浅谈HACCP体系认证在肉鸡屠宰加工中的应用

HACCP认证能有效控制食物中的危害,保证食品的安全,是世界范围上公认的食品安全生产准则。目前,HACCP在各行业中得到广泛应用,尤其在服务业、餐饮业、食品加工业等,但在肉鸡等动物屠宰加工业应用的还不多。本文主要介绍了HACCP体系认证在肉鸡屠宰加工中的应用。     

福建圣农冻鸡获对美推荐资格

8月20日，福建圣农集团主导产品圣农生态冻鸡顺利通过美国农业部食品安全局（FSIS）检查，获得对美推荐资格，成为中国获得美国农业部食品安全局检查资格的五家鸡肉生产企业之一。目前，圣农集团年肉鸡饲养、加工量达3000万羽。是全国肉鸡行业中率先同时通过ISO9001国际质量体系认证、ISO14001环境管理体系认证和欧盟食品安全HACCP体系认证的肉鸡饲养加工企业。     

从永达公司的标准化管理看鸡肉食品的质量安全控制

河南省永达食业有限公司是1989年创建起来的一家集肉种鸡繁育、饲料加工、商品鸡生产、屠宰加工、熟食品生产、冷藏配送、商业连锁经营为一体的综合性外向型肉鸡产业化一条龙企业。下属13个分（子）公司120个经济实体，占地2600亩，资产3．8亿元，员工2800人，其中大中专以上各类专业人才近400名。近年来，永达公司着力实施肉鸡标准化生产，先后于2000年取得肉鸡行业进出口自营权，2001年通过国家HACCP食品安全体系认证，     

HACCP在肉类管理中的应用

HACCP法规是美国制定的保证食品质量的法规，是一个完整的质量保证体系，它要求与食品有关的行业从原料选购到加工、生产、储存和运输乃至批发和零售的全过程进行质量跟踪和控制，对每一个可能产生质量问题的关键点进行分析，并采取措施对这些关键点进行监测和控制。目前世界上70多个国家都采用了HACCP法规，我国也有150多个食品出口企业获得了HACCP国际认证。获得HACCP认证目前已成为食品出口的必备条件。 HACCP（Hazard Anaxlxsis Critical Point）意为“危害分析关键控制环节”，是在动物性食品生产和经营中应用广泛的先进管…     

肉鸡福利屠宰影响因素研究进展

近年来，我国肉鸡产业发展迅速，呈现规模化、集约化与智能化趋势，与此同时，肉鸡的屠宰福利问题对屠宰加工次品率以及肉质的影响较大，越来越受到人们的关注。我国目前已制定出相关标准，但对于家禽屠宰福利方面的研究相对较少。文章通过对宰前禁食、禁水、运输、静养、抓捕、吊挂、致晕、分割和分拣等现代肉鸡屠宰过程中的福利问题及其对肉质的影响进行综述，并对人工智能在肉鸡福利屠宰中的应用进行展望，以加强对福利屠宰的认识，促进福利屠宰智能化，提高我国肉鸡生产的国际竞争能力。     

机器人正逐步向禽产品加工业渗透

目前,机器人主要应用在汽车制造行业。正逐步向其它行业渗透,如服装行业,包装行业,猪肉加工项目等。家禽屠宰加工属于劳动密集型产业，目前，整个家禽业已经进入到了“微利”时代，员工费用是对总体生产成本影响最大的因素之一。欧美发达国家在肉鸡屠宰加工的关键环节，已经应用了机器人智能化系统。我国的家禽加工业也将掀起“再工业化”以及应用智能机器人的热潮。     

家禽加工机器人应用前景广阔

目前，机器人主要应用于汽车制造行业，正逐步向其他行业渗透。而家禽加工属于劳动密集型产业，目前欧美发达国家在肉鸡屠宰加工的关键环节，已经应用了机器人智能化系统，我国的家禽加工业也将掀起“再工业化”以及应用智能机器人的热潮。     

鸡肉的质量安全控制

河南省永达食业有限公司 (以下简称“永达公司” )是1989年创建起来的一家集肉种鸡繁育、饲料加工、商品鸡生产、屠宰加工、熟食品生产、冷藏配送、商业连锁经营为一体的综合性外向型肉鸡产业化一条龙企业。近年来 ,永达公司着力实施肉鸡标准化生产 ,先后于2000年取得肉鸡行业进出口自营权 ,2001年取得国家HACCP食品安全体系认证 ,2003年通过国家无公害鸡肉产品认证 ,ISO9001 :2000版质量管理体系也于2004年正式通过认证。2003年共出口鸡肉1.5万吨 ,其中对日本出口1万吨 ,对香港地区、南非、沙特阿拉伯等出口5000吨 ,出口总量位居全国第…     

中国肉鸡市场吸引外资空降

随着中国对肉类需求的不断提高,养殖散户渐渐退出历史的舞台。巨大的禽肉消费市场吸引着外资养殖企业的目光。目前外商投资在我国建设的肉鸡企业主要有正大集团、泰森食品、日本火腿集团等。正大集团在中国肉鸡的养殖量和屠宰量达到3亿只,泰森食品也在中国建设了3家企业,分别为泰森大龙食品、泰森新昌食品和江苏泰森食品。美国泰森集团近日与山东省莒县正式举行了签约仪式,将年产肉鸡300万只以上的养殖项目落户于莒县闫庄镇。近两年,嘉吉、福喜也开始在中国建设肉鸡养殖和屠宰基地,项目全部建成后,肉鸡养殖量和屠宰量均将达到1亿只。     

HACCP专题

21世纪食品的发展方向是安全、健康、优质。HACCP由于能有效控制食物中的危害，保证食品的安全，被公认为全世界范围的食品安全生产准则。采用HACCP的国家包括：美国、欧盟、加拿大、澳洲、中国及中国台湾省。我国的食品，畜、水产品如果要进入美国、欧盟市场，必须首先通过国家出入境检验检疫局评审，取得HACCP认证证书。这些无疑对我国的食品行业提出了严峻的挑战。可喜的是，国内已有部分外向型企业实行HACCP管理体系，跟国际接轨，促进了国际贸易。本期特辟专栏全面介绍HACCP，以示关注。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -