不同形态氮添加对长白山阔叶红松林土壤团聚体CO_2和N_2O排放的影响

以长白山阔叶红松林暗棕色森林土为研究对象,研究不同形态氮(N)添加对土壤不同粒级团聚体CO2和N2O排放的影响。采用室内短期培养试验(15 d),研究对照(CK)、氯化铵(NH4Cl,含N 150 mg kg-1)和硝酸钠(Na NO3,含N 150 mg kg-1)添加对全土(bulk soil)、大团聚体(250~1000μm)、微团聚体(53~250μm)、粉粒+黏粒(53μm)土壤组分CO2和N2O排放的影响。结果表明:CO2的排放量为大团聚体微团聚体全土粉粒+黏粒;NH4+-N添加对全土和各粒级团聚体的CO2排放没有显著影响;NO3--N添加对大团聚体和微团聚体的CO2排放有促进作用,并且在微团聚体中影响显著(P0.05),但对全土和粉粒+黏粒的CO2排放影响不显著。不同形态N添加对全土和各粒级团聚体N2O排放影响不同,NO3--N添加显著促进了N2O的排放,NO3--N添加后N2O排放量为全土大团聚体微团聚体粉粒+黏粒;NH4+-N的添加抑制了N2O的排放,NH4+-N添加后的土壤大团聚体、微团聚体和粉粒+黏粒的N2O排放量间无显著差异。由此可见,不同形态N添加影响土壤组分的CO2和N2O排放,且作用效果不一。     

免耕对潮土不同粒级团聚体有机碳含量及微生物碳代谢活性的影响

利用中国科学院封丘农业生态国家实验站玉米-小麦轮作免耕定位试验平台,研究不同耕作方式对潮土不同粒级团聚体的分布、有机碳含量及微生物群落碳代谢活性的影响。结果表明,与传统翻耕处理相比,免耕潮土中大于250μm粒级团聚体显著增加(p0.05),50～2μm粒级团聚体显著减少(p0.05),250～50μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体没有明显变化;大于250μm和250～50μm两个粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著升高(p0.05),50～2μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体有机碳含量没有明显变化,250～50μm粒级取代50～2μm粒级成为对土壤有机碳总量贡献最大的团聚体。BIOLOG测试结果表明,免耕和翻耕两种措施下不同粒级团聚体微生物群落碳代谢特征存在明显差异,且免耕处理250～50μm和小于2μm两个粒级团聚体微生物群落碳代谢活性显著低于翻耕处理(p0.05)。结果显示,免耕有利于小粒级团聚体向大粒级团聚体方向聚合,大于50μm粒级团聚体固持的有机碳增多,其中持碳最多的250～50μm粒级团聚体的微生物碳代谢活性下降,故土壤有机碳稳定性升高。     

柠檬酸对蒙山茶园土壤微团聚体吸附-解吸Cu2+的影响

以蒙山茶园土为对象,运用平衡液吸附法以及NaNO3溶液解吸法探讨了柠檬酸对原土及各粒径土壤微团聚体吸附-解吸Cu2+的特性,以期明确柠檬酸对土壤吸附解吸铜的过程中产生的影响。结果表明,加入柠檬酸后,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,原土和各粒径土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附有所增加,吸附量大小顺序为:(0.002mm)(0.053~0.002)mm原土(2~0.25)mm(0.25~0.053)mm,与土壤微团聚体中游离氧化铁、阳离子交换量以及有机质含量大小顺序一致;柠檬酸对Cu2+的吸附既有促进作用又有抑制作用,低浓度(0~1mmol/L)的柠檬酸促进土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附,而高浓度(1mmol/L)的柠檬酸则降低其吸附,吸附量在柠檬酸浓度为0.5mmol/L时达到最大;Langmuir、Freundlich、Temkin 3种方程对其等温吸附过程的拟合均达到了极显著水平(p0.01),其中以Langmuir方程的拟合效果最佳,说明加入柠檬酸后的原土及各粒径土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的吸附以单层吸附为主;随着铜浓度的上升,土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的易解吸率不断增加,柠檬酸的进一步加入使得土壤微团聚体对Cu2+的解吸率上升,而解吸大小顺序与吸附顺序相反。     

棕壤不同粒级微团聚体中磷素的保持与供应

采用对比法对采自辽宁省主要地区 1 8对不同肥力典型棕壤中不同粒级微团聚体内全磷的分布以及对磷素的保持与供应状况进行研究 ,结果表明 ,高肥土壤全磷平均含量为 0 .61 1± 0 .1 83g/kg ,低肥的为 0 .379± 0 .0 95 g/kg ;高肥土壤平均吸附磷量为 1 2 7.1± 37.1 7g/kg ,低肥的为 2 33.2± 4 7.2 8g/kg;解吸磷和解吸率高肥的为 2 6.8± 1 0 .77g/kg和 31 .65± 2 5 .66% ,低肥的为 2 1 .3± 8.98g/kg ,和 9.62± 4 .99% .高肥土壤中各粒级微团聚体的全磷含量、磷素的解吸及其解吸率都高于低肥的对应值 ,其中 ,1 0～ 5 0 μm微团聚体中磷素储量最大 ,<1 0 μm微团聚体在磷素的吸附和保持方面贡献最大 ,因此可以把它们作为棕壤的特征微团聚体 .     

δ13C法研究砂姜黑土添加秸秆后团聚体有机碳变化规律

为研究水稻秸秆添加对砂姜黑土水稳性团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,探索水稻秸秆腐解过程中外源新碳及原有机碳在不同粒级团聚体中的分配规律,该文通过室内模拟试验,运用δ~(13)C示踪方法,将稳定同位素碳(δ~(13)C)标记的水稻秸秆添加入砂姜黑土,利用湿筛法得到不同培养时期不同粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体,测定不同时期各粒级土壤外源新碳及原有机碳含量。结果表明:未添加水稻秸秆的砂姜黑土(对照组),水稳性微团聚体(250μm)占主体,团聚体有机碳含量低。与对照相比,添加水稻秸秆(试验组)显著促进了2000、2000~250μm粒级水稳性大团聚体的团聚(P0.05);培养到120 d时,2000、2000~250μm水稳性团聚体比对照组分别增加了265.5%、16.0%,促使水稳性大团聚体(250μm)占主体,显著提高了砂姜黑土水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、水稳性大团聚体含量(R0.25),降低了分形维数(D)值(P0.05),土壤结构稳定性明显得到改善。试验组各粒级团聚体有机碳含量显著增加,培养到15 d时,2000、2000~250、250~53、53μm粒级团聚体有机碳分别比对照组增加了21.4%、25.4%、34.7%、50.0%,其中微团聚体有机碳增加幅度大于大团聚体的增加幅度。MWD、GMD、R0.25与2000~250、250~53μm粒级团聚体有机碳呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),与2000μm粒级团聚体有机碳呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)、与53μm粒级团聚体有机碳关系不显著。不同粒级团聚体的δ~(13)C值明显增加,动态变化较大,表明外源新碳周转速率较快。外源新碳主要分配在250~53、53μm粒级微团聚体中,分配比例分别为38%、28%,外源新碳的分解速率明显快于原有机碳。研究得出添加水稻秸秆有利于增加砂姜黑土的团聚体稳定性,提高土壤及不同粒级团聚体的有机碳含量,提升土壤碳水平,改善了土壤结构,这为淮北地区土壤质量提升及有机碳循环提供了理论依据。     

不同土地利用方式对棕壤及其各级微团聚体中有机磷组分的影响

采用Bowman-cole有机磷分级法研究了典型棕壤及其各级微团聚体中有机磷组分在林地、柞树林地、耕地3种土地利用方式下的变化情况.结果表明,有机磷总量在3种利用方式下表现为林地＞耕地＞柞树林地,有机磷占全磷的比例却为林地＞柞树林地＞耕地.土地利用方式对棕壤活性有机磷和高稳性有机磷的含量及有效性影响甚微,开垦为耕地可保持中活性有机磷含量并提高其有效性,开垦为柞树林地则显著降低其含量,耕垦可显著降低耕地中中稳性有机磷含量及其比例.耕垦可以降低有机磷总量在各级微团聚体中的含量,且降低率随粒级的增大而增加,提高50～250 μm粒级活性有机磷的有效性,降低＜10 μm和50～250 μm粒级中的中活性有机磷含量,开垦为耕地有利于＜10 μm粒级中其有效性的保持,可显著降低10～50 μm和50～250 μm粒级中稳性有机磷含量,尤其显著降低耕地中其占有机磷的比例,开垦为柞树林有地有利于高稳性有机磷在各粒级中的分解转化,开垦为耕地的却有利于高稳性有机磷在10～50 μm和50～250 μm粒级中累集.     

长期配施有机肥对旱地红壤微团聚体中有机碳含量的影响

以连续种植花生26年的旱地红壤为研究对象,选取了有机无机配施试验区的NPK(对照),NPK+花生秸秆(还田)、NPK+稻秆(稻秆)、NPK+鲜萝卜菜(绿肥)及NPK+猪厩肥(厩肥)等5个肥料处理土壤,采用吸管法逐级提取了大小粒级微团聚体土壤样品,分析了各粒级微团聚体的有机碳含量变化及其对土壤总有机碳的贡献率,探讨了微团聚体的粒级组成与土壤有机碳含量及分形维数的相关关系。结果表明:长期配施有机肥未能显著改变旱地红壤中大小粒级微团聚体比例的分布格局,即0.25~0.05 mm2~0.25 mm0.05~0.01 mm(0.005 mm)0.01~0.005 mm,其中优势粒径0.25~0.05 mm微团聚体所占比例为44.3%~50.0%。配施有机肥可以显著增加旱地红壤2~0.25 mm,0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量,提高特征微团聚体比例,增大分形维数,且随着0.05 mm粒级微团聚体数量的增多,分形维数均显著增大。各粒级团聚体有机碳的平均含量大小依次为:(0.005 mm)0.25~0.05 mm(2~0.25 mm)0.05~0.01 mm0.01~0.005 mm,其中0.25~0.05mm与0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳受施肥的影响差异显著。土壤有机碳总量与2~0.25 mm、0.25~0.05 mm及0.05~0.01 mm粒级微团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系,其中0.25~0.05 mm粒级微团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率为55.4%,显著高于其它粒级微团聚体。     

不同肥力黑土、棕壤微团聚体组成及其胶结物质的研究

本文通过对黑土、棕壤各级微团聚体组成及其胶结物质的研究表明,不同肥力水平的土壤各级微团聚体组成不同,随着肥力水平的提高,大于10μm微团聚体含量增加,增加幅度为2—5%;土壤团聚度增大,增大范围为2—8%。相关分析表明,土壤有机质含量,特别是松结合态有机质含量与大于10μm的微团聚体含量呈显著正相关,而紧结合态有机质含量及土壤中小于2μm的粘粒则与小于10μm的微团聚体含量呈正相关。去除各种胶结物质以后各级微团聚体的破坏率也证实了这一点。由此认为,各种胶结物质对不同粒级微团聚体的形成影响各异,小粒级微团聚体的形成主要受紧结合态有机质和粘粒的影响,大粒级微团聚体的形成则主要与松结合有机质以及多糖类物质有关。     

抛荒对冷浸稻田土壤团聚体及有机碳稳定性的影响

冷浸稻田是长江流域重要的低产稻田类型之一,近年来抛荒严重,而抛荒对冷浸稻田土壤团聚体的影响并不清楚。本研究以连年种植的冷浸稻田(CWC)、抛荒3年的冷浸稻田(CWA3)和抛荒6年的冷浸稻田(CWA6)为对象,分析抛荒后冷浸稻田土壤团聚体特征以及有机碳稳定性,以期为准确评估抛荒对长期淹水土壤的结构和有机碳的影响提供数据支持。结果表明,不论是0~25 cm土层还是25~50 cm土层,冷浸稻田土壤53μm粒级团聚体占总团聚体比例均超过40%;0~25 cm土层土壤250μm团聚体比例超过35%;53~250μm粒级团聚体比例低于20%。抛荒使0~25 cm土层53μm粒级团聚体占总团聚体比例显著增加,53~250μm粒级比例显著降低。在0~25 cm土层,抛荒使有机碳活性指数Ⅰ(LIc-Ⅰ)在53μm粒级和250μm粒级上升高,有机碳活性指数Ⅱ(LIc-Ⅱ)在53~250μm和250μm粒级上降低;而有机碳难降解指数(RIc)在53μm和53~250μm粒级上降低。土壤总有机碳随抛荒时间延长而增加。     

不同施肥制度对褐土及其微团聚体磷素肥力的影响

通过8年定位试验,研究了不同施肥制度下褐土及其微团聚体磷素肥力变化规律,从各级微团聚体全磷和有效磷储量角度探讨了不同施肥制度下土壤磷素肥力的变化实质。结果表明,不施肥处理主要是由于10～50μm粒级全磷储量和<10μm粒级有效磷储量减少而造成土壤磷素肥力下降;单施常量NPK化肥和增量NPK化肥处理主要通过提高<10μm粒级全磷和有效磷储量增加土壤磷素含量;有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥处理则在提高小粒级微团聚体磷素贮备和供应能力的同时,增强了大粒级特别是10～50μm粒级全磷和有效磷储量,进而使土壤磷素肥力得到提高。采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥是改善土壤磷素肥力的有效措施。     

有机肥对棕壤不同粒级有机碳和氮的影响

采集棕壤长期肥料定位试验站不施肥和施用不同用量有机肥的土壤,通过超声波分散—离心分离得到细黏粒(<0.2μm)、粗黏粒(0.2～2μm)、粉粒(2～53μm)、细砂粒(53～250μm)和粗砂粒(250～2000μm)5个颗粒级别后,分析全土及不同粒级中土壤有机碳和氮并进行含量与分布的比较。结果表明,有机质主要分布于黏粒级中,其含量占全土有机碳的42.8%、全氮的58.3%,碳氮比随着粒级的增加而逐渐增大,表明氮易于在小粒级中富集。长期施用有机肥后,全土及各粒级有机碳和氮含量均有显著增加;砂粒级中有机碳和氮的富集系数升高,黏粒级中富集系数降低,粉粒级和砂粒级中的碳氮比降低。增加有机肥的用量加强了全土和各粒级对有机碳和氮的积累,同时加强了粉粒级和砂粒级碳氮比降低的程度。     

pH对砖红壤和黄棕壤Cu~(2+)吸附与解吸的影响

对砖红壤和黄棕壤在不同浓度、不同pH下吸附和解吸Cu2+进行了测定。结果表明, 2种土壤Cu2+吸附量均随平衡液中Cu2+浓度增加而增大,两者关系较好地符合Langmuir吸附方程。Cu2+吸附量随pH升高而增加,Cu2+分配系数的对数与pH呈极显著的线性正相关,吸附一个Cu2+所释放H+的平均数砖红壤(1. 19)大于黄棕壤(1. 01)。可解吸Cu2+的数量随pH升高和吸附Cu2+的数量增加而增加,在pH4~6下,黄棕壤吸附Cu2+及可解吸Cu2+的比例(平均为10. 5% )大于砖红壤(平均为3. 1% )。由此认为, 2种土壤吸附Cu2+虽以专性吸附为主,但砖红壤的表面吸附点位较少,专性吸附点位的比例较高,对Cu2+的亲和性或专性吸附性大于黄棕壤。     

土壤特征微团聚体的组成比例与肥力评价

以棕壤为例研究了15对不同肥力水平的典型棕壤、棕壤型水稻土的特征微团聚体（＜10m和＞10m）的组成比例，结果表明该比例即微团聚体（＜10m）／微团聚体（＞10m）可成为土壤肥力水平的一个综合指标。以该指标为标准的典型棕壤和棕壤型水稻土肥、瘦地区分界数分别为0.25和0.35，小于此二值分别为各自肥地，反之亦反。土壤培肥措施可使肥、瘦地特征微团聚体的比例降低并提高土壤肥力水平或根本改变瘦地肥力实质。     

重金属对水稻光合作用和同化物输配的影响

光合速率测定表明,0.025～1.0mmolL的Cu2+、Cd2+和Hg2+显著抑制水稻叶片的光合速率,且抑制程度随Cu2+、Cd2+和Hg2+浓度的增高而增强。示踪动力学分析表明,0.5mmolL的Cu2+、Cd2+和Hg2+抑制光合产物在叶内不同状态间的转化,影响叶中光合产物的输出,导致叶内小分子糖的累积,使叶片光合速率受糖浓度增高的反馈调节而下降。电泳分析表明,Cu2+、Cd2+和Hg2+抑制叶内淀粉酶同功酶的表达,并进而抑制光合同化物在叶内可输配态和暂贮态之间的转化。     

A re‐evaluation of the enriched labile soil organic matter fraction

Identifying ‘functional' pools of soil organic matter and understanding their response to tillage remains elusive. We have studied the effect of tillage on the enriched labile fraction, thought to derive from microbes and having an intermediate turnover time. Four soils, each under three regimes, long‐term arable use without tillage (NT), long‐term arable under conventional tillage (CT), and native vegetation (NV), were separated into four aggregate size classes. Particle size fractions of macro‐ (250–2000 μm) and microaggregates (53–250 μm) were isolated by sonication and sieving. Subsequently, densiometric and chemical analyses were made on fine‐silt‐sized (2–20 μm) particles to isolate and identify the enriched labile fraction. Across soils, the amounts of C and N in the particle size fractions were highly variable and were strongly influenced by mineralogy, specifically by the contents of Fe and Al oxides. This evidence indicates that the fractionation procedure cannot be standardized across soils. In one soil, C associated with fine‐silt‐sized particles derived from macroaggregates was 567 g C m^?2 under NV, 541 g C m^?2 under NT, and 135 g C m^?2 under CT, whereas C associated with fine‐silt‐sized particles derived from microaggregates was 552, 1018, 1302 g C m^?2 in NV, NT and CT, respectively. These and other data indicate that carbon associated with fine‐silt‐sized particles is not significantly affected by tillage. Its location is simply shifted from macroaggregates to microaggregates with increasing tillage intensity. Natural abundance ¹³C analyses indicated that the enriched labile fraction was the oldest fraction isolated from both macro‐ and microaggregates. We conclude that the enriched labile fraction is a ‘passive' pool of soil organic matter in the soil and is not derived from microbes nor sensitive to cultivation.     

南京老虎山黄土-古土壤剖面不同粒级组分的磁化率及其古气候意义

利用沉降离心法将老虎山黄土-古土壤的酸不溶相分离成<2μm、2～45μm和>45μm三个粒级组分,并分别测定了这些组分和全岩的磁化率。结果表明,无论是全岩,还是三个不同粒级组分,它们的磁化率都可以单独作为长江中下游地区古气候演变的参考指标。其中,<2μm粒级的质量磁化率明显大于全岩和2～45μm、>45μm两粒级,而且其分辨率也明显高于2～45μm和>45μm这两个粒级组分。本实验结果还显示,虽然<2μum的质量磁化率最大,但对全岩质量磁化率的贡献率与2～45μm粒级相当,>45μm粒级的贡献率较低。     

How do earthworms influence organic matter quantity and quality in tropical soils?

Earthworms are important regulators of soil structure and soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics; however, quantifying their influence on SOM cycling in tropical ecosystems remains little studied. Simulated rainfall was used to disrupt casts produced by Amynthas khami and their surrounding soil (control) into a range of small sized aggregates (50-250, 250-500, 500-2000 and 2000-5000 μm). To gain insight into how earthworms influence SOM biogeochemical composition in the aggregates, we carried out elemental and stable isotope analysis, and analytical pyrolysis (Py GC/MS). We also characterized their lignin component after oxidation with cupric oxide (CuO).The C content of smaller size fractions (<500 μm) in the control soil was higher than in the larger fractions. Our study therefore suggests that the aggregate hierarchy concept, which is used to understand soil aggregates and SOM dynamics in temperate soils, may not be applicable to the tropical Acrisol studied here. Earthworms modified SOM organization in soil aggregates. Although the isotope analyses were useful for highlighting SOM enrichment in the earthworm casts, aggregate fractions could not be classified according to particle size. Molecular analyses were necessary to indicate that SOM in all size fractions of casts consisted of relatively undecomposed material. Protection of the most labile SOM structures occurred in the smallest aggregate size fraction (50-250 μm). Py GC/MS showed that earthworm casts and control aggregates <2000 μm could be clearly distinguished according to the molecular properties of their SOM. Aggregates larger than 2000 μm, however, were most probably composed of all fractions and were not different. As a consequence, our results indicate that studies to determine the impact of earthworms on SOM turnover in soil are spatially dependant on the scale of observation.     

Quantification of priming and CO2 emission sources following the application of different slurry particle size fractions to a grassland soil

The highest emissions of CO₂ from soils and most pronounced priming effect (PE) from soils generally occur immediately after slurry application. However, the influence of different particle size slurry fractions on net soil C respiration dynamics and PE has not been studied. Therefore, a slurry separation technique based on particle sizes was used in the present study. Six distinct fractions (>2000, 425-2000, 250-425, 150-250, 45-150, <45 μm) were generated from two dairy slurries (one from cows fed a predominantly maize silage diet and the other from cows fed a grass silage diet) were applied to soil. During the first days of the 332 days experiment, all slurry fraction amendments significantly increased soil CO₂ effluxes (by 2-8 times) compared to the non-amended control. The increased CO₂ emission rates had a negative relationship with slurry particle size, but its duration was positively correlated with slurry particle size. The percentage of the cumulative CO₂ emitted was only higher in the first 8 days in the finest slurry particle sizes (<150 μm). The proportion of slurry-derived C emitted as CO₂ 2 h after addition to soil varied between 29% and 100% of total emitted CO₂-C. Generally, the proportion of slurry-derived C emitted initially decreased rapidly in the <250 μm fractions, but decreased more slowly or even increased in the >250 μm fractions. The overall contribution of slurry C to total CO₂ emissions was higher in smaller slurry particle size treatments in the first days after application. The addition of the various slurry fractions to soil caused both significant positive and negative PEs on the soil organic matter mineralization. The timing and type (positive or negative) of PE depended on the slurry particle size. Clearly, farm based separation pre-treatment leading to two or more fractions with different particle sizes has also the potential to reduce or modify short-term CO₂ emissions immediately after slurry application to soil.     

Fate of carbon and nitrogen in water-stable aggregates during decomposition of 13C15N-labelled wheat straw in situ

When incorporated in soil, plant residues and their decomposition products are in close contact with mineral particles with which they can be bound to form aggregates. We measured the incorporation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) derived from crop residues in water-stable aggregate fractions of a silty soil in a field experiment in Northern France using ¹³C¹⁵N-labelled wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.). Soil samples were taken seven times for 18 months and separated into slaking-resistant aggregate size fractions which were analysed for total C and N contents, and ¹³C and ¹⁵N enrichments. During the early stages of decomposition (approximately 200 days), the enrichment of ¹³C increased rapidly in the macro aggregates (> 250 pm) but decreased thereafter. The macro aggregates represented only < 20% of the soil mass and at any one time, they accounted for <25% of the residual ¹³C in the soil. The proportion of ¹³C recovered in the <50-μm and 50–250-μm fractions increased during decomposition of the residues; at day 574, the 50–250-μm fraction accounted for close to 50% of the residual ¹³C. A greater proportion of ¹⁵N than ¹³C was recovered in the <50-μm fraction. The results indicate that during decomposition in soil, C and N from crop residues become rapidly associated with stable aggregates. In this silty soil the 50–250-μm stable aggregates appear to be involved in the storage and stabilization of C from residues.