人工智能技术在桑病虫预测预报中的应用

作者利用自己研制的开发的KX－Ⅱ型人工神经网络软件，对桑疫病秋季发病率、黄叶虫春季发生盛期等进行了预测。     

人工神经网络在旅游人数预测中的应用研究

旅游市场趋势预测是旅游业发展战略和旅游规划与开发工作的重要基础依据,是旅游市场研究中最重要的内容之一。本文基于人工神经网络方法,提出使用遗传算法对人工神经网络进行优化,进而进行预测,探索更精确、更适用于旅游市场预测现实状况的预测方法。     

基于人工神经网络的狼尾草属牧草品质近红外光谱预测研究

本研究利用近红外光谱通过人工神经网络(Artificial neural network, ANN)建立狼尾草属(Pennisetum Rich)牧草水分、粗蛋白、木质素、酸性/中性洗涤纤维及灰分含量的预测模型。结果表明：基于人工神经网络的狼尾草属牧草品质预测模型总体优于全光谱偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型效果。在人工神经网络的方向传播(BP)网络模型中,6项表征牧草品质指标的校正均方根误差(RMSEC)、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)均显著低于PLS模型,同时校正集决定系数(R■)、预测集决定系数(R■)显著提高,除灰分含量预测不理想外,其他预测效果均理想。同时人工神经网络的BP网络对于近红外光谱的非线性数据具有良好的拟合能力,其预测模型对于指导狼尾草属牧草品质预测和分级管理研究具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于神经网络土壤水分预测研究

土壤水分预测是天气预报的一个重要指标,是径流预报、农田灌溉和排水等问题的重要参考因素,一直以来都是广大气象学者研究的重点.本文利用人工神经网络的方法建立土壤水分预测模型,对田间土壤水分进行预测研究.预测结果表明:应用人工神经网络建立的土壤水分预测数学模型适用于土壤水分预测,能够比较准确的对田间土壤水分值进行预测,具有较好的预测精度.     

人工神经网络进行市政负荷预测分析

应用人工神经网络预测市政设施负荷(燃气量),并在预测结果的基础上,结合工程实际,分析预测误差分布特点及其原因,提出提高预测精度的几个改进方向。     

基于NeuroSolutions神经网络软件预测猪瘟发病风险

目的:猪瘟的发生严重影响生猪养殖业的经济效益,准确地预测猪瘟的发病率对猪场本身以及相关监测部门预防猪瘟具有较好的指导作用。方法:运用NeuroSolutions人工神经网络软件对龙岩市部分猪场的猪瘟发病率进行了拟合和预测。结果:表明预测模型具有较好的适应性,能够准确地用于猪瘟发病率的预测。结论:猪瘟发病率的预测对龙岩地区部分猪场猪瘟的预防具有一定的指导作用。     

基于光谱技术和模式快速鉴别家蚕品种的初探

初步研究了基于可见-近红外光谱技术和模式识别快速鉴别家蚕品种的方法。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)进行模式特征分析,完成特征提取后,将获得的主成分作为神经网络的输入变量,建立了三层反向传播人工神经网络(BPANN)。试验采取4个品种的蚕种,应用所建立的PLS-BP模型对样本进行分析预测,准确率接近100%。     

基于多层感知机的绵羊限性性状基因组选择模拟研究

旨在将多层感知机(multilayer perceptron, MLP)应用于绵羊限性性状基因组选择中，并在多种情况下与其他经典基因组选择方法进行比较分析。本研究利用Qmsim软件模拟2个绵羊群体Pop1和Pop2的表型数据和基因型数据。在MLP中使用人工神经网络(artificial neural network, ANN),线性模型中使用约束性最大似然法(residual maximum likelihood, REML)估计不同群体的遗传参数。利用Python语言自编MLP模型，利用DMU软件实现最佳线性无偏预测(best linear unbiased prediction, BLUP)、基因组最佳线性无偏预测(genomic BLUP)和一步法(single-step GBLUP, SSGBLUP)模型，评估不同情况下各方法遗传力(heritability,h²)和育种值估计方面的差异。各情况下，MLP和SSGBLUP均显著(P<0.05)优于GBLUP和BLUP。在3种情况下MLP的h²估值与SSGBLUP差异不显著：h     

中红外光谱预测牛奶及奶产品成分含量的回归模型及其特点

牛奶中各种成分含量是影响牛奶品质的重要因素,也是决定其价格的重要因素之一,高品质的牛奶和奶产品往往对人们的健康具有重要的意义。而具有高效低成本的中红外光谱(MIR)已逐渐成为奶产品品质检测的有效新方法。十多年来,欧美发达国家已利用MIR建立了牛奶和奶产品中脂肪酸、蛋白质、矿物质等成分含量预测模型,并投入生产使用。然而,我国在利用MIR预测牛奶中成分的研究较晚、没有得到有效应用。在建立模型的过程中,可选择较多的建模方法,其中回归建模方法的正确选用是决定模型预测能力的关键所在,而正确的预测方法往往意味着更高的预测精度和更强的泛化能力。偏最小二乘法(PLS)、最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)、人工神经网络(ANN)以及贝叶斯回归(Bayes-R)因为其各自不同的优点已成为目前使用较多的几种预测方法。本文对这些方法及其特征进行介绍和总结。     

基于人工神经网络的人口预测

近年来我国的人口总数仍持续增高,老龄化进程加速,从而导致的抚养比不断提高,对社会保障体系和公共服务体系的压力加大,并影响到社会代际关系的和谐。对人口数量的准确预测可以为制定社会经济可持续发展计划提供重要依据。文中将BP神经网络应用于人口预测,采用Matlab的神经网络工具箱函数建立神经网络预测模型。数值试验结果表明,基于人工神经网络的人口预测模型是行之有效的。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein