牦牛出血性败血病的防治措施

牛巴氏杆菌病又称牛出血性败血病,是一种由多杀性巴氏杆菌引起的多种畜禽及野生动物以急性败血及组织和器官的出血性炎症为特征的传染病. 2007年11月21日,青海省黄南州河南县赛尔龙乡尖克村三队牧户果多牦牛群中突然出现以咽喉水肿、呼吸困难和肠道黏膜脱落、拉稀为特征的病畜.据现场调查,该村4户牦牛群共有牦牛350头,发病26头,发病率占7.4%;其中死亡16头,占发病数的4.6%.     

曲麻莱县牛巴氏杆菌病的防治

(一)发病情况曲麻莱县约改镇长江村位于曲麻莱县东北部,2012年9月16日,疫控中心接到该村一家的疫情报告,说自家放牧的牦牛有86头,有22头发病,已死亡8头。接到疫情后,县动物防疫部门立即安排专人对该次疫情进行了诊治控制和扑灭。根据流行病学进行调查、并对临床症状进行     

环青海湖地区牦牛气肿疽流行情况与综合防制

1 流行情况 天峻县地处青海湖西侧,属青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州管辖,是环青海湖主要牧业县之一.全县平均海拔3 500～4 500 m,共有草地面积152.74万公顷,年平均气温-0.9℃～5.3℃,无绝对无霜期.畜牧业是当地传统产业,全县共存栏各类牲畜96.6万头(只、匹),其中牦牛11万头.2005年至2009年5年来,天峻县共发生牛、羊气肿疽4起,其中牦牛3起,发病牛24头,死亡19头,致死率 79.2%;藏羊1起,发病数19只,死亡17只,致死率89.5%.发病牦牛、藏羊全部是快尔玛乡第四牧业社牧户饲养,发病呈现较强的地域特性.     

牦牛巴氏杆菌病的诊疗

班玛县突然发病的79头牦牛经过临床症状、剖检变化和流行情况的观察和调查并且结合实验室诊断,确诊为牦牛巴氏杆菌病。经过采取紧急免疫接种、圈舍消毒等有效措施并结合硫酸庆大霉素、头孢唑啉、链霉素和磺胺二甲嘧啶等药物进行治疗，疫病得到了有效控制。除发病严重的31头牦牛死亡外,其余的牦牛痊愈,治愈率达到60.8%。     

玉树州畜种畜群结构调查与对策初探

为给玉树藏族自治州畜牧业的良性发展和生态保护决策提供依据,对全州6县557户牧户进行了饲养户数、人口数、家畜(畜种、年龄、性别)数进行了入户调查。结果表明:调查涉及人口3260人,牦牛34407头,藏羊11557只,马522匹;各畜种中牦牛饲养比例最高为74.02%,其次为藏羊占24.86%,马1.12%;全州调查牧户均饲养牦牛,户均养殖牦牛61.77头/户,人均养殖牦牛10.55头/人,其中只有29.62%的牧户兼养羊,户均养殖养羊头数为70只/户。3.5岁以下的育成牦牛在畜群中的比例为57.70%,成年牦牛占的比例为42.40%;母牛比例为58.09%,能繁殖母牛比例为34.66%,3.5岁以下的母牦牛在畜群中30.55%;种公牦牛比例为3.01%,3.5岁以下的公牦牛在畜群中占27.37%,4岁以上去势公牦牛比例高达11.53%;全州适龄母牦牛繁殖成活率为41.21%。牧户饲养的藏羊中,适繁母羊占群体数的39.09%,当年繁殖羔羊占群体数的23.55%,育成羊占群体数的21.06%,成年羊占55.39%,适龄母羊繁殖成活率60.29%。全州适龄母畜比例低,畜群结构极不合理,家畜繁殖成活率过低;应加大调整畜群结构力度,提高适龄母畜比例,提倡犊牛及周岁牛的育肥及秋季出栏,加快畜群周转。     

牦牛巴氏杆菌的防治

牦牛巴氏杆菌病在班玛县每年发生,对畜牧业生产带来了严重影响,为控制本病的发生,保障畜牧业生产健康发展,笔者对发生在班玛县的典型病例的防治介绍如下,供同行参考.1 典型病例1.1 发病特点 2007年10月,班玛县达卡乡二社一牧户家饲养的牦牛发生一起急性、死亡率高的传染病,两日内先后有8头牦牛发病.据畜主介绍在放牧中由于一头牦牛被狼咬伤,经过简单的伤口处理后,将该牛放回牛群中,3d后该牛突然发病,主要以高热、咳嗽、流泪、流涎、呼吸困难和咽喉前颈部高度肿胀为主要症状,于次日早上突然死亡,其他牛相继出现类似症状,患病牦牛病程短,突然死亡.     

一起山羊暴发传染性胸膜肺炎的诊治

2003年4月23日，接到本县巴扎乡柏木峡村部分牧户饲养的山羊不明原因发病死亡的疫病报告，我站立即协同县畜牧兽医站组成疫情调查组实地进行了调查，并采取相应防治措施，控制了疫情蔓延。现将疫病调查及诊治情况报告如下。     

牦牛巴氏杆菌病的诊疗

1999年 3月～ 4月间我团小山草场 (红山 )有一群 40 9头的牦牛群发生了疫情 ,发病 1 2 7头 ,发病率31 % ;死亡 1 9头 ,死亡率为 1 4.9%。1　流行情况及临床表现　我团牦牛生产常年放牧于高山较寒冷的草场 ,自然条件比较差 ,在 3～ 4月间草少牦牛的膘情也差。向牧民了解疫情 ,得知先是由邻近公社的牛群先发病 ,在放牧中常有混群发生 ,以后才是我团这群牦牛发病 ,发病牛多是瘦弱牛 ,主要是隔年的牛犊及瘦弱的老牛。主要临床表现为 :精神不振 ,食欲不佳 ,反刍停止 ,鼻镜发干 ,体温在36～ 39.5℃之间 ,个别牦牛高达 41 .2℃。拉稀 ,粪便呈灰褐色…     

高原牦牛巴氏杆菌病流行特点与分析

为掌握青藏高原牦牛巴氏杆菌病(牛出血性败血症)在多年防治情况下的流行动态,为今后的彻底控制疫病提供科学依据,近期对青海省44个县(市)1991—2005年15年间的牦牛巴氏杆菌病发生情况进行了调查与分析,报告如下。1流行特点1.1发病率低,致死率高通过1991-2005年467起疫情调查发现,青海省年平均发病率为2.0%,致死率为32.6%。1996年发病率最低仅为0.4%,2001年最高时也只有8.8%。发病牦牛大多表现急性经过,未来得及治疗便死亡,死亡率较高;1992年和2000年其致死率,分别达49.9%和48.9%。1.2流行范围广,海拔高近15年来青海省牛出败疫情呈零星散发或…     

牦牛牛出败的防治

1999年12月门源县浩门镇头塘村某牧户,从仙米乡购进20头牦牛(年龄大小不等),购进后在一周之内有16头牦牛先后出现了程度不同的牛出败病状,其中10头的病情较为严重,经业务人员7天的精心治疗,除一头牛在治疗过程中病情加重死亡外,其余9头患畜全部治愈,疫病得到了控制。     

Serologic prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and elk in Montana

Serum samples from 2,539 cattle, 649 sheep, 123 goats, 413 pigs, 93 bison, and 56 elk from Montana were examined for antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in the Sabin-Feldman dye test or the modified agglutination test (MAT). Cattle, bison, and elk serum samples were treated with 0.2 M-mercaptoethanol before examination in MAT. In the dye test, 13.2% of sheep, 5.0% of pigs, and 22.7% of goats had antibody at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:16. In the MAT, 3.2% of cattle, 3.1% of bison, and none of the elk were positive at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:128.     

Exercise-induced alterations in plasma concentrations of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol in horses

Six Standardbred (STB) mares (11+/-2 years, 521+/-77 kg; means+/-SD) performed an exercise trial (EX) where they underwent an incremental exercise test (GXT) as well as a parallel control trial (CON) to test the hypothesis that short-term, high intensity exercise would alter plasma concentrations of glucose, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin and cortisol. Plasma samples were taken before (0 min), during (last 10s at 6, 8m/s, and the velocity eliciting VO(2max)), and after exercise (2, 10, 30, 60 min; 12 and 24h post-GXT). A second set of blood samples was collected before and after an afternoon meal given at 1515 h (at 1500, 1514, 1530, and 1545 h). Data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey's test. During the GXT, there were no changes (P>0.05) in the plasma concentrations of glucose, leptin, adiponectin or ghrelin. However, there was a 29% increase (P<0.05) in mean plasma cortisol concentration and a 35% decrease (P<0.05) in mean plasma insulin concentration. Substantial increases (P<0.05) in the mean plasma concentrations of glucose and cortisol of 36% and 102%, respectively, were seen in the EX trial during the first 60 min post-GXT. Plasma leptin concentration, measured at the 24h post-GXT time point, was 20% lower (P<0.05) during the EX trial compared with the parallel time point in the standing control (CON) trial. Plasma ghrelin concentration was 37% lower (P<0.05) in the EX trial compared with CON before and after the afternoon meal, but was 43% higher (P<0.05) 12h post-GXT. There were no differences between EX and CON for plasma concentrations of insulin or adiponectin during recovery. It was concluded that short-term high intensity exercise alters plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations in STB mares post-exercise, which may signal the exercised animals to alter energy intake.     

Serological survey of canine dirofilariosis in Chongqing, Kunming, Nanchang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Nanning in Southern China

The present study conducts a serological survey on the presence of canine dirofilariosis in domestic dogs using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. A total of 310 household dogs (166 females and 144 males) in Chongqing, Kunming, Nanchang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Nanning in Southern China were examined. Of the 310 dogs, 42 (13.5%) were seropositive for dirofilariosis. No statistically significant difference was observed in terms of sex in the seroprevalence of dirofilariosis using the ELISA kit. The positive rates for dirofilariosis were 6.6% in the 0-1-year-old group, 13.8% in the 1-4-year-old group, and 21.6% in the less than 4-year-old group. The statistical analysis revealed that significant differences were observed in the 1-4-year-old group (P=0.037, OR=0.441, 95% CI=0.170-1.144) and less than 4-year-old group (P<0.001, OR=0.256, 95% CI=0.095-0.693). In the regional comparison, the shoreline city Shenzhen (18.8%) had a significantly higher prevalence than urban and mountain areas (P<0.05, OR=0.310, 95% CI=0.066-1.445). In conclusion, Dirofilaria immitis infection in domestic dogs was present in Chongqing, Kunming, Nanchang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Nanning. Therefore, heartworm treatment and/or chemoprophylaxis for the captured domestic dogs are necessary in these areas. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first using serological methods to examine D. immitis infection in domestic dogs in Mainland China in the recent years.     

Effects of butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine, and xylazine in ponies

The analgesic and behavioral effects of butorphanol (0.22 mg/kg), flunixin (2.2 mg/kg), levorphanol (0.033 mg/kg), morphine (0.66 mg/kg), and xylazine (2.2 mg/kg), given IM were observed in 8 ponies. These ponies were instrumented to measure response objectively to painful superficial and visceral stimuli. Effects on the cardiopulmonary system and rectal temperature also were evaluated in 6 of these ponies. Observations were conducted before drug injection (base-line values) and after injection at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. Xylazine provided the highest pain threshold for the first 60 minutes and a sedative effect for 105 minutes. The effects for superficial pain and visceral pain persisted 3 hours and 4 hours, respectively. Morphine produced good analgesia for superficial pain (30 minutes), whereas butorphanol provided good effect for visceral pain (4 hours). A slight degree of analgesia for visceral pain was obtained after morphine (1 hour) and levorphanol (4 hours); flunixin did not induce analgesia. Butorphanol, levorphanol, and morphine stimulated motor activity. Behavioral effects did not occur after flunixin was given. Xylazine decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures. Marked increases in these pressures, heart rate, and respiratory rate were observed after morphine was given. Changes of central venous pressure, rectal temperature, and blood gas values remained within base-line limits after both drugs were given. Butorphanol increased heart rates for 1 hour; flunixin and levorphanol did not alter any of the above values.     

Chemoprophylaxis of cryptosporidiosis in chickens, using halofuginone, salinomycin, lasalocid, or monensin

Chemoprophylaxis of Cryptosporidium baileyi infections was attempted by feeding 4 groups of chicks diets containing 3 mg of halofuginone/kg of feed, 60 mg of salinomycin/kg, 75 mg of lasalocid/kg, or 110 mg of monensin/kg. Rations were fed 5 days before oral or intratracheal inoculation with oocysts and were continued for 20 days. None of the drugs prevented C baileyi infections. Clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and gross lesions of airsacculitis were observed in intratracheally inoculated birds in all treatment groups and nonmedicated controls. Orally inoculated birds did not develop clinical signs of infection. Pathogenic bacteria were not isolated from the respiratory tract systems of any chicks. Halofuginone delayed the establishment of infections of the bursa of Fabricius and cloaca, but not of the trachea.     

Changes in plasma melanocyte-stimulating hormone,ACTH, prolactin,GH, LH,FSH, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in response to injection of sulpiride,thyrotropin-releasing hormone,or vehicle in insulin-sensitive and -insensitive mares

Six insulin-sensitive and 6 insulin-insensitive mares were used in a replicated 3 by 3 Latin square design to determine the pituitary hormonal responses (compared with vehicle) to sulpiride and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 2 compounds commonly used to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. Mares were classified as insulin sensitive or insensitive by their previous glucose responses to direct injection of human recombinant insulin. Treatment days were February 25, 2012, and March 10 and 24, 2012. Treatments were sulpiride (racemic mixture, 0.01 mg/kg BW), TRH (0.002 mg/kg BW), and vehicle (saline, 0.01 mL/kg BW) administered intravenously. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters at −10, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min relative to treatment injection. Plasma ACTH concentrations were variable and were not affected by treatment or insulin sensitivity category. Plasma melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to both sulpiride and TRH injection and were greater (P < 0.05) in insulin-insensitive mares than in sensitive mares. Plasma prolactin concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to both sulpiride and TRH injection, and the response was greater (P < 0.05) for sulpiride; no effect of insulin sensitivity was observed. Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to TRH injection only and were higher (P < 0.05) in insulin-sensitive mares in almost all time periods. Plasma LH and FSH concentrations varied with time (P < 0.05), particularly in the first week of the experiment, but were not affected by treatment or insulin sensitivity category. Plasma GH concentrations were affected (P < 0.05) only by day of treatment. The greater MSH responses to sulpiride and TRH in insulin-insensitive mares were similar to, but not as exaggerated as, those observed by others for PPID horses. In addition, the reduced TSH concentrations in insulin-insensitive mares are consistent with our previous observation of elevated plasma triiodothyronine concentrations in hyperleptinemic horses (later shown to be insulin insensitive as well).     

Comparative pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and cows.

OBJECTIVE: To compare pharmacokinetic variables of enrofloxacin (ENR) after IV administration in mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and cows and to perform allometric analysis of ENR. ANIMALS: 47 mice, 5 rats, 5 rabbits, 5 sheep, and 5 cows. PROCEDURE: Serially obtained plasma samples were assayed for ENR concentration, using high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro plasma protein binding was determined by ultrafiltration. Plasma ENR concentration versus time curves were fitted by use of nonlinear least-squared regression analysis. Pharmacokinetic variables were correlated further with body weight. RESULTS: In all species studied, the best fit was obtained for a two-compartment open model; ENR half-life ranged from 89 minutes in mice to 169 minutes in cows. Volume of distribution was large in all species studied, with values ranging from 10.5 L/kg in mice to 1.5 L/kg in sheep. Body clearance ranged from 68.1 ml/min/kg for mice to 4.6 ml/min/kg for sheep. Unbound ENR was found to be (mean +/- SD) 58+/-2, 50+/-6, 50+/-2, 31+/-2, and 40+/-3% in plasma of mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, and cows, respectively. The only pharmacokinetic variables that could be correlated with body weight were elimination half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution. Allometric exponents denoting proportionality of half-life, body clearance, and volume of distribution with body weight were 0.06, 0.82, and 0.90, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An allometric approach could provide a suitable method for determining a scale for ENR pharmacokinetics among various mammalian species. This would faciliatate the administration of appropriate doses of ENR to all animals.     

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of dirlotapide in the dog

Three once-daily oral doses of 0.2 mg/kg [¹⁴C]dirlotapide were administered to beagle dogs to study the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of dirlotapide. Mean ¹⁴C recovered at 2.5 and 4.5 h after the last dose was 90%. Mean ¹⁴C in urine, bile, and feces was <1%, 1.7%, and 56% of the dose, respectively. In tissues, 26% of the ¹⁴C dose was present in the gastrointestinal tract, 6.0% in liver, and <1% each in kidney, gall bladder, heart, and brain. To further characterize drug disposition, a single 2.5-mg/kg oral dose of [¹⁴C]dirlotapide was administered to beagle dogs. More than 84% of the dose had been eliminated by 72 h in feces, with 21% of the dose present in feces as parent dirlotapide. Less than 1% of the dose was excreted in urine. In bile collected during the first 24-h postdose from three dogs, 32% and 11% of the ¹⁴C dose was present in samples from male and female dogs, respectively. Based upon metabolite profiling of plasma, excreta, and bile samples, dirlotapide was extensively metabolized to more than 20 metabolites. Biliary/fecal excretion and the potential for enterohepatic recycling of metabolites are suggested.