Effects of water exchange regimes on growth, survival and shell normality of the hatchery reared juvenile spotted babylon (Babylonia areolata Link 1807) in a recirculating seawater system

Growth, survival and shell normality of hatchery reared juvenile Babylonia areolata were examined at four water exchange regimes of 0, 15, 30 and 60 day intervals in a recirculating seawater system over a 120 day experimental period. Higher body weight gains and shell length increments were observed in snails held at water exchange of 15 day intervals, especially when compared with those held at water exchange of 60 and 0 day intervals (P < 0.05). Water exchange affected the final survival of B. areolata. At the end of the experiment, final survival rates were 65.47 ± 0.66%, 87.48 ± 0.67%, 86.34 ± 0.92% and 78.50 ± 3.26% for snails held in the water exchange treatments of 0, 15, 30, and 60 day intervals, respectively, and those of shell abnormality were 97.65 ± 1.04%, 93.09 ± 2.34%, 97.08 ± 1.18% and 96.71 ± 1.84%, respectively. The present study concluded that water exchange regimes of the recirculating system influenced growth, survival, shell normality and water quality of the recirculating culture system for this species.     

Growth and water quality for growing-out of juvenile spotted Babylon, Babylonia areolata, at different water-exchange regimes in a large-scale operation of earthen ponds

Growth and water quality for growing-out of juvenile spotted Babylon, Babylonia areolata, were determined at three water-exchange regimes of 7-, 15- and 30-day intervals in large-scale operation of earthen ponds over a 5-month period. Results showed that growth was significantly different among the water-exchange treatments (P < 0.05). The higher body weight gains and shell length increments were observed in snails held at water exchange of 7- and 15-day intervals when compared with those held at water exchange of 30-day intervals. At the end of the experiment, average body weight gains were 4.22, 3.73 and 2.77 g for snails held in water-exchange treatments of 7-, 15- and 30-day intervals, respectively, and 16.63, 15.04 and 13.78 mm for those of shell length increments, respectively, The average final survivals were 83.60, 80.90 and 74.20% for snails held in water-exchange treatments of 7-, 15- and 30-day intervals, respectively. Seawater temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrite–nitrogen and ammonia–nitrogen had gradually changed throughout the culture period for all water-exchange treatments. With one exception, the total alkalinity showed the greatest changes during the culture period for all water-exchange treatments ranging from 58.67–97.50 mg/l.     

饥饿与再投喂对方斑东风螺生长、基本营养成分及RNA/DNA比值的影响

在(25.8±1.7)℃条件下,测定了方斑东风螺(5.25±0.53)g在不同时间(7、15、25和40d)饥饿处理后再投饵30d过程中的生长参数、基本营养成分及组织RNA/DNA比值的变化。饥饿状态下,螺体水分含量逐渐上升,第15天时显著高于对照组;脂肪与糖原含量均下降,并分别于饥饿15d、25d时显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而蛋白质含量在不同处理组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);足肌与肝胰脏中RNA/DNA比值均随饥饿时间延长而逐渐降低。恢复生长后,除饥饿40d组含水量显著高于对照组外(P<0.05),该组其余营养成分及其它各组相应指标均恢复至或接近对照组;RNA/DNA比值除在饥饿40d组肝胰脏中仍较低外均接近或显著高于对照组。各组幼螺摄食率(FR)均高于或显著高于对照组(P<0.05),体重增量、食物转化率(FCE)在前3处理组及特殊生长率(SGR)在饥饿7d与25d组均与对照组间无显著差异(P>0.05),而饥饿15d组的SGR显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饥饿40d组尽管FR显著提高,但体重增量、FCE及SGR均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,方斑东风螺幼螺饥饿时主要消耗脂肪与糖原...     

饲料中胆碱对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长性能、体成分和血清抗氧化机能的影响

为研究饲料中胆碱对大口黑鲈幼鱼生长性能、体成分以及血清抗氧化机能的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0 (对照组)、700、1 400、2 100和2 800 mg/kg的氯化胆碱,配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料(胆碱实测含量分别为2 369.57、2 716.90、2 993.49、3 443.60和3 799.05 mg/kg),分别投喂初始体质量为(20.00±0.10) g的大口黑鲈幼鱼56 d。结果显示,实验鱼的增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR)随着饲料中氯化胆碱添加量的提高呈先升后降的变化,在添加量为2 100 mg/kg的饲料组均达到最大值,显著高于对照组;饲料中添加氯化胆碱对实验鱼的存活率(SR)、肝体比(HSI)、脏体比(VSI)和肥满度(CF)无显著影响。当氯化胆碱添加量达到2 100 mg/kg饲料及以上时,鱼体肌肉和肝脏的粗脂肪含量均显著低于对照组。相比于对照组,添加1 400～2 800 mg/kg氯化胆碱组的鱼体血清中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著提高,血清中丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著降低;氯化胆碱添加量为2...     

光因子对方斑东风螺胚胎和幼虫发育的影响

为研究光因子对方斑东风螺胚胎受精孵化过程的影响,实验采用析因实验设计法研究了光照强度、光质和光周期等不同光条件对方斑东风螺胚胎发育过程中受精率(FR)、孵化率(HR)和变态率(MR)的影响,通过回归模型,优化光条件,找到利于胚胎发育的最佳光质、光强和光周期。结果显示,不同光质条件下,光照强度和光周期一次效应、交互效应和二次效应均呈显著水平,三者存在互作效应。在绿光条件下,光照强度为13.70μmol/(m2·s),光照时间为15.54 h时,其FR、HR和MR达到最优值,其值分别为91.36%、88.64%和92.02%,优化后绿光促进东风螺胚胎发育效果最为明显,其次是红光和白光。在蓝光条件下,其光照强度和光周期任意组合水平下FR、HR和MR与其他光质比较均较低,且随着光照强度增加和光照时间延长,三项指标值下降越明显,因而表明蓝光对胚胎发育起到抑制作用。实验表明,合适的光照强度和光周期能与光质协同作用,可以提高方斑东风螺育苗效率和苗种品质。     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate on growth of juvenile New Zealand rock lobsters, Jasus edwardsii

The commercial aquaculture of spiny lobsters is impeded by the development of effective practical diets, which is partly due to a lack of knowledge of the digestive capabilities and nutritional needs of these species. Carbohydrates have the potential to provide a low cost energy source in practical diets for spiny lobsters. This research investigated the effect of algal carbohydrates, on the growth of juvenile rock lobsters. Juvenile lobsters, Jasus edwardsii, (10-12 mm carapace length) were provided with one of five diets; blue mussel, squid (Nototodarus gouldii), or a mussel diet partially substituted with algal carbohydrates, either agar, carrageenan or alginate over 80 days in culture. In all treatments, diet consumption and lobster growth were maintained or increased over time. Growth was highest for the mussel diet followed by the agar diet. Similar lobster growth occurred on the carrageenan and alginate diets, with the least on the squid diet. After 80 d there were significant differences in the percent lipid and glycogen stored in the mid-gut gland with highest levels of glycogen in lobsters fed the mussel only diet. Percent protein in the tail muscle was greatest for mussel fed lobsters. The mid-gut index (mid-gut weight/whole wet weight) was highest for the mussel only diet and this was similar to control lobsters at the start of the experiment. The results indicate that glycogen from mussels and agar could be used as carbohydrate source in the future development of a practical diet for spiny lobsters.     

养殖模式对方斑东风螺生长及主要环境因子的影响

为研究光因子对方斑东风螺胚胎受精孵化过程的影响,实验采用析因实验设计法研究了光照强度、光质和光周期等不同光条件对方斑东风螺胚胎发育过程中受精率(FR)、孵化率(HR)和变态率(MR)的影响,通过回归模型,优化光条件,找到利于胚胎发育的最佳光质、光强和光周期。结果显示,不同光质条件下,光照强度和光周期一次效应、交互效应和二次效应均呈显著水平,三者存在互作效应。在绿光条件下,光照强度为13.70 μmol/(m²·s),光照时间为15.54 h时,其FR、HR和MR达到最优值,其值分别为91.36 %、88.64 %和92.02 %,优化后绿光促进东风螺胚胎发育效果最为明显,其次是红光和白光。在蓝光条件下,其光照强度和光周期任意组合水平下FR、HR和MR与其他光质比较均较低,且随着光照强度增加和光照时间延长,三项指标值下降越明显,因而表明蓝光对胚胎发育起到抑制作用。实验表明,合适的光照强度和光周期能与光质协同作用,可以提高方斑东风螺育苗效率和苗种品质。     

饲料中碳水化合物水平对鲈鱼生长、生理状态参数及体组成的影响

以初始体重(34.26±0.37)g的鲈鱼Lateolabrax japonicus为研究对象,进行为期70d的生长实验,探讨饲料中不同的碳水化合物(CHO)水平对其生长、饲料利用、血糖水平和糖酵解酶活力的影响。实验配制6种不同CHO水平(0、6%、12%、18%、24%和30%)的等氮等脂饲料。结果表明,随着饲料中CHO水平的升高,特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,都在12%组达到最大值,并显著高于24%和30%组(P0.05),而肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)呈显著升高的趋势(P0.05),且在30%组达到最大值。饲料中不同CHO水平对鲈鱼成活率、肥满度、肌糖原和己糖激酶(HK)活力均无显著影响(P0.05)。饲料中不同CHO水平显著提高了鲈鱼粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量(P0.05),降低了灰分含量(P0.05)。饲料干物质的表观消化率(ADC)在各组之间差异显著(P0.05),18%组显著高于其余5组(P0.05),12%组饲料蛋白质的ADC显著高于对照组(P0.05)。血清中葡萄糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇含量随着饲料中CHO水平的增加而逐渐上升(P0.05),肝糖原含量先显著升高后趋于平稳(P0.05)。以SGR为评价指标,用二次曲线模型分析得出鲈鱼饲料中CHO的适宜添加量为17.75%。     

饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长和肝代谢功能的影响

为研究饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能和肝代谢功能的影响,实验配制等蛋白、等脂肪含量的8种不同糖水平(10％、15％、20％、25％、30％、35％、40％和45％)饲料,每个糖水平设3个重复,饲养周期49 d,结果显示:(1)饲料糖水平对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的增重率、成活率、饲料系数和肝体比均有显著影响(P＜0.05).饲料糖水平为35％时,罗非鱼增重最快;饲料糖水平为40％时饲料系数最低.(2)随着饲料糖水平的升高,鱼体肌糖原、粗脂肪含量逐渐升高,鱼体肝糖原含量先增加后下降.(3)饲料糖水平对各组鱼血清谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶、血清磷酸果糖激酶活性、总蛋白和总胆汁酸浓度均有显著影响(P＜0.05),且随着糖水平的升高,呈上升趋势;而鱼体肝酯酶和脂蛋白脂酶活性则是先上升后下降.(4)饲料糖水平35％时,肝脏组织出现少量细胞脂滴空泡状现象;饲料糖水平40％和45％时,肝脏组织切片有明显的细胞脂滴空泡状、核偏移和细胞质消失现象.肝脏脂滴空泡状面积率与组织脂肪含量具有显著的正相关,与肝脏组织的脂肪肝病变程度成正比.结果表明,吉富罗非鱼苗种饲料以29.10％～ 35.00％的糖水平较利于吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长及后期的脂肪肝病预防.     

饲料中添加大豆皂甙对大菱鲆幼鱼生长和肠道健康的影响

为研究大豆皂甙对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、消化酶活性、肠道组织结构完整性和肠道菌群结构的影响,在以鱼粉为蛋白源的基础饲料中分别添加0%和0.3%的大豆皂甙,配制成鱼粉组和大豆皂甙组2种等氮等脂的实验饲料来投喂体质量为(4.63±0.01) g的大菱鲆进行12周的摄食生长实验。结果显示,饲料中添加0.3%的大豆皂甙对大菱鲆的生长性能没有产生显著影响,但显著降低了胃蛋白酶及肠淀粉酶活性;2组实验中大菱鲆肠道组织形态无明显差异,但大豆皂甙组肠道紧密连接蛋白的基因表达量显著降低。肠道菌群分析结果显示,大菱鲆肠道中相对丰度最高的门和属分别为变形菌门和盐单胞菌属。LEfSe和MetaStat分析显示,饲料中添加大豆皂甙后显著提高了大菱鲆肠道内优势菌(变形菌门及希瓦氏菌属),皂甙水解相关的肠道微生物(鞘脂单胞菌属、普氏菌属、栖瘤胃普雷沃菌以及普通拟杆菌)及潜在致病菌(莫氏杆菌属和发光杆菌属)的相对丰度,同时显著降低了Caenimonas、Niastella和条件致病菌罗尔斯通菌属的相对丰度。研究表明,0.3%大豆皂甙抑制了大菱鲆消化酶活性及肠道紧密连接蛋白的基因表达,且引起了大菱鲆肠道菌群结构的显著改变。因此,大豆皂甙对鱼类肠道健康尤其是肠道菌群的影响不容忽视,值得进一步研究。     

饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响

为研究饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、饲料利用及血清指标的影响,实验配制6种等氮等脂(41%粗蛋白质和8%粗脂肪)的实验饲料,泛酸添加水平分别为0(对照组)、50、100、150、300和600 mg/kg,饲料中实测泛酸水平分别为20.9、69.3、99.0、150.2、304.4和513.6 mg/kg。选用初始体质量为(0.73±0.12)g的凡纳滨对虾720尾,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复40尾),进行为期8周的养殖实验。结果显示,饲料中不同泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率的影响不显著;对照组凡纳滨对虾成活率显著低于泛酸添加组,然而各泛酸添加组的成活率组间差异不显著。随着泛酸水平从20.9 m.g/kg增加到99.0 mg/kg时,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著提高,而随着泛酸水平的进一步增加,饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著降低。饲料中泛酸水平对凡纳滨对虾全虾和肌肉主要成分无显著性影响。对照组对虾血清葡萄糖含量显著低于泛酸各添加组,然而泛酸各添加组之间无显著差异;投喂150.2 mg/kg泛酸组血清甘油三酯含量显著低于对照组和513.6 mg/kg;而血清总蛋白和胆固醇含量不受饲料中泛酸水平的影响。随着饲料中泛酸水平由20.9 mg/kg增至150.2 mg/kg,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著提高,而随着饲料中泛酸水平的进一步增加,血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著降低;饲料中泛酸水平为99.0mg/kg组凡纳滨对虾血清总氧化能力显著高于其他各组;投喂对照组和泛酸水平为69.3mg/kg组的凡纳滨对虾血清丙二醛含量最高,投喂泛酸水平为150.2 mg/kg组血清的丙二醛含量显著低于其他各组。以凡纳滨对虾的饲料效率和蛋白质沉积率为评价指标,通过折线模型分析得到凡纳滨对虾泛酸最适需要量分别为113.40和119.87mg/kg。     

Temperature and dietary carbohydrate level effects on performance and metabolic utilisation of diets in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature and dietary starch level on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, whole-body composition and activity of selected hepatic intermediary metabolism enzymes in European sea bass juveniles. An experimental diet was formulated to contain 46% crude protein, 12% crude lipids and 30% pregelatinized starch (diet 30GS); two other diets were formulated to include the same levels of all ingredients as diet 30GS except for the pregelatinized starch, which was included at 20% (diet 20GS) or 10% (diet 10GS). Diets were assigned to triplicate groups of 25 fish (initial weight: 15 g) at two water temperatures (18 and 25 °C) for 10 weeks. Group receiving diet 30GS was fed to apparent satiation and groups fed diets 20GS and 10GS were pair-fed according to group fed diet 30GS, so that each group ate the same amount of all nutrients except for carbohydrates. At the end of the trial, growth rate, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were higher at 25 than at 18 °C. Dietary starch level did not affect growth or N utilisation. Feed efficiency was inversely related to dietary starch level. Whole-body lipids and energy content were higher at 25 °C and increased with dietary starch levels. Whole-body protein and ash content were also higher at 25 °C but were not affected by dietary starch level. Liver glycogen, HSI and VI increased with dietary starch level. ADC of starch was higher at 25 °C and within each temperature decreased with increasing dietary starch levels. ADC of protein was neither affected by temperature nor dietary starch levels. Data on enzyme activities showed that hexokinase (HK) but not glucokinase (GK) was affected by temperature. Dietary starch level affected the activities of glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) but not of the others enzymes tested (HK, PK, FBPase and GDH).     

饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体组成及抗氧化酶活力的影响

为研究饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体组成及血清抗氧化酶活力的影响,在饲料中分别添加0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%的姜黄素,配制成4种等氮等脂的实验饲料。选择初始体质量(5.12±0.04)g大菱鲆幼鱼420尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复35尾鱼。每种饲料随机饲喂1组实验鱼,养殖周期为77 d。结果显示,饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼的成活率(SR)、特定生长率(SGR)、摄食量(FI)、肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)没有显著影响。饲料中添加姜黄素对鱼体水分含量无显著影响;饲料中添加姜黄素后,鱼体脂肪含量显著下降,而肝脏和肌肉脂肪含量则呈显著上升趋势;0.02%和0.06%姜黄素添加组鱼体蛋白质含量显著高于0.04%组。0.06%姜黄素添加组的血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力显著高于其他组;姜黄素添加组的血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力高于对照组,但各组间差异不显著;饲料中添加姜黄素后,血清丙二醛(MDA)含量和谷胱甘肽酶(GSH)活力呈显著降低的趋势。研究表明,饲料中添加姜黄素对大菱鲆幼鱼成活和生长无显著影响,但能够显著提高幼鱼的血清抗氧化能力。     

嗜水气单胞菌引致的金钱鱼细菌性疾病

为了分离鉴定实验室养殖的金钱鱼暴发性疾病的病原,利用传统病原分离的方法,从病鱼肝脏分离得到一株G–短杆菌(Ah201416),对其进行电镜观察和生理生化鉴定,对病鱼组织进行病理切片分析,并根据科赫法则,用分离株对健康金钱鱼进行人工感染。结果显示,该菌株电镜下观察细菌大小为0.8~1.0μm×1.0~2.0μm(宽×长),无芽孢和荚膜,生理生化特性与嗜水气单胞菌基本一致;16S r RNA序列(登录号:KR006248)与Gen Bank中嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila,Ah ATCC7966)的16S r RNA基因序列的同源性高达99%,系统进化树与Ah聚为一支。病理切片分析发现,发病金钱鱼与正常金钱鱼相比,鳃小片细胞不同程度地脱落,伴有白细胞浸润;肠绒毛结构消失,肌肉层疏松明显;肾脏中肾小管细胞脱落,管腔中有坏死细胞,并出现不同程度的颗粒变性;肝脏细胞形态不规则,伴有血细胞浸润等病理损伤。人工感染实验表明,其对健康金钱鱼96h的半数致死剂量(LD50)为7.35×107 CFU/m L。研究表明,发病金钱鱼中分离的Ah201416菌株为嗜水气单胞菌,丰富了金钱鱼细菌性病原的研究,此结果为金钱鱼细菌性疾病的防治和养殖业的健康发展提供了重要的理论依据。     

鲢鳙混养对三角帆蚌生长和养殖水质影响的围隔实验

2008年4月23日—9月21日通过围隔实验,研究了不同鲢鳙混养比例对三角帆蚌生长及水化学指标的影响。实验中鲢鳙混养比例设置了6个水平,分别为0/0(对照组),100/0,70/30,50/50,30/70和0/100。实验开始和结束时测量三角帆蚌湿重,壳长和壳宽。每个月上下旬测量围隔水化学指标包括NO3N、NO2N、NH3N、TN、TP、PO4P和COD。实验结果表明,鲢鳙混养比例100/0的围隔蚌壳长相对生长率显著低于混养比例0/0,50/50和0/100的围隔(P<0.05),而不同混养比例下蚌的成活率、蚌壳宽及蚌重增长均无显著差异(P>0.05)。从水质来看,混养比例30/70围隔TP显著低于100/0(P<0.05),COD显著低于100/0及70/30(P<0.05),NH3N显著低于100/0(P<0.05)以及PO4P显著低于70/30(P<0.05)。因此,综合蚌生长及水质指标,混养比例30/70围隔对三角帆蚌养殖最有利。     

活性和热灭活原籍嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter sp.)SE6对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能和免疫功能的影响

为探讨灭活益生菌在海水鱼养殖中的应用前景,研究了饲料中添加活性和热灭活原籍嗜冷杆菌SE6对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长性能和血清免疫指标的影响.225尾斜带石斑鱼幼鱼[(14.6±0.2)g]被随机分成3组,每组3个重复.对照组T0投喂基础饲料,实验组T1和T2分别投喂添加1.0×108 cfu/g活性和热灭活嗜冷杆菌SE6的基础饲料,饲喂期为60 d.结果表明,实验前期(0～30 d),实验组T1和T2特定生长率和增重率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),饵料系数均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);实验全期(0 ～60 d),实验组T1和T2特定生长率和增重率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),实验组饵料系数均下降,其中实验组T1显著低于对照组T0(P ＜0.05).实验30 d时,实验组T1和T2血清IgM和补体C3含量均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);60 d时,实验组T1的补体C3水平、总超氧化物歧化酶活力和IgM含量均显著高于对照组T0(P＜0.05),实验组T2的补体C3水平、T-SOD活力、IgM含量和溶菌酶活力也高于对照组,但差异不显著(P＞0.05).总之,活性和热灭活嗜冷杆菌均可不同程度地促进石斑鱼生长,降低饵料系数,并能提高石斑鱼特异性和非特异性免疫功能.热灭活嗜冷杆菌的应用效果略低于活性菌,但其具有安全性高、质量稳定、生产储藏容易等优势,在海水鱼养殖中的应用值得深入研究.     

Identification of digestible carbohydrate sources for inclusion in formulated diets for juvenile spiny lobsters, Jasus edwardsii

Carbohydrates are a key ingredient in crustacean formulated diets because of their potential to greatly improve production efficiency. For the culture of spiny lobsters where daily food intake is limited, carbohydrates have the potential for delivering a low cost source of energy that could spare protein for growth. Therefore, the digestibility of different carbohydrate sources including refined sugars, mussel glycogen, algal polysaccharides, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starches (i.e., native, dextrinised, gelatinised) were assessed in juvenile spiny lobster (30–60 g). This was done by measuring the rate of carbohydrate hydrolysis in vitro using enzyme homogenates and postprandial haemolymph glucose concentrations following ingestion of semi-purified diets containing different carbohydrate levels and sources. Fresh mussel gonads and a practical formulated diet were also included for comparison. Storage polysaccharides (i.e., gelatinised starches, dextrin, mussel glycogen) and the structural polysaccharide CMC were the best digested carbohydrate sources in vitro. CMC was more digestible than the algal polysaccharides, agar and alginate, and therefore may have potential as a binding agent in formulated diets for J. edwardsii. The poor hydrolysis of sucrose and trehalose suggests that their use as an energy source might be limited in J. edwardsii. Native wheat starch was the best digested among the various plant starches tested. Gelatinisation of starches markedly improved their digestibility suggesting that pre-treatment of the dietary starch source would have a beneficial influence on the digestibility of diets for J. edwardsii. Consumption of the semi-purified diets (i.e., 1% BW) containing the digestible starch sources (i.e., 27% dry weight), as well as the practical diet, resulted in high haemolymph glucose concentrations (> 5 mmol l^− 1) and a prolonged hyperglycaemic response (> 24 h) suggesting that these carbohydrate sources are well digested and absorbed, but possibly poorly utilised. In contrast, the fresh mussel gonad diet (i.e., 27% glycogen by dry weight) appeared to be better utilised (reduced glycaemia after 12 h). A lower inclusion level (i.e., 7%) of gelatinised maize starch reduced the peak (1.87 mmol l^− 1) and extent (12 h) of the glycaemic response. Using lower inclusion levels (< 27%) of the rapidly digested starches (i.e., gelatinised, dextrinised) identified in this study, or incorporating digestible carbohydrate sources resulting in slower appearance of haemolymph glucose (i.e., native wheat starch, CMC), in formulated diets may have the potential to improve their utilisation for growth of juvenile spiny lobsters.     

叶黄素对七彩神仙鱼生长和体色的影响

为研究叶黄素对七彩神仙鱼体色和生长的影响,在"牛心汉堡"饲料中分别添加0、50、100、200、300和400 mg/kg叶黄素,饲喂初始平均体质量(10.3±0.3)g的七彩神仙鱼8周。结果显示,添加叶黄素50~200 mg/kg,对鱼体增重率无显著影响,但添加量达200 mg/kg后,饲料系数显著增大,添加量达300 mg/kg后,增重率显著降低。在养殖4周、8周时,鱼体皮肤亮度(L*)无显著变化,皮肤黄度(b*)和叶黄素含量随叶黄素添加量增加而显著升高;8周时,各叶黄素添加组的皮肤b*值和叶黄素含量显著高于4周时,当叶黄素添加量达300 mg/kg后,皮肤b*值(4周、8周)和全鱼叶黄素含量(8周)趋于稳定;4周时,各处理组间的皮肤红度(a*)无显著差异;8周时,当叶黄素添加量达100 mg/kg后,皮肤a*值显著降低;饲料中添加300 mg/kg叶黄素显著提高了七彩神仙鱼肝脏总抗氧化能力。研究表明,在饲料中添加叶黄素可有效改善七彩神仙鱼体表黄色,提高肝脏总抗氧化能力,但高添加量的叶黄素会降低鱼体生长性能,七彩神仙鱼饲料中的叶黄素添加量建议为200~300 mg/kg。     

饲料糊精水平对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、消化酶活性和血液生化指标的影响

配制等蛋白质(42%),等脂肪(9%),糊精水平分别为10%、15%、20%、25%、30%的5组饲料,饲养暗纹东方鲀幼鱼[初始体质量为(10.25±0.51)g]60 d,考察饲料中不同糊精水平对其生长、消化酶活性和血液生化指标的影响。结果发现,随着饲料糊精水平的升高,暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的特定生长率和饲料效率先增加后降低,25%组最高,并显著高于10%和15%组。30%组鱼的脏体比和肝体比显著高于10%组,同时其肝脂肪含量也显著高于其他组。10%组的肝糖原和血浆总氨基酸含量显著低于其他组。10%和15%组鱼的肝胰脏和肠道中淀粉酶活性显著低于其他实验组,而其肝胰脏中胰蛋白酶活性显著高于30%组。25%和30%组的血浆总胆固醇和甘油三酯含量显著高于10%和15%组。10%和15%组的血浆尿素氮含量显著高于其他实验组。15%和20%组的血细胞数量显著高于其他实验组。30%组的细胞凋亡率及细胞内活性氧(ROS)和钙离子(Ca2+)含量显著高于其他实验组。饲料糊精水平对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的血糖含量、血浆谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性及肝胰脏和肠道中脂肪酶活性无显著影响。在本实验条件下,暗纹东方鲀幼鱼饲料中糊精的适宜水平为20%～25%。     

Effect of dietary taurine and cystine on growth performance of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary taurine and cystine on growth and body composition of juvenile red sea bream Pagrus major. In Experiment I, a casein-based semi-purified diet included a small amount of fish meal were supplemented with taurine at the levels of 0 (control) and 1.0%. The experimental diets in Experiment II were without fishmeal and supplemented with taurine at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% or cystine at 1.0 and 2.0%. These diets were fed three times a day for 6 weeks to fish (average body weight: 2.3 g in Experiment I and 2.5 g in Experiment II). In Experiment I, fish fed the taurine-supplemented diet showed significantly (P < 0.05) improved growth, feed efficiency and feed consumption relative to fish fed the unsupplemental diet. The whole body taurine content increased, whereas the non-essential amino acid contents decreased, in fish fed the taurine-supplemental diet compared to fish fed the unsupplemented diet. In Experiment II, the growth, feed efficiency and feed consumption of fish fed the taurine-supplemented diets, irrespective of the dietary taurine levels, were significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet and the cystine-supplemented diets. Taurine content in the whole body increased with the dietary taurine level, while the taurine contents did not increase by the supplemental cystine. Other free amino acid contents in the taurine-supplemented diet groups followed similar trends to those in Experiment I. These results indicate that supplemental taurine to a casein-based semi-purified diet at more than 0.5% improved the growth and feed performance of juvenile red sea bream. It is also suggested that juvenile red sea bream cannot metabolize cystine into taurine.