成熟期平均病级分别为5.15和5.84,2个自然居群3个时期的稻瘟病抗性差异不显著,筛选出M1044、M2010和M2016共3份表现中抗(3级)的材料。漳浦野生稻稻瘟病总体抗性差,易感稻瘟病。苗瘟与叶瘟呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.82;穗颈瘟与苗瘟和叶瘟呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.33和0.41。67份材料中,4份含有稻瘟病Pi9抗性基因、17份含有Pi5抗性基因、23份含有Pi54抗性基因、2份含有Pikm抗性基因,均不含Pi2、Pid2这2个抗性基因;材料含有的抗性基因数量在0~3个之间,其中有30份材料不含所检测的抗性基因,29份材料含1个抗性基因,7份材料含2个抗性基因,1份材料含3个抗性基因。本研究结果为漳浦野生稻资源的深入挖掘和利用提供了一定的理论参考。     

阿维菌素抗性小菜蛾的RAPD和SCAR标记

Black et al．（1992）利用RAPD（random amplified polymorphic DNA）技术对四种蚜虫进行了鉴别比较；Kambhampiti et al．（1992）将RAPD技术用于鉴定和区别蚊子的种和种群：Heckel et al．（1995）对小菜蛾抗Bt品系和敏感品系的基因组DNA进行了RAPD标记研究，获得了118条抗性品系特有的扩增带。目前有关应用RAPD对阿维菌素抗性小菜蛾进行标记研究未见文献报道。本研究拟采用RAPD技术寻找阿维菌素抗性小菜蛾特异性片段，并将其转化为更稳定的SCAR（Sequence-charactcrized amplified region）检测标记，旨在为建立实用的阿维菌素抗性小菜蛾分子检测技术提供基本资料。     

无抗性标记基因转基因植物研究进展

植物转基因研究中抗生素和除草剂抗性标记基因可以提高转化体的筛选效率。然而，对抗性标记基因潜在的生物安全性疑虑阻碍了植物转基因研究的发展和应用。解决抗性标记基因安全性问题的策略有标记回避和标记剔除两类，前者是在转化阶段不使用抗性标记基因或采用安全标记基因筛选转基因植株；后者则采用抗性标记基因筛选获得转化体后剔除标记基因。无抗性标记基因转基因植物不仅促进转基因技术的发展，而且缓解潜在的生物安全问题。     

长三角地区粳稻种质的稻瘟病抗性基因鉴定及其抗性评价

已克隆的抗稻瘟病基因Pi9、Pib、Pi5、Pita、Pi2、Pikh、Pikm和Pigm对稻瘟病菌表现广谱抗性,这些基因已广泛应用于水稻抗稻瘟病育种.为了明确长三角地区粳稻的抗稻瘟病基因分布及其抗性表现,利用上述8个抗病基因的功能标记对52份粳稻种质进行抗病基因检测.同时,利用江苏省2019年稻瘟病菌代表菌株2019...     

土壤抗生素抗性基因研究进展及热点分析

抗生素抗性基因（Antibiotic resistance genes，ARGs）的产生和传播对全球公共健康产生巨大威胁。土壤作为ARGs的重要储存库和介质，已引起众多学者广泛关注。为全面了解土壤ARGs相关领域的研究进展及热点，本研究利用可视化软件VOSviewer和CiteSpace，基于Web of Science数据库，对2013–2022年发表的土壤ARGs领域相关文献进行计量学分析。结果表明，土壤ARGs相关研究的发文数量和被引频次逐年上升。我国在土壤ARGs领域的发文量最高，占总发文量的61.40%，且与澳大利亚、美国等27个国家合作紧密。四环素和磺胺嘧啶为该领域重点关注的抗生素类型；大肠杆菌作为模式菌一直是土壤ARGs领域备受关注的微生物类型。不同时期土壤ARGs研究热点存在明显差异：初期关注的重点方向为ARGs的认识和定量，随后引起较多关注的是ARGs源解析及其与微生物的内在联系，而对ARGs传播扩散和归趋相关研究已成为现今科学家关注和研究的热点。     

星豹蛛对小菜蛾捕食作用的电泳检测研究

本研究应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对星豹蛛雌雄蛛(Pardosa astrigera)捕食猎物小菜蛾(Plutella ma-culipennis Curtis)前后酯酶同工酶的变化进行了电泳分析。结果表明,在星豹蛛体内可以检测到被捕食猎物的特有酯酶同工酶酶带,且雌蛛最佳检测时间为捕食后3～6h,雄蛛为6～9h,猎物在星豹蛛雌蛛体内的消化时间短于雄     

小麦条锈病抗性基因定位及分子标记技术研究进展

条锈病流行对小麦生产造成巨大损失,选育和种植持久抗性品种是防治小麦条锈病最经济有效的策略。为达到多基因聚合培育持久抗病品种的目标,必须不断发掘抗病种质、解析其抗病遗传机制并开发分子标记。基于文献,对条锈病抗性基因发掘涉及的抗病性、分子标记、基因定位方法和定位进展及其在育种中的应用进行了综述,明确了小麦条锈病基因定位涉及技术的现状、局限性及优势,从而为后续的条锈病抗性基因发掘、多基因聚合和持久抗性小麦品种的选育与生产布局提供技术指导,以降低西北麦区和小麦主产区条锈病流行的频率,进一步促进国家粮食安全。     

小菜蛾类钙粘蛋白cDNA片段的克隆和序列分析

鳞翅目昆虫中肠刷状缘膜囊泡（brush border membrane vesicles，BBMV）有两类能与Cryl毒素结合的受体蛋白，一类是氨基肽酶N（APN），另一类是类钙粘蛋白（cadherin-like protein）。Gahan等（2001）报道了烟芽夜蛾中肠类钙粘蛋白基因失活导致了烟芽夜蛾（Heliothis viresce）对Bt毒素CrylA产生了高抗性，引起了各国科研人员的关注。近年来，先后有多种昆虫类钙粘蛋白基因被克隆和测序（Gahan et al．，2001：Morin et al．，2003）。     

诱捕器和诱虫板组合对露地甘蓝小菜蛾成虫的诱捕效果

为了有效控制小菜蛾的发生和危害。以甘蓝为试材,研究了不同颜色诱捕器和诱虫板组合对露地甘蓝小菜蛾成虫的诱捕效果。结果表明,4种组合处理对露地甘蓝小菜蛾成虫均有较好的诱捕效果,诱捕效果由高到低依次为白色诱捕器＋白色诱虫板组合、白色诱捕器＋黄色诱虫板组合、绿色诱捕器＋白色诱虫板组合、绿色诱捕器＋黄色诱虫板组合。白色边框诱捕器＋白色诱虫板组合可作为露地甘蓝小菜蛾成虫绿色防控措施在生产上应用。     

多杀菌素对小菜蛾及其天敌的毒力研究

研究评价多杀菌素(菜喜)对小菜蛾及其主要天敌的毒力结果表明,菜喜对小菜蛾具有很高的毒力和良好的田间防治效果,菜喜对青翅蚁型隐翅虫和菜蛾绒茧蜂具有直接杀伤作用,其1000倍稀释液24h使菜蛾绒茧蜂死亡率达62.2%,36h死亡率达88.7%,药液直接处理寄生蜂茧或饲喂均导致很高的死亡率,但对拟环纹狼蛛影响较小。多杀菌素对小菜蛾有很好的控制效果,但对小菜蛾天敌,特别是寄生蜂有相当的负面影响。     

广西不同地区小菜蛾对杀虫剂的敏感性研究

采用浸叶法在室内测定了广西5个菜区的小菜蛾种群对13种杀虫剂的敏感性.结果表明,这5个小菜蛾种群对印楝素和氟虫腈的敏感性最高,LC50值在0.08～0.26 mg/L之间;对苏云金杆菌、多杀菌素、溴虫腈、阿维菌素和定虫隆也具有较高的敏感性,LC50值在0.30～16.39 mg/L之间;而对辛硫磷、杀虫双、毒死蜱和敌敌畏的敏感性较低,LC50值在319.74～8 133.98 mg/L之间;对灭多威和杀螟丹的敏感性极低,已无法建立这两种杀虫剂对南宁安吉和石埠种群的毒力回归方程.不同地区小菜蛾种群对苏云金杆菌和毒死蜱的敏感性差异最大,超过6倍;其次为灭多威、杀虫双和定虫隆,种群敏感性差异达4～6倍;而不同种群对辛硫磷和溴虫腈的敏感性几乎没有差异.     

Proteomic identification of a novel toxin protein (Txp40) from Xenorhabdus nematophila and its insecticidal activity against larvae of Plutella xylostella

For the identification of a novel insecticidal protein, a two-dimensional liquid chromatography (PF-2D) system was used in a quantitative proteomic analysis of Xenorhabdus nematophila CBNU strain isolated from entomophagous nematode Steinernema carpocapsae . Protein patterns obtained from minimum and maximum insecticidal activities during cultivation were contrasted, and a novel toxin protein (Txp40) was identified by MALDI-TOF/MS. The DNA sequence of the cloned toxin gene (1089 bp) has an open reading frame encoding 363 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 41162 Da. The txp40 identified in this study is most closely related to the known txp40 cloned from X. nematophila EB (ADQ92844) with 94.4% identical sequence residues. Following the expression of the newly identified toxin gene in Escherichia coli , the insecticidal activity of the recombinant toxin protein was determined against Plutella xylostella larvae; a 56.7% mortality rate was observed within 24 h.     

Conservation of the jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus (L.))

The jackass penguin Spheniscus demersus (L.) is confined to the coastal waters of southern Africa, and breeds on 18 islands predominantly within the region of the cold, nutrient rich Benguella current. Since the early 1900s the species' population has declined in numbers of unknown magnitude. The decline appears to be continuing, although the absence of reliable census data precludes an accurate measurement of the rate of change. The initial fall in numbers was undoubtedly due to severe disturbance of nesting birds and excessive commercial exploitation of eggs. The average annual egg crop for the period 1900-30 exceeded 450,000 eggs from Dassen Island alone. Egg collection has been suspended temporarily, but the species now appears to be threatened by oil pollution, and by competition with a pelagic shoal fish industry. Threats to breeding colonies are posed by harbour developments. These factors are discussed and evaluated. South African marine organisms are considered officially to be an economic resource and are heavily exploited. Legislation governing the control of this resource is the concern of the Ministry for Economic Affairs. There is no provision for any government body to investigate the status and biology of economically insignificant, but yet integral, components of the marine ecosystem. The major priority of conservations is to safeguard the jackass penguin population at its present level. This includes proclamation of several offshore islands and their surroundings as national nature reserves. We consider current efforts to rescue, clean and rehabilitate oiled seabirds as contributing little to conservation in real terms, even though the activity has an important humanitarian and educational function. Research priorities include a comprehensive census of the jackass penguin and other seabird populations in southern Africa; a study of mortality and recruitment, with particular attention to factors affecting the rates of these processes; a study of the dynamics of the penguin/prey interaction, with special reference to the possible effects of competition with the pelagic fishing industry; an evaluation of the degree of disturbance that nesting penguins can tolerate; an investigation into the temporal and spatial patterns of oil pollution incidents, oil slick occurrence and movement, and the development of methods of keeping birds away from oil slicks; and, lastly, an evaluation of the efficacy of rehabilitating oiled penguins as a contribution to maintaining or increasing the current jackass penguin population. The responsibility for these projects rests with the South African government.     

Behavioral responses of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, to green leaf volatiles of Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) from Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata L. have been identified as 1-hexanol, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexen-3-ol, hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, hexyl acetate, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, by their mass spectra and retention times in comparison with authentic samples. No isothiocyanates were found in the extract. The activity of these chemicals has been determined on mated and unmated males and females of the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella in the laboratory (wind tunnel) and in the field. On unmated males, mixtures of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (E)-2-hexenal, and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol with the pheromone induced attractant/arresting behavior in 80-100% of the males tested, significantly higher than the effect induced by the pheromone alone. On mated males and unmated females the effect of the GLVs alone or in combination with the pheromone was poor, while on mated females these compounds elicited upwind flight and arresting behavior in 40-60% of the females assayed. There was no synergism when these chemicals were mixed with the pheromone. In the field, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, the most active GLV in laboratory tests, when mixed with the pheromone in 1:1 ratio, enhanced 6-7-fold the number of females and 20-30% the number of males caught by traps over those baited with the pheromone alone. Our results indicate that the enhancement of the attraction of both males and females of the DBM to traps baited with pheromone blended with the relatively inexpensive and environmentally safe (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate may be important for future control strategies of the pest.     

Elevated atmospheric CO(2) affects the chemical quality of brassica plants and the growth rate of the specialist, Plutella xylostella, but not the generalist, Spodoptera littoralis

Cabbage, Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (cv. Lennox and Rinda), and oilseed rape, Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (cv. Valo and Tuli), plants were grown under ambient CO(2) (360 ppm) or elevated CO(2) (720 ppm) at 23/18 degrees C and under a photoperiod of 22/2 h light (250 micromol m(-)(2) s(-)(1))/dark regime for up to 5 weeks. Afterward, the performance of the crucifer specialist Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and the generalist Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on those plants was studied. The mean relative growth rate (RGR) of P. xylostella larvae, feeding on both cultivars of oilseed rape or on the Lennox cultivar of cabbage leaves grown at an elevated CO(2) concentration, was significantly reduced as compared to ambient CO(2). A negative larval growth rate at elevated CO(2) was observed for P. xylostella on both oilseed rape cultivars, but the growth rate was reduced but positive on cabbage. Conversely, the RGR of S. littoralis on either plant species was not affected by CO(2) treatment but was lower on cabbage cv. Rinda than on cv. Lennox. The mortality of the larvae was not affected by CO(2) treatment either. At the same time, elevated CO(2) significantly decreased the concentrations of leaf phytochemical constituents in oilseed rape, i.e., total phenolics and total nitrogen, but not in cabbage. The effect of elevated CO(2) on the leaf glucosinolate concentrations of both plant species was marginal. In addition, the observed significant changes in individual glucosinolate concentrations of oilseed rape leaves were not consistent among cultivars. However, our results demonstrate for the first time quite strong effects of CO(2) enrichment on the larval performance of P. xylostella, which is an important pest of Brassica plants around the world. Further studies are still required to increase our understanding of why elevated CO(2) differently affects the performance of specialist and generalist insect herbivores on Brassica plants.