油茶壳制活性炭的研究

以油茶壳为原料，用物理法(水蒸汽为活化剂)制备活性炭。研究了活化温度、活化时间、水蒸汽用量等对活性炭的得率、碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。确定了用油茶壳制备活性炭适宜的工艺条件为：活化温度为850℃、活化时间为2．5h，水蒸汽用量为210g。在此工艺条件下所制取的油茶壳活性炭的得率为33．7％。活性炭的碘吸附值968mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值180mg／g，比表面积935m^2／g。     

磷酸活化法制备纤维素基颗粒活性炭

以微晶纤维素为原料,在不添加黏结剂的条件下,采用磷酸活化法制备纤维素基颗粒活性炭。分析了捏合过程和炭活化工艺对活性炭耐磨强度、吸附性能和孔隙结构的影响。研究结果表明,炭活化温度的升高及保温时间的延长有利于颗粒活性炭强度的提高;随着浸渍比值的升高,颗粒活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值、比表面积、总孔容积、微孔容积和中孔容积均呈不断上升的趋势;浸渍比值较小,较细微孔结构发达,浸渍比值较大,较大微孔结构发达。在较佳的工艺条件下:捏合温度150℃,浸渍比值1.25,捏合时间55 min,炭活化温度450℃和保温时间1.0 h,制得颗粒活性炭的碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值、强度、比表面积、总孔容积、微孔容积、中孔容积和平均孔径分别为896.6 mg/g、131.3 mg/g、94.69%、1 377.3 m2/g、1.083 cm3/g、0.514 cm3/g、0.569 cm3/g和3.14 nm。     

稻壳基活性炭制备及表征

以稻壳为原料,采用碱金属氢氧化物活化法制备活性炭,探讨了原材料与活化剂的配比、活化温度和活化时间等因素对活性炭的吸附性能的影响,确立了调控活性炭性能的工艺方法和工艺条件.利用扫描电镜观察了活性炭的形貌特征,利用X射线衍射分析了稻壳活性炭中微晶的晶体结构.研究结果表明:1以稻壳为原料,KOH为活化剂制备活性炭的适宜工艺条件为:活化剂/炭为4,活化温度为750℃,活化时间为1 h.所制得的活性炭的碘吸附值为1 240 mg.g-1,亚甲基蓝吸附值为150 mL.g-1.     

微波辐射处理竹节废料制备活性炭研究

研究了以竹节及其炭化料为原料，采用微波辐射氯化锌法和水蒸气法制备活性炭的可行性。探讨了微波功率、活化时间、活化剂浓度及水蒸气流量对活性炭性能的影响。得到了微波辐射竹节废料制备活性炭的最佳工艺条件：水蒸气法的最佳条件为微波功率700W、活化时间7min、水蒸气流量3．1mL／min。用此工艺条件制得的活性炭碘吸附值1012．2mg／g、亚甲基蓝脱色率165mL／g、得率52．3％。该工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的l／45左右，得率为传统方法的2倍左右。氯化锌法的最佳条件为微波功率350w、活化时间5min、氯化锌质量分数40％。用此工艺条件制得的活性炭碘吸附值l088．4mg／g、亚甲基蓝脱色率220mL／g、得率39．2％。该工艺所需活化时间为传统方法的l／36，产品活性炭亚甲基蓝脱色率为国家一级标准的1．83倍(GB／T 12496．10-1999)。     

以浸提兴安落叶松锯末为原料制备高比表面积活性炭

以超声波浸提法提取阿拉伯半乳聚糖后的兴安落叶松锯末为原料，KOH为活化剂。惰性气氛条件下程序升温活化，研制高比表面积活性炭。系统分析了碱料比、活化温度、活化时间、活化剂加入方式与种类、预炭化对活性炭比表面积、碘吸附值和得率的影响。以低温液氮吸附分析了活性炭的比表面积，通过苯酚的等温吸附测试了活性炭的吸附性能。结果表明：浸提锯末为制造高比表面积活性炭的适宜原料，在最佳条件：500℃预炭化1h，750℃活化1h，固体KOH为活化剂。碱料比4：1（质量比）时制得的活性炭比表面积为2659．4m^2／g，对苯酚的吸附容量为570mg／g。     

微波磷酸法中密度纤维板厂废料制备活性炭

以中密度纤维板(MDF)厂废料为原料,采用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭。探讨了在微波功率900W条件下磷料比、水料比、辐照时间对产品活性炭各项主要指标的影响。得到了试验条件下微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的最佳工艺: 磷料比3．5:1,水料比1:1,辐照时间9min。用此工艺制备活性炭产品的得率39．44％,碘吸附值949．08mg／g,亚甲基蓝脱色力10．76mL／0．1g,苯酚吸附值350．25mg／g。本工艺方法为中密度纤维板厂废料的综合利用找到了新的途径。     

The Activation Process of Fluidization for Sawdust Charcoal

以木屑炭为原料,水蒸气为活化剂,采用流态化工艺制备活性炭,研究了活化温度、载气流量、水蒸气流量、进料速度等因素对活性炭性能的影响.通过正交试验,确定了最佳工艺条件为活化温度870℃、载气流量250 m3/h、水蒸气流量150m3/h、进料速度54 kg/h.在最佳工艺条件下,产品碘吸附值为1 162 mg/g,得率为31.62％.方差分析表明:对活性炭产率来说,只有活化温度的影响达到显著水平,其它因素的影响均不显著;对活性炭碘吸附值来说,活化温度、水蒸气流量、载气流量3因素的影响均达到显著水平.     

木屑炭流态化活化工艺研究

以木屑炭为原料,水蒸气为活化剂,采用流态化工艺制备活性炭,研究了活化温度、载气流量、水蒸气流量、进料速度等因素对活性炭性能的影响。通过正交试验,确定了最佳工艺条件为活化温度870℃、载气流量250 m3/h、水蒸气流量150 m3/h、进料速度54 kg/h。在最佳工艺条件下,产品碘吸附值为1 162 mg/g,得率为31.62%。方差分析表明:对活性炭产率来说,只有活化温度的影响达到显著水平,其它因素的影响均不显著;对活性炭碘吸附值来说,活化温度、水蒸气流量、载气流量3因素的影响均达到显著水平。     

烟秆制活性炭的工艺研究

以烟秆为原料,经炭化后用水蒸气活化制备活性炭。系统考察了影响活性炭质量的工艺条件。实验结果表明:以烟秆为原料,水蒸气为活化剂,在较温和的条件(活化温度750~800℃,水-炭质量比1.5~2.0∶1.0)下可制取碘吸附值840~912 mg/g、BET比表面积为522~590 m2/g的活性炭;对烟秆炭化料活化有较大影响的因素是活化温度和活化剂用量,而炭化温度和升温速度对烟秆炭化料活化的影响较小,可采用流化床反应器一步法工艺制廉价粉状普通活性炭;烟秆原料中的灰分对活化反应过程有一定的催化作用。采用先水蒸气活化再用稀盐酸脱灰处理的工艺,可有效利用烟秆灰分的催化作用提高产品的吸附性能,同时使产品的灰分达到标准要求。     

石油焦制备净水用活性炭的研究

以石油焦为原料，添加质量分数3％-5％的酸性活化剂，通过水蒸气法在实验室制得碘吸附值521mg／g、CCl4吸附率22％的不定型颗粒炭，以及碘吸附值800—900mg／g、亚甲基蓝吸附值120mg／g、CCl4吸附率38％-46％、苯酚吸附值180—260mg／g、灰分3％-5％、强度91％-95％的定型柱状颗粒炭。研究结果表明，酸性活化剂的添加有利于活性炭造孔，提高了活性炭的品质。在此基础上进行了定型颗粒炭的工厂放大实验，取得与实验室结果相当的产品，性能均达到或超过国家木质和煤质净水炭标准。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.