景电一期灌区沟道退水滞后性

为揭示干旱区引黄灌区沟道退水滞后性规律,根据景电灌区沟道退水监测资料,采用交叉相关系数法和数据平移法确定灌区退水滞后时间,分析退水时空变化规律及其影响因素.研究表明,各退水口的年退水量差异不大,多年平均退水量约为4 622.3万m³,占灌溉引水量的31%.不同退水口之间的退水量差异较大,其中响水村占总退水的67%,五佛乡占总退水的30.6%,二期总一泵占总退水的2%.景电灌区不同退水口月退水量的主要影响因素为退水口控制面积和退水滞后时间,影响退水滞后时间的因素包括引水、降水、退水路径长度和人工开挖排水渠等.不同退水口的退水滞后时间在1~5个月之间,响水村退水滞后性较五佛乡和二期总一泵强,由灌溉和引水引起的退水滞后性有所差异.本研究所揭示的景电灌区退水滞后效应及其影响因素,可为灌区水资源合理配置与精准调控提供理论支撑.     

干旱灌区灌水方式对田间土壤脱盐效果的模拟研究

为探究干旱灌区不同灌水方式下的田间土壤脱盐效果,通过构建基于HYDRUS-2D软件的土壤水盐运移模拟模型,模拟并分析了试验区土壤水盐的垂直运移过程和规律。结果表明,灌溉入渗对土体盐分的淋洗作用明显,灌水定额在4 000~6 000m3/hm2范围内的土壤脱盐效率较高;轮灌第一次的灌溉水量控制在使田间0~100cm土层含水率达到饱和即可,在后几轮灌溉过程中逐步增加灌水量的灌溉方案更有利于排出田间土壤盐分;在轮灌间隔为12d,轮灌次数为3次的条件下,灌水定额控制在5 200~6 000m3/hm2范围内的灌溉方案可使田间0~100cm土层含盐量达0.98%~1.13%,满足设计含盐量为1.2%的脱盐标准,达到设计干旱灌区脱盐灌水制度的目的。模拟结果可为干旱灌区的水土资源保护和可持续利用提供决策依据。     

寒旱灌区灌排水体盐分离子特征

土壤盐碱化是影响寒旱灌区农业可持续发展的关键因素之一,传统研究通常以盐分总量变化作为指标评估盐碱化演化趋势,而很少关注离子组成的变化。为深入研究盐分离子在农业灌排系统各水体间的分布、运移规律,本文以灌区灌排过程中的各种水体观测数据为依据,系统分析灌区不同水体水盐及离子的分布和变化特征。研究表明：灌区不同水体的盐分离子组成差异明显,灌水以Ca²⁺和HCO₃^–为主,地下水、排水以Na⁺、Cl^–和SO₄^2–为主。灌水水质较好,总体为HCO₃^–-Ca²⁺型水。地下水呈弱碱性,总体为Cl^–·SO₄^2–-Na⁺和Cl^–·SO₄^2–-Na⁺·Mg²⁺型。排水受区域地下水和灌溉退水等因素的影...     

内蒙古河套灌区荒地水盐运移规律模拟

该文以内蒙古河套灌区为背景展开荒地水盐运移规律研究。在田间试验基础上,分析荒地土壤水盐的运移机理,利用HYDRUS-1D模型对荒地土壤水盐的迁移规律进行了模拟。荒地做为灌区盐分的贮存地,成为灌区水盐平衡的重要调节因素,荒地水盐动态研究对于干旱灌区具有重要意义。结果表明,强蒸发是荒地水盐运移的原动力,5 cm土层EC值上升了66.10%,20 cm土层EC值上升了63.89%。荒地在作物生育期是积盐的过程,在秋浇期是流失盐分的过程。经检验,HYDRUS－1D模型对盐渍化地区荒地水盐在垂直方向运移的模拟具有较高的精度,为区域水盐管理和灌区的可持续发展提供科学依据。     

基于人工示踪方法的河套灌区根系层净淋滤水量研究

【目的】获取河套灌区作物根系层的净淋滤水量,对灌区根系层进行盐分平衡分析。【方法】兹利用溴离子作为人工示踪剂,研究了河套灌区根系层净淋滤水量,并采用简化的盐分平衡方程估算盐分达到平衡时根系层的平均土壤含盐量。【结果】河套灌区根系层年净淋滤量为40.8 mm,与水均衡法计算结果(41.6 mm)相互验证良好;不同灌溉方式的净淋滤量之间存在明显差异;地下水埋深和秋浇水量是决定净淋滤水量的关键因素。灌区若采用矿化度为1.0~2.5 g/L的地下水进行灌溉并维持现有灌溉制度,盐分平衡时的根层土壤溶液质量浓度将接近作物耐盐极限。【结论】灌区引黄水渠灌可维持现状灌溉制度不变;若采用矿化度较高的地下水进行灌溉,需适当加大淋盐水量,以保证长期利用条件下根系层盐分能满足作物正常生长的要求。     

典型干旱区绿洲棉田土壤返盐、积盐特征研究

为防治干旱区棉田土壤次生盐渍化,通过研究典型干旱区绿洲棉田土壤盐分在生育期始末的变化特征,分析了当地棉田土壤盐分迁移累积趋势。研究结果表明:研究区棉田土壤盐分在生育期始末的变化趋势基本相同,即呈现出随深度的增加而增大的趋势;土壤盐分在剖面的累积程度生育期初比生育期末大。对比分析认为,生育期始末,土壤表层0~20 cm土层呈现返盐趋势但其程度较弱,基本属于非盐化土或轻度盐化土壤,能够满足棉花出苗及后期生长要求;在生育期初,研究区各地块100 cm土层土壤盐分值高达7 g/kg左右,属于中度盐渍化土壤,具有较大的潜力导致后期土壤返盐现象的发生。大量积雪及秋季茬灌能较好地对土壤盐分起到淋洗作用,有效防止灌区棉田土壤次生盐渍化的发生。     

基于水量恒定的渠道前馈控制时间分析

为了研究渠道运行控制中渠系建筑物的前馈控制时间,综合考虑上游调控及分水口调控对下游水量的影响,采用水量恒定方法,构建了渠道前馈控制时间计算模型,并将模型应用于山西省夹马口灌区.结果表明:模型所采用的流量拟合方程及参数对流量的拟合精度较高,能够有效表达下游流量在渠道调控下的变化情况,当采用该模型计算的调控时间进行控制时,可以基本保证流向下游的总水量恒定,水量偏差为0.8 m³.利用模型进一步分析了不同流量下的调控时间,发现随着流量的增大,分水口最优调控时间逐渐减小,在此基础上得到了流量-前馈控制时间、水深-前馈控制时间的线性拟合公式,为夹马口灌区渠道运行控制提供了参考.     

宁夏引黄灌区农田退水回灌对土壤盐分影响的试验研究

在小麦整个生育期内,在相同灌水定额条件下,设置4种不同灌溉方式进行对比分析研究.采用退水回灌,在一定时间内会增加0～30 cm的土壤盐分,尤其对0～20 cm的土层影响较大,对其他层次的影响随着深度的加大而减小;在拔节期和灌浆期,连续使用退水灌溉会使春小麦减产,只在拔节期使用退水回灌能够增产.     

滨海盐碱农田排水沟土壤水盐分布特征研究

明确盐碱地排水沟内土壤水盐分布特征,对盐碱地生态环境建设及其开发、利用具有重要参考价值。以河北省国营海兴农场轻度和重度盐碱地周边布设的排水沟为研究对象,对排水沟顶部、半坡和底部进行土壤水分和盐分分层取样和调查,分析了0~200 cm土层排水沟土壤剖面土壤水盐分布特征。结果表明,轻度和重度盐碱地排水沟土壤剖面含水率分布特征基本一致,均是自地表向土壤深层逐渐增加,重度盐碱地土壤含水率略高于轻度盐碱地;轻度盐碱地排水沟盐分在土壤剖面内呈均匀分布,盐分空间分布变异系数为7.70%,属于弱变异性;重度盐碱地排水沟盐分主要积聚在地表以下40 cm土层内,变异系数为44.63%,属于中等变异。     

宁夏青铜峡灌区引退水规律研究

针对宁夏青铜峡灌区的引水和退水规律问题,采用数理统计和时间序列的方法,对青铜峡灌区引、退水的年内、年际变化规律以及长期变化趋势进行了研究,结果发现引、退水在年内呈周期性季节性变化,年际间上下波动,在近期内呈下降趋势,年引水量和退水量时间序列是年际间相互关联的非平稳时间序列。     

Irrigation with saline water: benefits and environmental impact

The shortage of water resources of good quality is becoming an important issue in the arid and semi-arid zones. For this reason the availability of water resources of marginal quality such as drainage water, saline groundwater and treated wastewater has become an important consideration. Nevertheless, the use of these waters in irrigated lands requires the control of soil salinity by means of leaching and drainage of excess water and salt. However, the leaching of salts, soil microelements and agro-chemicals can lower the quality of the drainage water in the irrigation scheme. The irrigation return flows with water or poor quality are a source of pollution of the surface water bodies situated downstream of the drainage outlet. Deep percolation could also contaminate the groundwater. Therefore, irrigation with saline water requires a comprehensive analysis even beyond the area where water is applied. The problem should be treated beyond the scope of the irrigation scheme, taking into consideration the groundwater and downstream surface water resources of the river basin. Consequently, the sustainable use of saline water in irrigated agriculture requires the control of soil salinity at the field level, a decrease in the amount of drainage water, and the disposal of the irrigation return flows in such a way that minimizes the side effects on the quality of downstream water resources. This paper describes the guidelines for a preliminary evaluation of the suitability of water for irrigation and the key factors for salinity control in lands irrigated with saline water. Options to improve the quality of the drainage water, strategies for the reuse of this water and alternatives for disposal of the outflow are also analysed. The final goal is to obtain sustainable agriculture and maintain the quality of the water resources in the river basin.     

膜下滴灌暗管排水规律及土壤脱盐效果试验研究

为了探索膜下滴灌盐碱地在灌溉过程中暗管排水规律及土壤脱盐效率,设计了一种暗管排水模型试验装置系统来探究灌溉过程中暗管排水规律和排盐效果.试验通过控制灌水时间、灌水量、观测并记录暗管出水时间、排水流量、排水矿化度、土壤盐分剖面等指标,分析灌溉排水过程中暗管排水流速和排水矿化度特征以及各土层土壤脱盐效率.结果表明:经过3次灌水淋洗试验后,暗管排水流速最终趋于1.5~3.5 L/h稳定范围,排水矿化度稳定在20~40 g/L内;0~40 cm土层脱盐率高达85%,0~80 cm土层土壤脱盐率为80.5%,两暗管中间位置处脱盐率最小分别为57.96%,56.73%,69.29%,暗管上方脱盐率最大分别为71.73%,73.34%,84.26%,暗管排盐量占0~80 cm土层总盐分含量的28.9%,其余盐分被淋洗到了80 cm土层以下.     

Salinity dynamics of wetland ditches receiving drainage from irrigated agricultural land in arid and semi-arid regions

Agricultural drainage ditches are considered as wetland ecosystems when they possess the characteristic hydrology, soil and vegetation of wetlands. In arid and semi-arid regions, wetlands receiving agricultural drainage have to cope with the conservative nature of salts leached from soils. Excessive accumulation of salts in wetlands may threaten the ecological functions of the system, thus endanger the sustainability of the drainage disposal system and the productivity of the farmlands. Based on the salt and water balance in a farmland drainage and wetland disposal system in arid regions, this paper presents a thorough investigation on salinity dynamics of wetland ditches receiving agricultural drainage. Theoretical equations were derived to describe salinity changes in water and soils of wetlands under both equilibrium and pre-equilibrium conditions; a case example was then used to display model predictions of salinity variations over time under different salinity management goals. The example wetlands are de facto drainage ditches that possess wetland characteristics, and the ditch to farmland area ratio is 9.1%. The results showed that salt as a conservative substance will eventually concentrate in the ditches to a very high level if there is little outflow discharge; but the salt accumulation process may develop over a relatively long time, which opens a time window for management practice, such as flushing the salts when fresh water is available. By assuming different threshold salinity levels in the ditches, the proposed analytical models were used to predict time intervals when fresh water recharge is needed to bring down the salinity level in the ditches. For the study area under current drainage practice, the predicted outflow to inflow ratio for salinity was 58.2% and reached an equilibrium level of 9.60 g L⁻¹ in the ditches; salinity levels in the ditches reached threshold values of 5, 7 and 9 g L⁻¹, in about 1, 4 and 12 years, respectively. Salinity analysis showed that the salt retention capacity of the ditch soil is limited, the soil salinity varied according to the ditch water; salt removal through plant uptake and harvest was insignificant. This study indicates that although salt concentration in wetlands receiving agricultural drainage may eventually build up to a critical level, timely recharge with fresh water may bring down salt content in the wetlands and sustain adequate environmental and ecological functions of such a drainage disposal system in arid and semi-arid regions.     

A proposal for reclamation by dilution of irrigation water

Summary A proposal is developed for reclamation of a soil which has become salinized from irrigation with saline water. The procedure permits continued irrigation after dilution of the saline irrigation water with higher quality water, which achieves partial reclamation without taking the land out of production, and without creating a large flux of drainage.Model calculations using a salt transport-chemical equilibrium model are performed for the case of a saline irrigation water derived from power plant cooling water residual (EC=4.2 mmho/cm), which is diluted by a high quality well water (EC=0.5 mmho/cm) to produce a water which is alternated with the saline water in cycles of two years. Soil salinity and drainage salt loads resulting under this system are compared with the simulated results of a more traditional method of salt leaching.Associate Professor of Soil Physics, Associate Research Agricultural Engineer, and Professor of Soil Physics, respectively     

Effect of irrigation methods,management and salinity of irrigation water on tomato yield,soil moisture and salinity distribution

The increasing demand for irrigation water to secure food for growing populations with limited water supply suggests re-thinking the use of non-conventional water resources. The latter includes saline drainage water, brackish groundwater and treated waste water. The effects of using saline drainage water (electrical conductivity of 4.2–4.8 dS m⁻¹) to irrigate field-grown tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv Floradade) using drip and furrow irrigation systems were evaluated, together with the distribution of soil moisture and salt. The saline water was either diluted to different salinity levels using fresh water (blended) or used cyclically with fresh water. The results of two seasons of study (2001 and 2002) showed that increasing salinity resulted in decreased leaf area index, plant dry weight, fruit total yield and individual fruit weight. In all cases, the growth parameters and yield as well as the water use efficiency were greater for drip irrigated tomato plants than furrow-irrigated plants. However, furrow irrigation produced higher individual fruit weight. The electrical conductivity of the soil solution (extracted 48 h after irrigation) showed greater fluctuations when cyclic water management was used compared to those plots irrigated with blended water. In both drip and furrow irrigation, measurements of soil moisture one day after irrigation, showed that soil moisture was higher at the top 20 cm layer and at the location of the irrigation water source; soil moisture was at a minimum in the root zone (20–40 cm layer), but showed a gradual increase at 40–60 and 60–90 cm and was stable at 90–120 cm depth. Soil water content decreased gradually as the distance from the irrigation water source increased. In addition, a few days after irrigation, the soil moisture content decreased, but the deficit was most pronounced in the surface layer. Soil salinity at the irrigation source was lower at a depth of 15 cm (surface layer) than that at 30 and 60 cm, and was minimal in deeper layers (i.e. 90 cm). Salinity increased as the distance from the irrigation source increased particularly in the surface layer. The results indicated that the salinity followed the water front. We concluded that the careful and efficient management of irrigation with saline water can leave the groundwater salinity levels unaffected and recommended the use of drip irrigation as the fruit yield per unit of water used was on average one-third higher than when using furrow irrigation.     

暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉对土壤盐分动态及夏玉米生长的影响

进行暗管排水条件下微咸水灌溉田间试验,设置3种暗管埋深,分别为80 cm(D1)、120 cm(D2)以及无暗管排水(D0),3种微咸水浓度,其电导率分别为0.78 dS/m(S1),3.75 dS/m(S2)和6.25 dS/m(S3),共9个处理,每个处理3组重复.试验结果表明:暗管排水措施可以有效排除微咸水灌溉过程中土壤中累积的盐分;在玉米全生育期内,暗管埋深D1条件下,3种浓度微咸水S1,S2和S3灌溉时根系土壤电导率分别下降了39.00%,31.56%和29.43%,暗管埋深D2条件下,根系土壤电导率则分别下降了31.91%,18.08%和7.44%;夏玉米干物质累积量、穗棒累积量和穗棒质量分配率及最终产量均随着微咸水浓度的升高而降低;在相同微咸水浓度下,不同暗管埋设条件下的夏玉米最终产量从大到小依次为D1,D2,D0;3种暗管埋设条件下的作物需水量从大到小依次为D0,D2,D1的规律;暗管埋深80 cm的处理(D1)下夏玉米水分利用效率最高,而未埋设暗管的处理(D0)水分利用效率最低;当暗管埋设条件一定时,夏玉米水分利用效率随微咸水浓度的升高呈逐渐降低的趋势.     

不同灌溉方式下底墒水矿化度对棉花出苗率的影响

采用二因素随机试验设计,在田间进行了底墒水灌溉方式和矿化度对棉花耐盐特征值影响的试验研究。结果表明,畦灌和沟灌方式下,随着底墒水矿化度的增高,棉花出苗时间延迟;无论何种灌水方式,棉花的出苗率均与底墒水矿化度和土壤盐分含量呈线性负相关关系,采用矿化度小于4 g/L微咸水造墒,处理间出苗率差异未达极显著水平,畦灌和沟灌方式...     

Controlled water table management as a strategy for reducing salt loads from subsurface drainage under perennial agriculture in semi-arid Australia

Recent community based actions to ensure the sustainability of irrigation and protection of associated ecosystems in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) of Australia has seen the implementation of a regional Land and Water Management Plan. This aims to improve land and water management within the irrigation area and minimise downstream impacts associated with irrigation. One of the plan objectives is to decrease current salt loads generated from subsurface drainage in perennial horticulture within the area from 20 000 tonnes/year to 17 000 tonnes/year. In order to meet such objectives Controlled Water table Management (CWM) is being investigated as a possible ‘Best Management Practice’, to reduce drainage volumes and salt loads.During 2000–2002 a trial was conducted on a 15 ha subsurface drained vineyard. This compared a traditional unmanaged subsurface drainage system with a controlled drainage system utilizing weirs to maintain water tables and changes in irrigation scheduling to maximize the potential crop use of a shallow water table. Drainage volumes, salt loads and water table elevations throughout the field were monitored to investigate the effects of controlled drainage on drain flows and salt loads.Results from the experiment showed that controlled drainage significantly reduced drainage volumes and salt loads compared to unmanaged systems. However, there were marked increases in soil salinity which will need to be carefully monitored and managed.     

Outflow reduction and salt and nitrogen dynamics at controlled drainage in the YinNan Irrigation District, China

The YinNan Irrigation District in NingXia, China diverts each year about 1.6 × 10⁹ m³ water from the Yellow River for irrigation use. More than half of that water is discharged back to the downstream channel or some low-lying depressions as a result of agricultural drainage. Several studies have indicated that the District is excessively drained, partially caused by the over-dimensioning of the existing drainage system, and proposed to improve the situation by controlled drainage practice. We subsequently carried out a field experiment of controlled drainage in the rice growing area of the District in 2004–2005. Field observations showed that reduction of the drainage depth of field ditches from 1 to 0.4 m resulted in a drainage flow reduction of 50–60%. Drainage water salinity increased only slightly but was still below the salt tolerance level of rice. Measurements of nitrogen concentrations showed no clear trend of changes as the result of irregular fertilization practice in the experimental site.     

内蒙古河套灌区耕地与荒地间水盐补排规律的研究

在野外实测资料的基础上,针对内蒙古河套灌区耕地与荒地间水盐补排关系与水盐运移规律,利用水盐平衡原理,对灌区内耕地间隙分布的荒地进行水分和盐分运移平衡研究。研究显示,耕地盐分部分向荒地迁移,荒地对灌区盐分分布具有调节作用。耕地每年平均有28.1%的灌溉水浸入荒地,荒地每年积盐268.5 g/m2,为灌溉水盐分的38.3%。研究为灌区水盐科学及区域水盐管理提供科学依据,对河套灌区可持续发展具有重要意义。