紫锥菊增强犬瘟热疫苗和犬细小病毒疫苗免疫效果的研究进展

详细阐述了紫锥菊的药理活性、安全药理学、临床应用以及毒理学研究等内容。紫锥菊可作为免疫增强剂,提高犬瘟热疫苗和犬细小病毒疫苗的免疫效果,本文为其研究与开发提供一定的参考。     

紫锥菊黄芪对传染性囊病疫苗免疫雏鸡淋巴细胞亚群和肿瘤坏死因子含量的影响

为探讨紫锥菊、黄芪提取物提高雏鸡免疫力的效果,本试验选用紫锥菊、黄芪、紫黄(紫锥菊黄芪)合剂3种组方分别以不同的3种剂量给6日龄雏鸡连续口服7 d,13日龄进行腔上囊疫苗免疫,在20,27,34日龄时ELISA方法检测血清中TNF-α的含量;在13,20,27日龄时流式细胞仪检测外周血中CD4+、CD8+含量并计算CD4+/CD8+比值.结果表明,紫锥菊对外周血CD4+/CD8+ T淋巴细胞亚群的比例以及血清TNF-α的含量均有一定的提高,说明紫锥菊提取物针对IBD疫苗具有明显的免疫促进作用,是一种效果极为明显的免疫增强剂.     

单方紫锥菊及其复方制剂对雏鸡免疫效果的影响

本试验研究了单方紫锥菊及其复方制剂对雏鸡免疫器官指数和对新城疫疫苗免疫效果的影响。试验结果发现，紫锥菊能明显提高鸡新城疫（ND）抗体水平，但对免疫器官指数无显著影响，并且复方紫锥菊的临床效果明显好于单方紫锥菊。     

紫锥疫毒清对鸡新城疫苗和鸡法氏囊疫苗体液免疫影响试验

紫锥菊(紫松果菊、紫锥花)属菊科紫锥菊属,该属有8种,原产美洲,20世纪初期传入欧洲,药用价值很高.已开发为药品者主要为狭叶紫锥菊和紫锥菊,因其头状花序形似松果而得名[1].在美洲民间被广泛应用于多种细菌性和病毒性感染.     

紫锥菊复方对猪瘟疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了研究紫锥菊复方对猪瘟疫苗免疫效果的影响,试验将三元杂交仔猪随机分为4组,分别为对照组(不用药)、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组(紫锥菊复方1.5%组、1.0%组、0.5%组),并分别于20、35、50、60、70、80日龄采血,检测仔猪外周血嗜中性白细胞百分数、猪瘟疫苗免疫抗体水平等指标。结果表明,紫锥菊复方能显著提高仔猪外周血嗜中性白细胞百分数(P0.05),极显著提高猪瘟疫苗的抗体水平(P0.01)。提示紫锥菊复方对猪瘟疫苗免疫抗体水平具有一定的促进作用。     

紫锥菊复方对猪呼吸与繁殖障碍综合征疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了研究紫锥菊复方对猪呼吸与繁殖障碍综合征疫苗免疫效果的影响,试验将三元杂交仔猪随机分为4组,即对照组(不用药)与试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组(紫锥菊复方1.5%组、1.0%组、0.5%组),并分别于20、35、50、60、70、80日龄采血,检测仔猪外周淋巴细胞转化率、猪呼吸与繁殖障碍综合征抗体水平等免疫指标。结果表明,一定剂量的紫锥菊复方能显著提高仔猪外周血淋巴细胞转化率(P0.05),极显著提高猪呼吸与繁殖障碍综合征疫苗的抗体水平(P0.01)。提示中药紫锥菊复方对仔猪的免疫功能具有一定的促进作用。     

紫锥菊复合物对雏鸡人工感染传染性法氏囊病病毒的效果观察

本试验将240只海兰褐雏鸡随机分为8组,每组30只,分别为紫锥菊复合物高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组、中药对照组、西药对照组、疫苗对照组、阴性对照组、健康对照组,采用紫锥菊复合物,将试验鸡人工感染传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）强毒,观察紫锥菊复合物对雏鸡的保护作用。结果表明：紫锥菊复合物可以减弱IBDV强毒对雏鸡免疫器官的损害,对传染性法氏囊病强毒感染雏鸡具有明显的保护作用。     

紫锥菊药理作用的研究现状

紫锥菊含有多种化学成分,在药理方面研究较多的是多糖、烷基酞胺类化合物和咖啡酸类衍生物,它们被认为是紫锥菊的活性成分。在美国和欧洲紫锥菊制剂作为增强免疫的辅助治疗药已进入临床应用阶段,但在兽药应用方面的确切疗效仍处于研究阶段。当前紫锥菊的研究热点是紫锥菊作为一种免疫增强剂对正常动物的免疫增强效果,研究结果表明免疫效果显著。另外关于紫锥菊的抗病毒作用也有许多报道。     

紫锥菊复合物对雏鸡人工感染新城疫病毒效果观察

本试验采取随机分组,病理模型复制的方法,将14日龄AA肉雏鸡随机分为紫锥菊复合物组(高、中、低3个剂量)、药物对照组(中药对照组、西药对照组)、疫苗对照组、阴性对照组、健康对照组共8个组,每组30只,以验证紫锥菊复合物对鸡新城疫强度抑制效果。结果表明,紫锥菊复合物对新城疫强毒感染雏鸡具有明显的保护作用,可以用于鸡新城疫的预防和治疗。     

紫锥菊及其复方对热应激蛋鸡抗氧化功能、蛋白酶及HSP70的影响

本试验通过观察紫锥菊及其复方对热应激蛋鸡抗氧化功能、蛋白酶及HSP70的影响,初步探讨紫锥菊及其复方抗热应激的作用机制。试验选用250只60周龄健康的海兰白蛋鸡,随机分成5个组,紫锥菊复方组、紫锥菊组、电解多维组在基础日粮中分别添加1.0%紫锥菊复方、1.0%紫锥菊、0.1%电解多维,高温组和常温组仅饲喂基础日粮。紫锥菊复方组、紫锥菊组、电解多维组和高温组的蛋鸡饲养在33℃～35℃的环境中,常温组蛋鸡环境温度为24℃～26℃。在试验14 d、28 d、42 d、56 d,采集各组鸡胃、胰腺和脾脏组织,检测胃蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶活性、抗氧化活性及HSP70含量变化。结果表明,紫锥菊复方、紫锥菊及电解多维均可恢复热应激导致的蛋鸡胃蛋白酶活性降低,同时紫锥菊复方的效果显著优于紫锥菊及电解多维（P<0.05）;紫锥菊复方和紫锥菊可显著提高热应激蛋鸡的胰蛋白酶活性（P<0.05）;紫锥菊复方能显著提高热应激蛋鸡脾脏中SOD、GSH-Px的活性（P<0.05）;紫锥菊复方、电解多维能恢复热应激蛋鸡脾脏组织T-AOC的水平;同时,紫锥菊复方及紫锥菊能改善热应激蛋鸡脾脏中HSP70的表达...     

Immunological and haematinic consequences of feeding a standardised Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract to healthy horses

This study was undertaken to compile new data on the efficacy of Echinacea in stimulating the immune system of the horse. Use of Echinacea is becoming widespread in horses, despite an absence of controlled laboratory research into its effectiveness or safety. This paper documents results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial investigating the effect of standardised Echinacea extract on 8 horses. Animals were supplemented with Echinacea or placebo for 42 days, and their response to supplements recorded. Treatment with Echinacea increased phagocytic ability of isolated neutrophils, boosted peripheral lymphocyte counts and appeared to stimulate neutrophil migration from peripheral circulation into the tissues. Echinacea supplement also increased the size and concentration of peripheral red blood cells, and the concentration of haemoglobin and packed cell volume. It was concluded that Echinacea effectively stimulates equine immunocompetence, and the plant extract behaves, in equine subjects, as a haematinic agent, i.e. one which improves the quality of blood by increasing haemoglobin levels and the number of erythrocytes and which, by virtue of their effects on oxygen transport cells, are considered to improve parameters of exercise physiology and performance.     

紫锥菊及其提取物调节动物机体免疫功能及其作用机制

近年来,大量体内与体外试验研究表明,紫锥菊及其提取物可以提高机体的免疫功能,进而发挥抗炎、抗菌及抗病毒作用。紫锥菊及其提取物对机体免疫功能的调节机制可能涉及细胞表面受体的结合和相关信号通路的活化以及免疫相关因子的表达。本文现将近年来体内和体外试验中紫锥菊及其提取物调节免疫功能的相关研究及可能的作用机制做简要概述。     

紫锥菊对传染性法氏囊疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了探讨紫锥菊作为免疫增强剂的免疫效果和机理,本试验用1日龄的罗斯308肉鸡作为试验材料并用传染性法氏囊疫苗进行免疫。紫锥菊提取物分3种剂量组(A组0.1 mL/只、B组0.5 mL/只、C组1 mL/只)在6日龄开始连续给雏鸡口服7 d,在13,20,27,34,41日龄采血检测外周血中法氏囊病毒抗体,同时测定外周血中IL-2和TNF-α的含量,计算肉鸡的生产性能。结果表明,紫锥菊提取物能明显提高鸡外周血中法氏囊病毒抗体滴度,以及细胞因子IL-2和TNF-α含量,并能改善肉鸡的生产性能。所用3个剂量组中,以B组的0.5 mL/只为最佳的用药剂量。说明紫锥菊提取物具有明显的免疫促进作用。     

不同紫锥菊提取物对肉仔鸡免疫功能影响

研究不同紫锥菊提取物对肉仔鸡免疫功能的影响。将270只1日龄肉仔鸡分为9组,通过测定肉仔鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数、血液生化指标、新城疫抗体滴度以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和丙二醛(MDA)的含量,探讨不同紫锥菊提取物对肉仔鸡体液免疫、细胞免疫和抗氧化能力的影响。结果显示,日粮中添加进口和康地恩紫锥菊提取物能够显著增加肉仔鸡的平均日增重,降低料重比,提高胸腺和法氏囊指数,并且能够显著改变肉仔鸡的白细胞数、红细胞数及红细胞压积,提高机体的抗氧化能力和新城疫抗体效价,优于万适宁、转移因子和紫锥疫毒清组;紫锥菊提取物组的作用效果均明显优于环磷酰胺组和环磷酰胺+康地恩紫锥菊提取物组,且环磷酰胺+康地恩紫锥菊提取物组的作用比环磷酰胺组好。表明紫锥菊提取物均能够显著增强肉仔鸡的免疫功能,康地恩紫锥菊提取物的总体免疫调节效果与进口紫锥菊提取物的效果一致,均优于国产紫锥菊提取物、万适宁、转移因子和紫锥疫毒清,并且康地恩紫锥菊提取物能够提高由于环磷酰胺引起的免疫水平下降。     

Efficiency of Echinacea purpurea on performance and immune status in pigs

The aim of the present investigation was to examine the inclusion of the dried herb Echinacea purpurea (L.) MOENCH as feed additive in diets of sows, piglets, and grower/finisher pigs on growth performance, blood picture, plasma enzymes including proliferation of lymphocytes, antibody status, and protein and immune globulin content of colostrum. The control groups were supplemented with alfalfa meal. The sows (total 36) received 0%, 1.2%, or 3.6% Echinacea cobs in the diet from day 85 to day 110 of gestation and 0%, 0.5%, or 1.5% Echinacea cobs up to day 28 of lactation. No significant differences were found for growth performance, weight loss, blood picture, plasma enzymes, and colostrum composition. Performance of the sucking piglets was not impaired either during lactation or during a 4 week observation period after weaning. The health status was similar in all treatment groups. In a second experiment, lasting 6 weeks, with 36 piglets (5.8-22.1 kg body weight), 1.8% Echinacea cobs, or 20 mg/kg feed Flavomycin were supplemented. No significant differences were found for the recorded parameters. Feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain) of the Echinacea group was slightly (4%) increased (1.54 vs. 1.60). In a third trial, 48 grower/finisher pigs were used during a 9-week experimental period with two supplementation phases (weeks 1-3 and weeks 7-9). The experimental groups received 0%, 1.5% cobs or 4-6 ml pressed juice (commercial standard) per day respectively. Vaccination with Swine erysipelas was implemented in weeks 1 and 5 to determine the specific immune response. Growth performance and blood picture for all groups were similar, however, feed conversion of both Echinacea supplemented groups was significantly (p < 0.03) better than of the unsupplemented control group (2.44 vs. 2.51). In addition, the Swine erysipelas antibodies showed a marked significance (p < 0.05) in regard of altitude in both supplemented groups. It is concluded, that E. purpurea might be used as a feed additive to achieve immune stimulating efficiency in pig production and increase feed-to-gain-conversion. The efficiency of cobs is comparable to a commercial juice product.     

Effect of dietary Echinacea purpurea on viremia and performance in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected nursery pigs

The effect of dietary Echinacea purpurea on performance, viremia, and ontogeny of the humoral antibody response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection was evaluated in weaned pigs. In three replicates, 120 weaned pigs (25 +/- 1 d of age; 8.46 +/- 0.48 kg of BW) from a PRRSV-naive herd were allotted randomly to one of eight pens (diets) in two separate rooms (four pens/room), with each pen containing five pigs. Pigs began one of four dietary treatments (as-fed basis) 1 wk before inoculation with PRRSV: 1) basal diet composed of corn, soybean meal, whey, and essential vitamins and minerals; 2) basal diet plus carbadox (0.055 g/kg of diet; as-fed basis); 3) basal diet plus Echinacea 2% (2% of the total diet); 4) basal diet plus Echinacea 4% (4% of the total diet). The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isolysinic. Echinacea purpurea was purchased in powder form and determined by chemical analysis to contain 1.35% cichoric acid (as-fed basis). Seven days after starting the diets, all pigs in one room were intranasally inoculated with PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332 at a concentration of 10(4) tissue culture infectious dose50/mL. To monitor the effects of Echinacea and PRRSV challenge, BW and blood samples were obtained from all pigs at 7-d intervals. Serum samples were analyzed for the presence of PRRSV and PRRSV-specific antibodies. All challenged pigs became infected with PRRSV, and all unchallenged pigs remained free of infection. No differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, ADFI, or gain:feed (G:F) were observed in PRRSV-challenged compared with unchallenged animals. For PRRSV-challenged animals receiving diets supplemented with Echinacea at 2 or 4%, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F ratio. Among PRRSV-challenged pigs, dietary Echinacea did not affect (P > 0.10) the rate or level of the ELISA-detectable antibody response from d 7 to 42 or the level and duration of PRRSV in serum. For PRRSV-unchallenged animals receiving diets supplemented with Echinacea at 2 or 4%, no differences (P > 0.10) were observed in ADG, ADFI, and G:F ratio. Under the conditions of this study, dietary Echinacea did not enhance growth, exhibit antiviral effects to PRRSV, or show any evidence of immune enhancing properties.     

Echinacea powder: treatment for canine chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections

An open multi-centered veterinary clinical trial, comparing conditions before and after treatment with a herbal preparation, containing the powdered root of Echinacea purpurea, was conducted by 6 practicing veterinarians in Switzerland. The plant-based immune stimulant was administered to 41 dogs with manifestations of chronic and seasonal upper respiratory tract infections, including pharyngitis/tonsillitis, bronchitis and kennel cough. Each animal was at an individual stage of the disease, with various symptoms and different severity scores, at start of treatment. There was no control group. Echinacea powder (1:3) was administered with the food at a dose of 1.0 g/10 kg body weight once daily for 8 weeks. Overall efficacy showed significant improvement for 92% of 39 dogs after 4 weeks of treatment and this was confirmed after 8 weeks. Significant reductions of severity and resolution of typical clinical symptoms, of clear nasal secretions, enlargement of lymph nodes, dry cough, dyspnea and dry lung sounds, were evident after 4 weeks. Only two adverse effects, not suspected to be attributable to the study drug, were recorded. Because quality and stability of the Echinacea powder were defined, using an analytical standard and purity tests, these data suggest, that the Echinacea preparation can be recommended as a well tolerated alternative treatment of canine upper respiratory tract infections.     

紫锥菊复方对高温条件下蛋鸡生产性能及血液生化指标的影响

为研究紫锥菊复方对高温条件下蛋鸡生产性能和血液生化指标的影响,选用60周龄海兰褐蛋鸡250只,随机分为5组,试验第1~4组日粮中分别添加0.5%、1%、1.5%的紫锥菊复方和0.04%维生素C,第5组为空白对照组。试验结果表明,1%紫锥菊复方和1.5%紫锥菊复方能够显著提高高温条件下蛋鸡的采食量、产蛋率(P<0.05),降低料蛋比(P<0.05);维生素C对于高温条件下蛋鸡采食量、产蛋率、料蛋比的影响差异不显著(P>0.05),但可降低蛋鸡软破蛋比率和鸡群死淘数;与对照组相比,不同浓度的紫锥菊复方和维生素C均可明显提高血清GLU、TP、ALB水平和ALP活性,降低血清TG、CHO浓度和ALT、CK活性。