百脉根单宁对3月龄湖羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵性能的影响

试验研究百脉根单宁对湖羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵性能的影响和百脉根的饲喂价值。在相同能量和蛋白水平下,分别饲喂以苜蓿燕麦混合干草(A组)、百脉根(B组)、百脉根+PEG(C组)为粗饲料的饲粮。结果显示:A、B、C三组的平均日增重没有显著差异(P0.05),A组的干物质、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白表观消化率显著低于B组和C组(P0.05),B组和C组的干物质、酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白质的表观消化率没有显著差异(P0.05)。B组的氨氮浓度、总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸浓度显著低于A组和C组(P0.05)。B组的pH值显著高于A组和C组(P0.05)。结果表明,百脉根中单宁对百脉根的营养物质消化没有显著影响,但会降低瘤胃的挥发性脂肪酸的浓度。百脉根的营养物质的表观消化率高于苜蓿和燕麦混合干草,有较高的饲喂价值。     

常规与非常规粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性

本试验旨在研究苜蓿青贮、全株小麦青贮、全株玉米青贮、苜蓿干草、燕麦草(2种)、稻草、花生秧、谷子秸秆和小麦秸秆共10种粗饲料在奶牛瘤胃中的降解特性,为科学配制奶牛饲粮提供数据参考。采用尼龙袋法评定其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的72 h动态降解率和有效降解率。结果表明,苜蓿青贮的DM有效降解率最高,达到58.24%,小麦秸秆的最低,为34.20%;CP有效降解率最高的是苜蓿干草,与依次降低的全株小麦青贮、苜蓿青贮、全株玉米青贮、燕麦草、稻草、小麦秸秆、谷子秸秆和花生秧差异显著(P0.05);全株小麦青贮的NDF有效降解率与全株玉米青贮、苜蓿干草、燕麦草差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05);全株小麦青贮的ADF有效降解率显著高于其他粗饲料(P0.05)。综上所述,苜蓿干草和苜蓿青贮的瘤胃降解率较高,营养价值较高,小麦秸秆和谷子秸秆品质相对较差,花生秧与上述秸秆饲料比具有一定的优势。     

肉羊常用农作物秸秆类粗饲料营养价值及瘤胃降解特性

试验旨在研究粮食类农作物秸秆和藤蔓类农作物秸秆的营养成分及瘤胃降解特性。选用3头安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的杜×寒杂交F1阉割肉羊,采用尼龙袋法测定6种秸秆(玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、水稻秸秆、花生秧、豆角菀和红薯菀)的粗蛋白(CP)、干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解参数,并对其常规养分及能量价值进行分析。结果表明:红薯菀和豆角菀中CP含量显著高于其他农作物秸秆(P0.05);花生秧的各能量价值显著高于其他农作物秸秆(P0.05);豆角菀和花生秧的CP瘤胃有效降解率显著高于其他秸秆(P0.05);藤蔓类秸秆DM、ADF和NDF瘤胃有效降解率显著高于粮食类秸秆(P0.05)。由此可见,不同的农作物秸秆的营养成分、能量价值和瘤胃降解特性不同。花生秧和红薯菀CP含量、饲料能量价值和各养分瘤胃降解率较高,是优良的粗饲料来源。综合比较,藤蔓类秸秆比粮食类秸秆更适合做肉羊的粗饲料来源。     

日粮纤维对山羊营养物质消化率的影响

试验选用波尔山羊为研究对象研究不同纤维来源的日粮对山羊营养物质消化率的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,分别饲喂以小麦秸秆、梨渣、大豆皮和混合(小麦秸秆和梨渣)为主要纤维来源的等氮等能等纤维4组日粮,日粮纤维的添加量为35%。试验分为4期,每期15d,其中预试期10d,正试期5d。结果表明:(1)与小麦秸秆组、梨渣组以及混合组相比,大豆皮组提高日粮中干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、以及能量(GE)的表观消化率,大豆皮组的DM表观消化率显著高于梨渣组(P0.05),与日粮小麦秸秆组、混合组差异不显著(P0.05)。大豆皮组的OM表观消化率显著高于小麦秸秆组和梨渣组(P0.05),与混合组差异不显著(P0.05)。大豆皮组的NDF、ADF的表观消化率显著高于小麦秸秆组、梨渣组和混合组(P0.05)。大豆皮组的能量表观消化率显著高于小麦秸秆组、梨渣组和混合组(P0.05);(2)与小麦秸秆组、梨渣组以及混合组相比,当饲喂大豆皮组日粮时,山羊的氮保留率和氮的生物学价值最高,显著高于小麦秸秆组(P0.05)。混合组的钙保留率与大豆皮组差异不显著(P0.05),但显著高于小麦秸秆和梨渣组(P0.05)。大豆皮组的磷保留率显著高于小麦秸秆组和混合组(P0.05),与梨渣组差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果表明,当饲喂大豆皮为主要纤维来源的日粮时,山羊对其营养物质的利用效果显著,有效地提高了日粮中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维以及能量的消化率,并且能有效提高氮的生物学价值。     

饲粮中燕麦干草含量对绵羊瘤胃液pH及微生物区系的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮燕麦干草含量对绵羊瘤胃液p H及微生物区系的影响。选取9只体况和体重[(70.32±2.14)kg]相近、装有永久性瘘管的德国美利奴与蒙古羊杂种公羊,采用3×3拉丁方设计,随机分为3组,每组3只,各组分别采用全株玉米青贮、全株玉米青贮+燕麦干草(1∶1)(混合组)、燕麦干草为粗饲料。饲粮精粗比34.50∶65.50。进行3期饲养试验,每期20 d,15 d预试期,5 d采样期。采集饲喂前(0 h)和饲喂后1、3、5和7 h的瘤胃液,测定p H,采用实时定量PCR方法测定微生物相对含量。结果表明:1)全株玉米青贮组的瘤胃液p H在1、5 h均显著低于燕麦干草组(P0.05),在3 h极显著低于混合组(P0.01);2)混合组和燕麦干草组瘤胃液真菌的相对含量在0 h均极显著高于全株玉米青贮组(P0.01),燕麦干草组在5 h真菌相对含量显著高于全株玉米青贮组(P0.05);3)混合组原虫的相对含量在1、5 h显著低于全株玉米青贮组(P0.05);4)饲喂后5 h,混合组和燕麦干草组的纤维分解菌相对含量均较高,其中燕麦干草组黄色瘤胃球菌相对含量显著高于全株玉米青贮组(P0.05),白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的相对含量极显著高于全株玉米青贮组(P0.01)。综上所述,在精粗比为34.50∶65.50的饲粮中采用全株玉米青贮+燕麦干草(1∶1)的粗饲料,有利于维持绵羊瘤胃内环境的稳态及瘤胃微生物的生长,白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌为优势菌。     

CNCPS及体外产气法评价青海地区6种常用粗饲料的营养价值

本研究以豌豆秸秆、蚕豆秸秆、苜蓿干草、小麦秸秆、燕麦青干草、青贮玉米秸秆为研究对象,先采用概略养分法和康奈尔净碳水化合物—蛋白质体系(CNCPS)进行6种粗饲料养分含量的化学分析,再利用体外产气法进一步评价6种粗饲料在牦牛瘤胃内的发酵产气参数,为以上粗饲料在牦牛养殖中的应用提供重要基础数据。结果表明:苜蓿干草CP、CNSC含量最高,NDF含量最低,具有良好的营养价值,是优质粗饲料;小麦秸秆CP、CNSC含量最低,NDF含量最高,营养价值较差;青贮玉米秸秆和燕麦青干草CC和PC含量较低,营养价值优于豌豆秸秆、小麦秸秆、蚕豆秸秆;6种粗饲料48h积累产气量和有机物消化率由大到小依次为青贮玉米秸秆燕麦青干草苜蓿干草豌豆秸秆小麦秸秆蚕豆秸秆,代谢能由大到小依次为青贮玉米秸秆苜蓿干草燕麦青干草豌豆秸秆小麦秸秆蚕豆秸秆,苜蓿干草和燕麦青干草ME没有显著差异; CNCPS测定指标较多,可在一定程度上反映动物对饲料利用情况,对饲料营养价值的评价更精确;青贮玉米秸秆有益于反刍动物瘤胃微生物的发酵和利用。     

农业副产物作为能量蛋白饲料对绵羊生长性能、养分消化及瘤胃发酵的影响

文章旨在评估用农业副产物作为能量和蛋白饲料对绵羊养分摄入、消化及瘤胃发酵性能的影响。试验选择体重接近的36头绵羊,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复3头。处理1组饲喂210?g/kg桑叶饲料,处理2组用100?g/kg水稻秸秆和5?g/kg尿素替代50%桑叶,处理3组饲喂200?g/kg水稻秸秆和10?g/kg尿素,试验为期21?d。结果：T3组绵羊粗蛋白质摄入量显著高于T1和T2组（P＜0.05）,但中性洗涤纤维摄入量、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率最低（P＜0.05）。T3组氮摄入量较T1组显著提高16.31%（P＜0.05）,T1组尿氮排泄量显著低于T2和T3（P＜0.05）。T1和T3组微生物氮含量显著高于T2组（P＜0.05）。T1组瘤胃氨氮浓度最低（P＜0.05）,但挥发性脂肪酸浓度最高（P＜0.05）。结论：日粮中用100%的桑叶替代尿素和水稻秸秆对绵羊干物质摄入量、氮利用及瘤胃微生物氮合成无负面影响,同时可以显著提高中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率。 [关键词]农业副产物|绵羊|养分消化|瘤胃发酵     

燕麦干草与青贮玉米不同组合对绵羊生产性能和消化代谢的影响

为明确燕麦干草与青贮玉米不同组合对绵羊生产性能和消化代谢的影响,选用9只体重和体况相似并已安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂种(美利奴♂×蒙古羊♀)公羊为试验动物,按燕麦干草占粗饲料百分比配制3组饲粮,A1组(100%青贮玉米),A2组(50%青贮玉米+50%燕麦干草)和A3组(100%燕麦干草)。试验采用3×3拉丁方设计,饲粮精粗比为35∶65,研究不同燕麦干草和青贮玉米组合对饲料转化率、消化代谢、表观消化率及氮存留率的影响。结果表明:(1)饲粮中添加燕麦干草对绵羊干物质采食量无显著影响(P0.05),但添加燕麦干草后绵羊日增重显著提高(P0.05),绵羊采食添加50%燕麦干草的饲粮其饲料转化率得到显著提高(P0.05);(2)饲粮中添加燕麦干草对绵羊消化代谢影响显著,添加50%燕麦干草后绵羊的DM、OM、NDF、ADF和N的表观消化率以及N存留率均显著提高(P0.05),添加100%燕麦干草组与100%青贮玉米组各指标之间差异不显著(P0.05)。3个处理组中,以A2组效果最佳,显著提高了绵羊的生产性能,改善了其消化代谢。     

燕麦干草与全株玉米青贮不同组合对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

本试验旨在明确燕麦干草与全株玉米青贮按不同比例组合对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响。选用9头体重为(70.24±2.03)kg、体况相似且装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的杂种(美利奴×蒙古羊♀)公羊作为试验动物,按过渡期称重结果分成3组,每组3只。按燕麦干草和全株玉米青贮占粗饲料比例(干物质基础)将饲粮分为A1(100%全株玉米青贮)、A2(50%全株玉米青贮+50%燕麦干草)和A3(100%燕麦干草)3种,3种饲粮精粗比均为35∶65。采用3×3拉丁方设计,进行3期试验,每期22 d(预试期15 d,正试期7 d),正试期最后3 d采样。结果显示:1)与100%全株玉米青贮相比,以50%全株玉米青贮+50%燕麦干草或100%燕麦干草为粗饲料对绵羊瘤胃液p H和总氮浓度平均值没有产生显著影响(P0.05),但显著降低了瘤胃液氨态氮(NH3-N)、尿素氮和血浆尿素氮浓度平均值(P0.05),同时以50%全株玉米青贮+50%燕麦干草为粗饲料还显著提高了瘤胃液蛋白氮浓度平均值(P0.05)。此外,A2组的瘤胃液p H和总氮浓度平均值稍高于A3组,瘤胃液蛋白氮浓度平均值较A3组增加了8.97%,瘤胃液和血浆尿素氮浓度平均值稍低于A3组,但差异均不显著(P0.05),而瘤胃液NH3-N浓度平均值则显著低于A3组(P0.05)。2)粗饲料中燕麦干草的加入并未显著改变绵羊瘤胃液总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和丙酸摩尔比平均值(P0.05),升高了瘤胃液乙酸、丁酸摩尔比以及乙酸/丙酸平均值,且A3组与A1组差异显著(P0.05)。由此可知,在精料相同、精粗比为35∶65的条件下,用50%全贮玉米青贮和50%燕麦干草混合作为粗饲料可以改善绵羊的瘤胃内环境而适宜瘤胃微生物生长,提高瘤胃微生物活性及其对氨(NH3)的利用率,有助于微生物蛋白的合成,升高瘤胃乙酸的摩尔比及乙酸/丙酸。     

酒糟与肉羊常用粗饲料的营养价值及瘤胃降解特性的对比研究

试验旨在研究酒糟与肉羊常用粗饲料(玉米秸秆和高粱秸秆)的营养价值及瘤胃降解特性。选择3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的杜×寒杂交F1阉割公羊,采用尼龙袋法测定3种粗饲料的粗蛋白(CP)、干物质(DM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃降解参数,并对其常规养分及能量价值进行分析。结果表明:酒糟的CP含量和肉羊饲用价值均高于玉米秸秆和高粱秸秆,而NDF含量低于这两种粗饲料;酒糟的CP瘤胃有效降解率显著高于此两种秸秆类粗饲料(P0.05),而DM、ADF和NDF的瘤胃有效降解率均显著低于这两种粗饲料(P0.05)。综合比较,酒糟的CP含量、肉羊饲用的能量价值和CP瘤胃降解率均较高,是补充CP的优质粗饲料。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.