番茄麦蛾

番茄麦蛾(Tuta absoluta(Meyrick))是原产于南美洲并于近年传入欧洲现已迅速在欧洲南部和地中海地区蔓延的重要番茄害虫。该虫不仅直接取食危害,还可导致病菌的二次侵害,造成番茄产量和品质严重下降。该虫目前在我国尚无分布,本文对该虫的地理分布、形态特征、生物学特性等进行了综述,并分析了该虫的传播途径以及对我国的风险预测,以期为做好检疫、防范该虫入侵我国提供理论依据。     

上行效应与下行效应在番茄潜叶蛾防控中的应用

番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta源自南美洲,是一种具有恶性入侵性、暴发性和毁灭性的害虫。该害虫自2017年入侵我国新疆维吾尔自治区伊犁哈萨克自治州,目前已在我国云南、贵州和四川等近20个省（区）相继发生,对番茄等茄科类作物造成严重威胁,亟需开展害虫综合治理研究与田间应用。该文基于土壤-作物-害虫-天敌互作系统中上行效应与下行效应的生态学原理,综述土壤氮素、根际微生物、作物抗性、作物和非作物多样性以及天敌昆虫在番茄潜叶蛾种群控制中的作用,对番茄潜叶蛾综合防控进行展望。     

番茄潜叶蛾综合防控技术研究进展

番茄潜叶蛾Phthorimaea absoluta Meyrick起源于南美洲的秘鲁,是一种世界检疫性入侵害虫,目前已经扩散到全球100多个国家,严重威胁全球番茄产业。该虫于2017年入侵我国新疆伊犁,之后在南方多个省份相继被发现,且呈现扩散趋势,危害范围加大。本文从农业防治、化学防治、生物防治、物理防治等方面总结番茄潜叶蛾原发地和入侵国的防治进展及治理经验,并结合我国实际提出建议,为国内番茄潜叶蛾的有效治理和抑制其扩散提供参考。     

蜂巢小甲虫传入中国的风险评估

蜂巢小甲虫(Aethina tumida Murray)被世界动物卫生组织(OIE)列为蜜蜂六大重要病原体之一,已在广东、海南相继被发现,并对当地养蜂业构成严重威胁。本研究利用有害生物风险评估方法(PRA),从国内外的发生现状、传播途径及扩散可能性、生物学特性、潜在危害性、寄主经济重要性,以及风险管理难度等方面对蜂巢小甲虫的入侵风险进行了定性及半定量评估,其在中国的综合风险值(R)为2.09,是对我国养蜂业,进而对农业和环境具有高度危险性的有害生物。该结果明确了蜂箱小甲虫在我国的传入、传播风险,对其早期监测、预警及检疫具有重要意义。     

橡胶树南美叶疫病入侵中国的风险分析

南美叶疫病(SALB)是世界橡胶种植中为害最重的病害。目前,该病仅在拉丁美洲部分地区发生,但随着国际交流的增多,其传入东南亚乃至入侵我国的风险也在不断升高,有必要分析该病入侵我国的风险。在前期监测中国橡胶树病害工作基础上,通过收集国内外相关研究进展,明确该病的分布状况,分析其潜在经济危害性、受害寄主的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性及危险性管理难度等情况,采用有害生物风险性分析方法进行安全性评估。结果表明,南美叶疫病对中国橡胶产业的综合风险值R为2.38,属高度危险。     

林木害虫刺桐姬小蜂风险分析

刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythrinael Kim）是我国大陆新发现的有害生物，根据刺桐姬小蜂的国内分布状况、潜在经济危害性、寄主植物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性和危险性管理难度等方面对其进行了风险分析，结果表明刺桐姬小蜂为我国风险中度偏高的有害生物。作者提出了检疫管理及除治措施。     

葡萄根瘤蚜在中国的风险性分析

为提出入侵有害生物——葡萄根瘤蚜的风险管理对策,使其风险减少到可接受的水平,根据国际植物检疫措施标准(ISPM)第11号规定的有害生物风险分析程序,从有害生物分布、潜在为害性、受害寄主重要性、移植可能性和管理难易程度等5个方面对葡萄根瘤蚜在中国的风险性进行了定性和定量分析。分析结果表明,葡萄根瘤蚜的综合风险值为2.0,是对中国具有高危险性的有害生物。     

秘鲁水丁香入侵风险分析

秘鲁水丁香原产于美洲,是亚热带和热带地区湿地的重要入侵植物,在我国未见分布报道。澳大利亚、韩国、新西兰、美国等国家均将其列为危险性植物。介绍秘鲁水丁香的形态特征,为相关部门开展监控工作提供依据;并从秘鲁水丁香的分布情况、潜在危害性、经济影响、定殖可能性、风险管理难度共5方面分析其入侵我国的风险性,得出风险值R为2.31,判定为高度风险有害生物,认为江苏等17个地区的湿地管理部门应加强对秘鲁水丁香的监控。一旦发现,应立即对其进行铲除处理,后续需定期监测以防其扩散,保护我国的湿地安全和生态环境安全。     

马铃薯甲虫入侵贵州的风险分析

马铃薯甲虫是马铃薯等茄科作物上毁灭性的检疫性害虫。本文利用定性分析和定量分析相结合对马铃薯甲虫入侵贵州的风险进行了分析。结果表明,马铃薯甲虫在贵州具有大面积种植的寄主,入侵、定殖可能性大,风险管理难度大;其风险评估R值为2.23,在贵州为高度危险的有害生物。因此应加强检疫管理,以防止其传入和扩散蔓延。     

缅甸烟草霜霉病菌入侵中国云南的风险分析及管理对策

本文分析了缅甸烟草霜霉病菌入侵中国的风险。根据ISPM规定的有害生物风险性分析程序,从烟草霜霉病菌国内外分布、潜在危险性、受害作物的经济重要性、传播扩散可能性及危险性管理难度5个方面对其在中国云南的风险进行了综合分析。结果表明烟草霜霉病在中国云南的综合风险值R为2.56。该病菌在云南是高度危险的检疫性有害生物,本文针对烟草霜霉病提出相应的管理对策。     

Prospects for the biological control of Tuta absoluta in tomatoes of the Mediterranean basin

Since its detection in the Mediterranean basin at the end of 2006 and later in other European countries, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), has become a serious threat to tomato crops. In newly infested areas, it is especially problematic during the first years of its presence. Nevertheless, after 2–3 years, the incidence of T. absoluta has become less severe in certain areas. There are several factors contributing to this decline, such as the increase in growers' knowledge of pest behaviour and biology and the correct application of integrated pest control strategies. The impact of opportunistic native natural enemies (fortuitous biological control) should be considered as one of the key factors in this decline. In this review, available information on indigenous natural enemies is updated, and the current pest management approaches used against T. absoluta are addressed. Finally, future scenarios for biological control of this pest are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于CLIMEX模型的玉蜀黍霜指霉菌入侵风险分析

为明确我国禁止进境的植物检疫性有害生物——玉蜀黍霜指霉菌Peronosclerospora maydis在中国的适生性以及入侵风险,采用CLIMEX 2.0软件分析其适生性,用ArcGIS 10.2软件确定其适生范围和适生程度,并采用多指标综合评判法量化分析其入侵我国的风险等级。结果表明,玉蜀黍霜指霉菌在我国的适生范围主要分布在长江以南的西南山地丘陵玉米种植区和南方丘陵玉米种植区,高适生区主要分布在云南、贵州、四川、重庆、广东、广西、湖南、江西、福建、海南和台湾等省 （区、市）。玉蜀黍霜指霉菌作为专性寄生菌,可在玉米整个生长季侵染危害,经多指标综合评判法分析并计算得到其风险综合评价值R为2.12,表明该病菌入侵我国的风险等级属高度危险,一旦入侵,势必对粮食安全、农业安全和生态安全带来巨大威胁,建议加强检疫监测,严防该病菌入侵。     

地中海实蝇入侵中国的风险评估

地中海实蝇Ceratitis capitata(Weidemann)是全球分布范围最广、为害最大的害虫之一。为评估地中海实蝇入侵中国风险并制定针对性的检疫措施,基于其在全球的分布数据,选取与其发生相关的温度、湿度等7个变量,利用MaxEnt模型预测其适生区,并结合我国进境口岸截获数据及寄主分布情况评估其入侵风险。结果显示,地中海实蝇在全球的适生区范围主要集中在热带、亚热带地区,在我国的适生区范围主要集中在南部地区。该虫在越南、老挝、缅甸、印度、不丹和尼泊尔等我国邻国多地适生,且在我国进境口岸每年也均有截获,2003—2015年共截获274批次;其主要寄主苹果、咖啡、榅桲和无花果在我国的适生区范围内种植面积及产量均较高。因此中国具备了该虫进入、定殖的适生条件,具有较高的扩散风险。为预防其入侵,需完善边境疫情监测体系,加强进境口岸管理力度,并制定科学管理措施以降低其进入、定殖及扩散的风险。     

Genetic study of Mediterranean and South American populations of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Povolny, 1994) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) using ribosomal and mitochondrial markers

BACKGROUND: Before its introduction into Europe at the end of 2006, Tuta absoluta (Povolny, 1994) was confined solely to South America. Currently, this invasive pest is well established in various European and Mediterranean countries, causing important economic losses to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) crops. In order to study the genetic variability of this pest, 23 Mediterranean and ten native South American populations were analysed with nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. RESULTS: The internal transcribed spacers 1 (ITS1) and 2 (ITS2) of rDNA and a fragment in the mtDNA gene encoding cytochrome oxidase I (COI) were PCR amplified and sequenced in T. absoluta. Sequence analyses consistently revealed neither intrapopulation nor interpopulation variation in either genomic region. CONCLUSIONS: High genetic homogeneity was detected in T. absoluta populations from the Mediterranean Basin and South America, based on mtCOI and ITS rDNA sequence analysis. A single genetic type was identified in this pest. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

An immunological method for granulovirus detection in larvae of Tuta absoluta: searching for isolates with prospects for biological control of this pest in Colombia

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta is an important insect pest of tomato crops worldwide. Biological control using entomopathogenic viruses such as isolates of Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) can be a promising tool for suitably controlling this pest. However to date, few viral isolates from T. absoluta have been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an economic, fast and accurate immunological technique for granulovirus detection and to evaluate viral presence in T. absoluta larvae from field samples collected in Colombia. Polyclonal antibodies against PhopGV were produced by using hens and rabbits. The production system in hen was selected as the most efficient and simple method. Then, a dot-blot test was developed, demonstrating the ability of antibodies to recognize granulovirus. Finally, granulovirus presence in 1186 T. absoluta larvae collected in the most important tomato production areas in Colombia was evaluated, and eight isolates were found in Boyacá and Cundinamarca (0.7% of occurrence). These results constitute the first report of a granulovirus isolated from T. absoluta larvae which had been naturally infected in Colombia's tomato producing-fields, and thereby validates the use of the immunological technique to detect granulovirus in field conditions.     

Management strategies for the control of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) damage in open‐field cultivations of processing tomato in Tuscany (Italy)

Since its recent introduction into the Mediterranean area, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) has become widespread and an important pest throughout the region, including in Tuscany, where it was first recorded in 2009. Although several studies have been conducted within controlled environments on the ecology and management of T. absoluta, limited information is currently available on the importance of this pest in open‐field cultivations, which may lead to ineffective management strategies. This study was carried out to monitor fluctuations in adult populations of T. absoluta in organic and conventional cultivations of processing tomatoes using pheromone lures, and to collect inter‐annual data on direct yield loss and fruit damage from larval feeding in two separate trials in Grosseto (Tuscany). The first trial included eight conventionally managed fields; the second trial was carried out in four organically managed fields. Results show relatively higher crop damage for tomatoes transplanted later in the season and harvested towards the end of August to early September, and limited fruit damage from this pest during the second year of the study for both conventional and organically managed fields. Finally, biological and chemical pest management strategies for the control of T. absoluta adopted by farmers within the region are reviewed and discussed.     

苹果球壳孢腐烂病菌在中国的适生性及其入侵风险

为明确我国禁止进境的植物检疫性真菌有害生物——苹果球壳孢腐烂病菌Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens在中国的适生性以及入侵风险,采用专家评判的生物学建模方法确立了其适生性评判标准,运用ArcGIS软件分析其在我国的适生范围和适生程度;同时采用多指标综合评判法量化分析该病菌入侵我国的风险等级。结果表明,苹果球壳孢腐烂病菌在我国具有很广阔的适生范围,中、高度适生区随季节变化明显。1—4月,中、高度适生区从南到北逐渐扩大;6月,高度适生区扩展到东北和新疆北部;9—10月,在苹果采摘前期和采摘期,苹果球壳孢腐烂病菌处于侵染活跃期,其高度适生区域面积最大,包含了陕西、河北、山东、甘肃、辽宁、河南、山西等我国苹果和梨主产区。按照有害生物多指标综合评判法,对15项评估指标进行赋值,计算所得风险综合评价值R为2.54,该病菌入侵我国的风险等级属特别危险。     

草地贪夜蛾侵害我国大豆的风险预警

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种在全世界范围内危害性极强的害虫。2019年初突然侵入我国云南省并迅猛扩散迁移至国内大部分地区,对玉米等作物生产造成重大影响。我国大豆与玉米生产区重合较多,草地贪夜蛾是否会对大豆产生重大危害是一个值得注意的问题。本文从草地贪夜蛾的食性特点和迁移速度以及新生境3个方面评估了此类昆虫可能对我国大豆造成的危害,并对我国大豆生产中草地贪夜蛾的短期和长期预防策略进行了展望,以期为大豆生产中潜在的风险提供预警。     

警惕危险性害虫辣椒花象甲入侵我国

辣椒花象甲Anthonomus eugenii是一种毁灭性害虫,原产于中美洲,可为害至少35种商业辣椒品种,对辣椒为害严重,可使其减产33%～90%。该害虫于1993年入侵加拿大,并于2014年进入欧洲。频繁的全球贸易及国际运输将加速该害虫的传播和扩散,并有入侵我国的风险。该文对辣椒花象甲的生物学特性、寄主植物、为害特征、分布范围及传播进行总结,分析其对我国的入侵风险及对我国辣椒产业造成的潜在损失,并提出风险管理措施。