病原菌分子生物学诊断技术及其在奶牛子宫内膜炎诊断中的应用进展

子宫内膜炎(Endometritis)是奶牛常见的生殖系统疾病,影响奶牛的生产性能,给奶牛养殖业带来了巨大的经济损失。奶牛子宫内膜炎多由病原菌混合感染,若能及时、准确地检测出致病菌,对该病的综合防控至关重要。目前,奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌诊断技术的相关报道甚少,为进一步研究开发奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌诊断技术,论文对目前应用于其诊断的PCR技术、环介导等温扩增(LAMP)技术、基因芯片技术等的研究进展进行了综述,并对其应用情况和优缺点进行了分析与总结,以期为奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌诊断技术研究提供参考。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌药敏试验

在奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌分离试验的基础上,选检出率最高的大肠杆菌、链球菌和葡萄球菌各6株,用10种抗生素进行药敏试验。结果表明,头孢噻肟、丁胺卡那霉素最敏感,其次是利福平和新霉素,其他如庆大霉素、氨苄青霉素、红霉素、强力霉素、土霉素和复合磺胺等6种抗生素均有不同程度的耐药性。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎主要病原菌的调查

为了掌握淮安地区奶牛子宫内膜炎主要病原菌的种类及分布情况,以便给淮安地区奶牛场制定科学的预防计划,在淮安的4个地区,按不同季节,采集32份患有子宫内膜炎的奶牛子宫分泌物,进行细菌学分离鉴定与统计分析。结果共分离出84株细菌。其中,金黄色葡萄球菌17株,占20.2%;表皮葡萄球菌9株,占10.7%;粪链球菌2株,占2.3%;化脓链球菌7株,占8.3%;大肠杆菌14株,占16.7%;变形杆菌7株,占8.3%;克雷伯氏菌7株,占8.3%;志贺氏菌3株,占3.6%;沙门氏菌7株,占8.3%;绿脓杆菌5株,占6%;白色念珠菌2株,占2.3%;化脓放线菌4株,占4.7%。经分析发现,奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌的种类季节差异明显,夏秋以球菌感染为主,冬春季节以肠道杆菌感染为主。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎性不孕症治疗前后病原菌的变化

本文就兰州地区3个奶牛场186例子宫内膜炎性不孕症的病原区系及治疗后细菌转阴率作了调查。结果:该3场奶牛子宫内膜炎性不孕症病原区系为链球菌、大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、化脓棒状杆菌、变形杆菌、绿脓杆菌。用清宫液治疗后,细菌转阴率为61.11％。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断与治疗

子宫内膜炎是适繁母牛所患的一种常见病本文主要叙述了奶牛子宫内膜炎的病因及症状．提出了子宫内膜炎的诊断与治疗方法。     

奶牛隐性子宫内膜炎诊断技术研究进展

奶牛隐性子宫内膜炎在以子宫内膜被嗜中性粒细胞(PMN)持续性的广泛浸润为主要特征,没有直观的临床症状,经常导致奶牛屡配不孕。在中国,由子宫内膜炎引起的奶牛不孕的比例达50.62%,且由隐性子宫内膜炎引起的奶牛不孕占其中的90%。由于隐性子宫内膜炎在发病初期不易被观察到,容易错过最佳治疗时间,造成巨大的经济损失,故如何对其做出正确、及时的诊断成了近年来的研究热点。目前,国内外奶牛隐性子宫内膜炎的诊断方法主要有阴道内窥镜法、细胞刷法、活体组织诊断法、超声诊断法及白血球酯酶法等,但目前这些诊断方法没有统一的判断标准。本文对几种不同的奶牛隐性子宫内膜炎的诊断方法进行了综述,为更早、更准确地诊断隐性子宫内膜炎提供依据。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断与治疗

奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断与治疗张禹王春林代大力金光泰（黑龙江畜牧兽医杂志社１５００４０）（黑龙江省家畜繁育指导站）奶牛子宫内膜炎是奶牛生殖疾病的常见病，发病率高达２０％～３０％，并且占不孕症的６８．３４％。奶牛患子宫内膜炎使受精卵不能着床或胚胎早期死亡，...     

奶牛产后子宫内膜炎早期诊断与治疗

子宫内膜炎是奶牛四大疾病之一,严重困扰养牛业的发展。Kelton等报道,产后急性子宫内膜炎的发病率从2.2%~37.5%不等。子宫内膜炎是导致奶牛不孕的主要原因之一,Barbu等在一项调查中发现,不孕牛中有70%为慢性子宫内膜炎造成。瞿自明等1983~1985年对16个城市41     

奶牛子宫内膜炎治疗进展

奶牛子宫内膜炎常发于奶牛分娩后数天之内,若不及时治疗常转为慢性,最终导致长期不孕,严重影响牛奶的经济效益。本文对奶牛子宫内膜炎的发病原因、机理、临床症状与防治的研究进行归纳,以期为以后的疫病防治工作提供科学依据。     

miRNA在奶牛子宫内膜炎治疗靶点的研究进展

奶牛子宫内膜炎是奶牛常见的产后疾病,给奶牛养殖业造成了很大的损失,加之抗生素的滥用和耐药菌株的出现,使得寻求子宫内膜炎在分子层面的治疗方法更加迫切,本文就子宫内膜炎的病因、危害、诊断方法及miRNA作为治疗靶点进行阐述,以期为子宫内膜炎的治疗提供参考。     

中草药对奶牛子宫内膜炎治疗的研究进展

在奶牛养殖业中,奶牛子宫内膜炎是一种较为常见的多发病,多集中在产后2周内,一般发病率为20％-35％。它通常是子宫膜的黏液性或脓性炎症,由于炎症所产生的有毒物质可致死精子和胚胎而成为奶牛不孕的常见原因之一,我国奶牛子宫内膜炎型不孕症占成年母牛不孕症的17％以上。目前绝大多数的养殖场还是大量的应用抗生素、激素类化学药品去预防和治疗该病的发生,虽具有一定的疗效,但这些药物使用后会在乳中残留产生“有抗奶”,而且滥用药物会致使动物产生耐药性和“三致”反应。所以,资源丰富、残留量少的中草药防治奶牛子宫内膜炎便成了人们关注的焦点。中草药属于天然药物,具有明显的抗菌消炎、改善血液循环和增强子宫收缩的效果,如经过科学的配制,将对奶牛子宫内膜炎的防治起到很大的作用。     

溶菌酶对奶牛子宫内膜炎主要病原的体外药敏试验

选取从患有子宫内膜炎奶牛的子宫黏液中分离出的主要病原菌金黄色葡萄球菌37株、链球菌30株、大肠埃希氏菌12株和化脓棒状杆菌22株,在体外用溶菌酶、庆大霉素、氨苄西林和头孢唑啉按照微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验。结果表明,溶菌酶对奶牛子宫内膜炎分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和链球菌具有良好的抗菌活性,对化脓棒状杆菌具有一定的抑杀作用,对大肠埃希氏菌作用较弱;氨苄西林则均产生了大量的耐药菌株,而溶菌酶对庆大霉素、氨苄西林和头孢唑啉耐药菌株同样具有较好的抑杀效果。     

微生态制剂防治奶牛子宫内膜炎研究进展

子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后多发病,屡配不孕的奶牛中患子宫内膜炎的占1/2以上。患病牛由于子宫存在炎症,无法完成受孕过程,给我国乃至世界奶牛业造成严重经济损失。由于抗生素的大量应用,病原菌的抗菌谱越来越广,耐药问题日趋严重,开发抗生素替代疗法得到学界广泛共识。微生态制剂具有绿色、安全、无残留等特点,是最有潜力的抗生素替代品之一。本文主要阐述奶牛子宫内膜炎的发病机理,微生态制剂的种类、应用,以及微生态制剂防控奶牛子宫内膜炎作用机理,以期为抗生素减量化防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的研究提供参考。     

新疆地区奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌的分离鉴定及其对抗菌药的敏感性试验

通过细菌形态学和细菌生化特性,分离和鉴定了新疆地区患子宫内膜炎的21头奶牛子宫分泌物中的病原菌分别为蜡样芽孢杆菌(24.5%)、非溶血性链球菌(18.4%)、大肠杆菌(14.3%)、溶血性链球菌(10.2%)、表皮葡萄球菌(10.2%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(10.2%)、胎儿弯曲菌(10.2%)和不动杆菌等.其中革兰氏阳性菌检出率较高(73.5%).子宫内膜炎病原菌以单一菌株感染为主(47.6%).采用Kirby-Barer法测定了鉴定菌株对13种抗微生物药的体外药物敏感性.链球菌、大肠杆菌和葡萄球菌对氨苄西林不敏感,而对卡那霉素和庆大霉素敏感性较高;大肠杆菌对青霉素和氨苄西林全部耐药(100%),对四环素和多西环素耐药率较高(均为83.3%);溶血性链球菌对青霉素和四环素全部耐药,对链霉素耐药率为80%;相对而言,表皮葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药率较低;氟喹诺酮类对各种分离菌株比较敏感.     

Evaluation of the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis in dairy cattle using ultrasound

The aim of this study was to determine signs of subclinical endometritis found by ultrasound that are associated with reduced fertility in dairy cows.The maximum diameter of the uterine lumen was determined by ultrasound in 324 cows without clinical signs of endometritis after evaluation of the genital tract 21 to 27 days postpartum. Cows were classified into healthy or with subclinical endometritis by three threshold values for the maximum uterine lumen diameter of 0.2 cm, 0.5 cm or 0.8 cm. Examinations by rectal palpation and ultrasound as well as classifications were repeated 14 days later. In addition, ovaries were scanned by ultrasound to determine the stage of the estrous cycle. In a subgroup of 103 cows the echotexture of the uterus and its contents was evaluated. In these cows the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis was performed by a scoring system. The diameter of the uterine lumen was significantly affected by stage of the estrous cycle at the time of examination. However, no effects were found for the stage of the cycle at the time of examination on subsequent reproductive performance. A uterine lumen with a maximum diameter of more than 0.2 cm showed a significant negative association with conception rate and proportion of cows pregnant. Classification based on higher threshold values did not reveal an association with reproductive performance. Echogenic content in the uterus also decreased reproductive performance. A classification based on the echotexture of the uterus and its contents revealed significant differences between healthy cows and cows with subclinical endometritis regarding the proportion of cows inseminated and pregnant.The results of this study showed that the diagnostic of bovine endometritis should be broadend by ultrasonography. The definition of subclinical endometritis diagnosed by means of ultrasonography has to be evaluated in further studies.     

小反刍兽疫诊断技术的研究进展

小反刍兽疫(Peste des petits ruminants,PPR)是FAO/OIE规定的A类烈性传染病,我国规定为一类动物疫病,是一种严重的烈性、接触性传染病,主要感染小反刍兽,以发热、口腔溃疡、咳嗽、腹泻和死亡为主要特征.     

口蹄疫诊断技术的研究进展

口蹄疫(foot-and-mouth disease,FMD)是由口蹄疫病毒(foot-and-mouth disease virus,FMDV)引起的偶蹄动物的一种烈性传染病。FMDV是小     

奶牛子宫内膜炎非抗菌治疗试验

选用８６头患子宫内膜炎的奶牛分为３组进行非抗菌治疗试验，１，２，３组分别采用催产素，氯前列烯醇和碘溶液治疗。结果表明：１，２，３组的治愈率，好转率和无效率分别为８０，５％，１２．２％，７．３％，８６．４％，９．１％，４．１％，６９．６０％，２１．７％，８．７％。     

Risk factors for postpartum endometritis and the effect of endometritis on reproductive performance in dairy cows in Korea

The objectives of this study were to determine the risk factors for postpartum endometritis by evaluating several reproductive factors in individual cows, and to determine the effect of endometritis on the subsequent reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea. The data, including health status, parity and body condition score (BCS) of cows, and calving date, were collected from 320 cows in eight dairy herds calving from January 2001 to October 2002. We used logistic regression to evaluate the effects of these factors on endometritis. A stepwise procedure, used to obtain the appropriate model with alpha=0.05, revealed that retained placenta, metabolic disorders and parity are the important risk factors for endometritis. The mean intervals from calving to first service and conception were prolonged (P<0.01) by 23 and 36 days, respectively, in the endometritis group compared to the non-endometritis group. The first service conception rate was lower (P<0.05) in the endometritis group (47.6%) than in the non-endometritis group (62.6%). The number of services per conception was higher (P<0.05) in the endometritis group (1.9) than in the non-endometritis group (1.6). We conclude that retained placenta, metabolic disorders and cow parity are strongly correlated with the development of postpartum endometritis, which decreases reproductive performance in dairy herds in Korea.