Autonomic innervation of the ovary of the Atlantic cod,Gadus morhua

The autonomic innervation of the ovary of the Atlantic cod was investigated using histochemical and physiological/pharmacological methods. The paired ovary receives autonomic innervation via branches of the posterior splanchnic nerve (vesicular nerve).Histochemical studies demonstrated vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive, 5-hydroxytryptamine-immunoreactive and adrenergic nerve fibers, but a number of antisera raised against other peptides failed to reveal any specific reaction in the tissue preparations. It is concluded that the cod ovary receives a double antagonistic autonomic innervation of excitatory cholinergic fibers and non-adrenergic inhibitory fibers. The nature of the inhibitory neurotransmitter is not known.     

Effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide,substance P, 5-hydroxytryptamine,met-enkephalin and neurotensin on the swimbladder smooth muscle of two teleost species,Gadus morhua andAnguilla anguilla

The effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), neurotensin (NT) and met-enkephalin (mEnk) on the smooth muscles of the teleost swimbladder were studied in two teleost species, the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and the eel (Anguilla anguilla). The study was made on isolated strip preparations of the muscularis mucosae, using putative transmitters corresponding to the immunoreactive materials that have previously been localized by immunohistochemical methods in nerves or endocrine/paracrine cells of the teleost swimbladder and/or the gastrointestinal canal. VIP was relaxatory on both cod and eel swimbladder smooth muscle, SP and 5-HT were constrictory in both species, and mEnk was excitatory on the eel swimbladder smooth muscle. Clear effects of these agents were usually seen at a concentration ofca. 10 nM in cumulative concentration/effect experiments. NT had no effect in either species. In the eel, the effects on the pneumatic duct were generally greater than on the swimbladder proper. The study indicates that the 5-HT and peptides previously observed by immunohistochemistry have physiological functions in the swimbladder.     

河南华溪蟹消化系统的形态结构观察和组织学研究

为研究河南华溪蟹消化系统的形态结构及组织学特征,采用石蜡切片、H.E.染色和光镜等技术,对河南华溪蟹成蟹消化系统各组织器官的结构进行了观察。结果显示,河南华溪蟹的消化系统主要由消化道和消化腺组成。消化道主要包括食道、胃、中肠和后肠,消化腺为肝胰腺。胃包括贲门胃和幽门胃:贲门胃内有钙化的几丁质齿、隆嵴、短刺及刚毛等组成的胃磨,可磨碎食物;幽门胃内侧可见特殊形态的梳状结构,可过滤食物。在光学显微镜下,食道、中肠和后肠均由黏膜层、肌层和结缔组织层构成,其各段内表面均有由上皮细胞与基膜内凸形成的多级皱褶和嵴,有由环形、纵形和辐射状排列的肌层。仅中肠表面有典型微绒毛结构,无角质膜。食道与后肠上皮表面均有较发达的纤毛层。肝胰腺主要由基膜和4种上皮细胞构成,即吸收细胞(R细胞)、泡状细胞(B细胞)、纤维细胞(F细胞)和胚细胞(E细胞)。     

Development and physiology of gastric dilation air sacculitis in Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)

The syndrome known as gastric dilation air sacculitis (GDAS) has previously been shown to affect Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, in seawater (SW) aquaculture. Feed and osmoregulatory stress have been implicated as potential epidemiological co-factors. The development and physiology of GDAS was investigated in SW and freshwater (FW) adapted smolts. Diet A (low-cohesion pellets) and diet B (high-cohesion pellets) were fed to both FW- and SW-adapted fish. GDAS was induced only in the SW trial on feeding diet A. Stimulated gastro-intestinal (GI) smooth muscle contractility, and fluid transport by the pyloric caeca were different in GDAS-affected fish, which also showed osmoregulatory dysfunction. Cardiac stomach (CS) smooth muscle contractility in response to acetylcholine and potassium chloride (KCl) was significantly reduced in fish fed diet A relative to controls from weeks 3-5. In contrast, maximal pyloric sphincter (PS) circular smooth muscle contraction in response to KCl was significantly elevated in fish fed diet A in weeks 4 and 5. Serum osmolality was elevated in GDAS-affected fish from week 2 of the SW trial. Fluid transport from the mucosal to serosal surface of isolated pyloric caeca was significantly reduced in weeks 3, 4 and 5 in SW fish fed diet A. Gastric evacuation from the stomach of healthy fish was shown to be significantly different when diets of low- and high-cohesion were fed. The results are consistent with the intestinal brake playing a role in the development of the disease.     

Cod CGRP and tachykinins in coeliac artery innervation of the Atlantic cod, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gadus morhua</Emphasis>: presence and vasoactivity

The presence and vasoactive effects of native calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and neurokinin A (NKA) were studied on isolated small branches of the coeliac artery from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, using immunohistochemistry and myograph recordings, respectively. Immunohistochemistry revealed nerve fibers containing CGRP- and SP/NKA-like material running along the wall of the arteries. CGRP induced vasorelaxation of precontracted arteries with a pD₂ value of 8.54 ± 0.17. Relaxation to CGRP (10⁻⁸ M) was unaffected by l-NAME (3 × 10⁻⁴ M) and indomethacin (10⁻⁶ M) suggesting no involvement of nitric oxide or prostaglandins in the CGRP-induced relaxation. SP and NKA (from 10⁻¹⁰ to 3 × 10⁻⁷ M) contracted the unstimulated arteries at concentrations from 10⁻⁸ M and above in 42% and 33%, respectively, of the vessels. It is concluded that the innervation of the cod celiac artery includes nerves expressing CGRP-like and tachykinin-like material, and that a vasodilatory response to CGRP is highly conserved amongst vertebrates while the response to tachykinins is more variable.     

野生鲻鱼和养殖鲻鱼消化系统的组织学观察

野生与养殖鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)的消化系统在形态和组织结构上存在一定差异.(1)形态方面:食道粗而短,胃呈球形,包括贲门部、盲囊部、胃体部和幽门部4个区域,胃与肠相接处有2个指状幽门盲囊,肠道在腹腔内盘旋5圈.肝脏黄褐色,右叶较左叶大,未发现独立的胰脏.养殖鲻鱼消化道周围包裹更多脂肪,胃较小但胃腔更大,肠...     

Control of gallbladder motility in the rainbow trout,Salmo gairdneri

Immunohistochemistry revealed nerves containing VIP-like and 5-HT-like material in both gallbladder wall and bile duct of the rainbow trout, while endocrine cells containing gastrin/CCK-like and substance P-like material were present in the mucosa of the bile duct and the duodenum. Fluorescence histochemistry showed adrenergic nerves close to the muscle layer of the gallbladder.Sulphated CCK8, caerulein and non-sulphated CCK8 (in this order of potency), 5-HT and acetylcholine were excitatory on isolated strip preparations, while VIP and adrenergic agonists were inhibitory. The adrenergic drugs were probably actingvia a beta-adrenergic receptor, while the effects of 5-HT and cholinergic drugs were antagonized by methysergide and atropine respectively.Electrical stimulation of the gallbladder nervesin situ failed to show any effect or under certain conditions induced a rebound effect.It is concluded that the motility control of the rainbow trout gallbladder may involve an inhibitory innervation by adrenergic and possibly VIP-releasing nerves, while 5-HT, acetylcholine and a CCK-like substance may be involved in the excitatory control.     

不同发育阶段的四指马鲅消化道组织学比较研究

采用常规石蜡切片和H-E 染色技术研究不同发育阶段的四指马鲅( Eleutheronema tetradactylum) 消化道的结构特征。结果显示: 1) 35 日龄与43 日龄稚鱼体态相似, 体表被覆鳞片, 背鳍、胸鳍、臀鳍、尾鳍发育健全, 前者全长( 12.850 1.280) mm, 后者( 15.600 1.600) mm。65 日龄幼鱼消化道整体依次分为食道、胃部和肠道, 胃部又分贲门部、幽门部、胃体部和盲囊部, 在幽门部连接肠道处分布4 束短小分散成菜花状的幽门盲囊; 肠道系数为0.630 0.002, 分前、中、后肠。成鱼食道、胃部、肠道直径增大; 肠道系数为0. 300 0.010。2) 两阶段的稚鱼消化道组织结构发育基本与幼鱼、成鱼相似, 消化管壁由内至外依次为黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌肉层和外膜。消化管内黏膜皱褶、胃腺、黏膜上皮杯状细胞的数量在稚鱼、幼鱼、成鱼之间呈递增趋势, 体现结构和功能逐渐发育完善的规律。     

Immunohistochemical detection of neuromodulators in the intestine of Salmo trutta L. naturally infected with Cyathocephalus truncatus Pallas (Cestoda)

Pathological and immunohistochemical investigations were carried out on the middle intestine of uninfected and parasitized brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from the Ceresone Channel in North Italy. Eighty-six brown trout were sampled by electrofishing, and 32 (37.2%) were infected with Cyathocephalus truncatus Pallas, 1781 (Cestoda). The intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 82 parasites per host and the most infected segments were the anterior (near the pyloric caeca region) and the central part of the middle intestine. Immunohistochemical tests were applied on sections of intestinal tissue of healthy and infected fish, and the presence of substance P (SP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), met-enkephalin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and serotonin (5-HT) was documented. Endocrine epithelial cells of the tunica mucosa were positive to SP-, CGRP-, met-enkephalin-, and NPY-like peptides and 5-HT antisera; moreover, a higher number of these cells were recorded in the intestine of infected trout in comparison to uninfected fish. In addition, in parasitized S. trutta , SP-like and 5-HT immunoreactivities were found in likely immuno-related cells of the tunica propria-submucosa. Nerve cell bodies and terminals in the myenteric plexus were immunoreactive to almost all the tested peptides and 5-HT antisera. These data provide evidence for the role of the neuroendocrine system of S. trutta in the modulation of inflammatory responses to C. truncatus . Results are discussed with respect to a peptidergic involvement and host immune response to an intestinal tapeworm.     

卵形鲳鲶消化酶活性的研究I．成鱼和幼鱼消化酶活性在不同消化器官中的分布及其比较

比较研究了卯形鲳够（Trachinotus ovatus）成鱼和幼鱼阶段消化酶（蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶）在不同消化器官中的活性。结果表明：1）成鱼蛋白酶在不同消化器官中的活性大小依次为胃〉前肠〉中肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝;淀粉酶活性为前肠〉后肠〉幽门盲囊〉中肠〉肝〉胃;脂肪酶活性为前肠〉中肠〉后肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃。2）幼鱼蛋白酶在不同消化器官中的活性大小依次为胃〉肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝;淀粉酶活性为肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃;脂肪酶活性为肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃。3）成鱼不同消化器官中蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性均小于幼鱼,成鱼胃和幽门盲囊的淀粉酶活性与幼鱼的差异显著;幼鱼胃脂肪酶活性大于成鱼,但其他器官的活性均小于成鱼。卵形鲳鳕幼鱼不同消化器官中的3种消化酶活性大小顺序与成鱼基本相似。     

温度和pH值对斜带髭鲷蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性的影响

研究了温度和pH值对斜带髭鲷Hapalogenys nitens蛋白酶、淀粉酶活力的影响。结果表明,斜带髭鲷胃内pH值范围为4.9～5.4;肝胰脏pH值为5.8～6.2;肠道pH值为6.5～6.9。蛋白酶活性随温度的上升而增加,在40℃达最大,40℃以上酶活性随温度的上升而下降。在不同消化器官中,蛋白酶活性大小顺序为：胃〉前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏。在15～50℃范围内,斜带髭鲷消化道不同部位淀粉酶活性的最适温度均为35℃,淀粉酶活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。在pH值为2.2～7.6范围内,胃蛋白酶活性的最适pH值为2.8;在pH值为4.8～8.0范围内,其他消化器官蛋白酶的最适pH值均为7.2;在最适pH值下,各消化器官中的蛋白酶活性由高到低顺序为：前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏。在pH值为4.8～8.0范围内,胃淀粉酶活性的最适pH值为6.0,肠、肝胰脏与幽门盲囊淀粉酶的最适pH值均为6.8,活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。在最适温度和pH值下,蛋白酶活性由高到低顺序为：胃〉前肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝胰脏;淀粉酶活性由高到低顺序为：肝胰脏〉幽门盲囊〉前肠〉后肠〉胃。     

真鲷幼鱼消化道组织学研究↑（*）

６月龄真鲷（Ｐａｇｒｏｓｏｍｕｓｍａｊｏｒ）幼鱼通过解剖,切片、染色和显微摄像,结果表明：整个消化道从解剖水平可以分为口、口咽腔、食道、胃、肠及直肠等６个功能区。口部有犬齿、臼齿和不规则的粒状齿;口腔内有咽（含咽齿）及鳃耙,鳃耙形成了对食物颗粒的屏障,面向食管保护鳃丝;短的食管起源于咽腔,终止于胃,两者间没有明显的解剖上的差别;Ｙ型的胃分为贲门部、幽门部和胃盲囊３部分。组织学观察可见：胃由单层柱状上皮细胞组成,在贲门区和幽门区的上皮层下面,具有相似细胞组成的胃腺;有４个幽门盲囊,幽门盲囊与肠组织结构基本一致。胰腺管和肝管从幽门盲囊的基部生出。肠道短,肠道前部起源于幽门括约肌之后,在肠瓣处变窄,使整个肠道分为肠和直肠两部分;肠与直肠相比粘膜上有较多的褶皱;肠道上皮由柱状上皮细胞和粘液分泌细胞组成,粘膜下层有致密的结缔组织和大量嗜酸性颗粒的细胞。     

Digestive capacity, intestinal morphology, and microflora of 1-year and 2-year old Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fed standard or bioprocessed soybean meal

The objectives of this work were to evaluate how dietary soybean meal (SBM) or a soy meal made by bioprocessing the SBM (BPSBM) to remove anti-nutritional factors affected hydrolytic capacity, amino acid absorption, intestinal morphology, and microflora along the intestinal tract of Atlantic cod at two life stages. Three fish meal based standard cod diets were formulated to contain no soy (FM control), 25% SBM, or 22% BPSBM. Prior to sampling the diets were fed to duplicate groups of 0.5 kg (1-year old) and 1.7 kg (2-year old) cod for a period of 3 months, and the groups reached 0.9 and 2.5 kg, respectively. Digesta was then sampled from different intestinal sections for analyses of trypsin and amylase activity as well as absorption of amino acids, nitrogen, and sulphur. Gastrointestinal sections were sampled for measurements of relative weight (kg^− 1 body weight), and tissues from these sections were sampled for analyses of brush border enzyme (alkaline phosphatase (ALP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and maltase) activity and histological examination. Microflora was sampled from both digesta and the intestinal wall. The SBM diet stimulated relative growth of all gastrointestinal sections except the distal intestine in both age classes. Relative growth of the pyloric intestine was also stimulated by BPSBM. The pyloric caeca and the upper mid intestine were found to be the major sites for enzymatic hydrolysis of protein and starch and for amino acid absorption. Dietary SBM and BPSBM did not alter the activity of trypsin and LAP, but the activity of these enzymes in the proximal intestine was affected by age, being higher in 1-year old than in 2-year old cod. The rate of amino acid, nitrogen, and sulphur absorption along the gastrointestinal tract was not affected by SBM, but was slowed by BPSBM. Dietary SBM or BPSBM did not alter the morphology of the intestinal mucosa in any sections of the cod intestine. The distal-most structure of the intestine, a compartment with inlet and outlet (anus) valves, showed very high microbial colonisation in the mucosal brush border. Inclusion of SBM in the diet changed the intestinal microflora, increasing the population level of transient bacteria in the pyloric and mid intestine, but reducing the population level of adherent bacteria throughout the intestine. To conclude, Atlantic cod appeared to have a robust and flexible digestive system able to adjust to high dietary levels of soy protein meals.     

卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性的研究Ⅰ. 成鱼和幼鱼消化酶在不同消化器官中的分布及其比较

比较研究了卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotus ovatus）成鱼和幼鱼阶段消化酶（蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶）在不同消化器官中的活性。结果表明：1）成鱼蛋白酶在不同消化器官中的活性大小依次为胃＞前肠＞中肠＞幽门盲囊＞后肠＞肝;淀粉酶活性为前肠＞后肠＞幽门盲囊＞中肠＞肝＞胃;脂肪酶活性为前肠＞中肠＞后肠＞幽门盲囊＞肝＞胃。2）幼鱼蛋白酶在不同消化器官中的活性大小依次为胃＞肠＞幽门盲囊＞肝;淀粉酶活性为肠＞幽门盲囊＞肝＞胃;脂肪酶活性为肠＞幽门盲囊＞肝＞胃。3）成鱼不同消化器官中蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性均小于幼鱼, 成鱼胃和幽门盲囊的淀粉酶活性与幼鱼的差异显著;幼鱼胃脂肪酶活性大于成鱼,但其他器官的活性均小于成鱼。卵形鲳鲹幼鱼不同消化器官中的3种消化酶活性大小顺序与成鱼基本相似。     

The innervation pattern of fast myotomal muscle in the teleostMyoxocephalus scorpius: A reappraisal

The pattern of polyneuronal innervation in the sculpinMyoxocephalus scorpius was examined. The majority of fast fibres in sculpin are innervated by both adjacent nerves, and <15% receive input from sub-adjacent myotomes. Stimulation through both adjacent and sub-adjacent nerves results in muscle action potentials. Each adjacent nerve supplies 2–5 axons to a given fibre. A typical fibre is probably innervated by around 4–6 axons, and pre-terminal branching accounts for the 8–20 endplates present on these fibres.     

长鳍篮子鱼消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学鉴别和定位

应用4种兔抗胃肠激素抗体和SABC免疫组织化学方法,对长鳍篮子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)消化道中的内分泌细胞进行鉴别和定位。结果表明:5-羟色胺(5-HT)细胞在消化道各段均有分布,食道和胃中分布数量多,在幽门盲囊和肠道分布数量少;生长抑素(Som)细胞集中位于食道和胃部,数量多,幽门盲囊和肠道中未检出;神经肽Y(NPY)细胞在肠道有少量分布,其余各段均未检出;胃泌素(Gas)细胞在幽门盲囊和肠道有少量分布,食道和胃中均未检出。4种内分泌细胞的数量分布和形态特征存在一定的差异,并对其可能的生理作用进行了讨论。     

Comparative analysis of stomach contents of cultured and wild cod, Gadus morhua L.

In a cod enhancement project in a small fjord in western Norway, two groups of reared cod, Gadus morhua L., were released with 6 months’difference in time. After the last release a 3-week fishing survey was conducted. Stomachs from wild and recaptured reared cod of similar size were sampled and analysed. The last released cod had learned to catch the same prey types and in the same relative proportions as the wild cod the second week after release, but mean weight of stomach contents and mean numbers of prey items per stomach were smaller, and a larger proportion of the newly released fish had empty stomachs. Three weeks after release the proportion of empty stomachs was similar to that of wild cod and the first released reared cod, but the food intake was still smaller. The first released group of reared cod, which had spent 6 months in the fjord, seemed to feed as efficiently on wild prey as did wild cod.     

pH对大眼鳜和翘嘴鳜蛋白酶活性的影响

研究了不同pH值对大眼鳜消化道不同部位蛋白酶活性的影响及在最适pH条件下与翘嘴鳜消化道蛋白酶活力的差异。结果表明,大眼鳜消化道不同部位蛋白酶的活性强弱顺序为:幽门盲囊>胃>前肠>后肠,其最适pH分别是:10.4、2.8、9.5、10.1。翘嘴鳜的胃和幽门盲囊蛋白酶活力明显高于大眼鳜(P<0.01),而肠的蛋白酶活力略低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性的研究Ⅴ大规格幼鱼消化酶活性在不同消化器官中的分布及盐度对酶活性的影响

研究了卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)大规格幼鱼(全长10.53±1.41 cm,体质量15.02±2.46 g)蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性在不同消化器官中的分布,以及5、15、25、30、35五种盐度对肠、幽门盲囊、胃和肝脏中消化酶活性的影响.结果表明:在不同盐度下,蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性在各消化...     

长鳍篮子鱼的外形特征与消化系统结构

观察并描述了长鳍篮子鱼的外形特征,详细测量了200 ind长鳍篮子鱼的外部形态参数,进行了相关关系分析;并解剖观察了其消化系统结构特征。外部形态参数全长(LT)与体长(LB)、头长(LH)与体长(LB)、体长(LB)与体高(HB)、体重(W)与体长(LB)的相关关系分别为:LT=1.243LB+0.084(R2=0.994);LH=0.218LB+0.370(R2=0.972);LB=2.251HB+1.509(R2=0.896);W=0.011LB3.283(R2=0.991);消化系统结构特征为:口咽腔较小,颌齿发达;食道较短;胃Y形,幽门部肌肉发达,具有2~4个幽门盲囊;肠道细长,肠道系数(CI)为2.64±0.47;肝脏分左右两叶,左肝叶是右肝叶的5倍以上。胆囊位于体腔的后部,肝胆之间通过细长的胆囊管相连,胆囊距肝脏较远。