鄱阳湖生境变化对于长江江豚的影响

<正>共抓大保护,不搞大开发。保护生命长江,建设美丽中国。长江生态环境恢复符合中华民族的长远利益,坚持走生态优先、保护优先、绿色发展、自然恢复的道路,是党和国家实施长江经济带发展战略的重大决策。鄱阳湖生态环境的恶化对于鄱阳湖长江江豚的影响,通过分析鄱阳湖的长江江豚与生态环境、人类活动、鱼类资源的关系,发现鄱阳湖生态环境在持续恶化,生物物种数量下降,生物多样性下降,严重威胁鄱阳湖江豚的生存和种群,需要对这些江豚进行进一步的深入研究。报告如下。     

黄海江豚搁浅救助病例报告

<正>江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)在分类学上隶属于齿鲸亚目鼠海豚科,有额隆、无背鳍为其典型特征[1]。根据其身体特征和分布区域等方面的差异,江豚在我国又可分为长江江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)、黄海江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides sunameri)及南海江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides)3个亚种[2-3]。近年来,随着中国沿海、长江流域的水资源过度开发,环境污染日益严重,江豚正面临着前所未有的     

“水中国宝”难觅踪迹

据农业部渔业局的消息,1998年12月中旬开展的长江再寻白鳍豚活动发现,长江白鳍豚和江豚数量锐减,形势严峻.整个监测活动共观测到白鳍豚7头,仅为上一年的 1/3,其中栖息最为频繁的洪湖江段5头.观测到的江豚仅有1465头次.专家惊叹,白鳍豚这一仅在中国长江生存的世界极     

世界首例鲸类动物迁地保护取得初步成功

2004年10月中旬，六只活泼机灵的江豚在接受了全面的健康检查，并被装上无线电信标后，由中科院水生所专家再次放回长江天鹅洲故道水域。专家在放流时表示：作为世界首个鲸类动物迁地保护事例，长江天鹅洲故道江豚保护已取得初步成功。     

长江仅发现21头白鳍豚

1997年11月4日至10日农业部渔业局组织长江中下游6省市的几百名渔政和科技人员在长江上起宜昌下抵入海口迁2000km江段、湘江等有关支流及番阳湖、洞庭湖等附属湖泊，对白鳍豚（Lipotesvexilifer）和江豚（Neomerisphocaenoides）进行了大期7天的同步调查。结果表明，受查流域共发现白鳍豚21头、江豚343头。白鳍豚是中国长江特有的物种，生存范围过去可从三峡至长江入海口,现在己退缩到长江中下游。据查1986年白鳍豚种群数量约300余头1990年剩200多头。近年预测不足100头。此次调查表明宜昌至入海口仅生存21只白鳍豚，在活动最频繁的地区新…     

一车鸡因热应激综合征引起大量死亡的紧急调查

2016年7月9日,深圳市一辆装有4752只鸡的运输车内,有537只鸡突然死亡,死亡率为11.30%。检疫人员对其死亡原因展开紧急调查。通过问询货主、查看现场、剖检、实验室检测和流行病学分析,发现死亡与气温存在密切关系,证实引起死亡的主要原因是热应激综合征。进一步分析表明,本市场运输鸡只的死亡数与气温呈正相关关系。结合对此事件的损失估算分析,对高温天气下的鸡只长途运输给出了建议,以期为减少经济损失,降低运载过程中的疫病传播风险提供借鉴。     

一车鸡因冷应激导致大量死亡的紧急调查

2018年3月9日晚,一辆原本装有1 600只活鸡的运输车内,有750只鸡突然死亡,死亡率高达46.88%。通过调查分析发现,鸡的死亡与低温降雨天气密切相关,最终诊断引起鸡群大量死亡的主要原因是冷应激综合症。结合此次事例的损失估算,提出了低温天气长途运输鸡只时,要提前做好防寒措施,若气温低于4℃,要暂停活禽长途运输等建议。本调查为低温天气下降低活鸡长途运输死亡率,减少经济损失提供了借鉴。     

人工饲养褐马鸡的管理和防疫措施

人工饲养褐马鸡历年来死亡严重，１９８６～１９９１年经过死因普查，反复研究制定出行之有效的７条措施，效果很好，可供人工饲养褐马鸣借鉴。     

雏鸡死因观察分析

通过分析育雏期雏鸡的死因,采取有效的相应对策,就能大大降低雏鸡群的死亡率,提高鸡群成活率和养殖生产效益。育雏期是蛋鸡养殖的重要阶段,育雏的好坏不仅决定成活率,而且决定以后的生产性能,本试验于2010年2月～2010年3月对某育雏舍育雏期鸡群进行观察,并对育雏鸡群的死亡原因进行了统计。     

一例阉割小母猪疑似血友病的病例报道

一头小母猪阉割后,发现其腹腔有大量出血,而手术过程正常,找不到出血及死亡原因,怀疑该畜患有血友病。基于小猪的死因,分析并总结了血友病症状和治疗方法。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒感染无特定病原体鸡后气管黏膜扫描电镜观察

80只14日龄SPF鸡随机均分为试验组和对照组,试验组用鸡传染性支气管炎病毒(IBV)M41株人工感染,感染后5 d和7 d分别进行试验组及对照组气管黏膜扫描电镜观察,研究IBV入侵门户气管黏膜在感染IBV后的超微病变特点。结果表明:感染IBV后,气管表面纤毛集结成束,有大量黏液附着,纤毛粘连。气管黏膜结构受损,局部气管黏膜上皮脱落,固有层裸露,大量炎性细胞渗出。随感染期的延长,症状有加剧趋势。研究结果为IBV的发病机理提供了形态学上的依据。     

鲟源荧光假单胞菌的分离鉴定及药敏特性分析

从患病鲟体内分离到1株细菌,通过形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定、16SrRNA基因序列分析及系统进化树构建等方法对分离菌种属进行确定,采用纸片扩散法对分离菌进行药物敏感性分析。结果显示:分离菌为革兰阴性杆菌;可分解葡萄糖和木糖,氧化酶和鸟氨酸脱羧酶试验阳性;16SrRNA基因测序分析与荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)同源性大于99%,在系统发育树上与荧光假单胞菌聚为一枝;药敏结果显示,分离菌对氧氟沙星、多西环素、复方新诺明等敏感,对氟苯尼考、卡那霉素、阿莫西林等耐药;人工感染试验结果显示,该菌对小鼠有致病力。本研究为贵州地区鲟细菌性疾病预防及合理用药提供依据。     

杜仲皮水提物对虹鳟生长和肌肉品质、质构特性的影响

本试验旨在研究杜仲皮水提物对虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)生长和肌肉品质、质构特性的影响。选取体质健康、平均体重(145.56±4.12) g的虹鳟450尾,随机分为5个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾。各组分别在基础饲料中添加浓度为0(对照组)、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%的杜仲皮水提物。试验期为10周。结果表明:1)各组之间终末体重、增重率、成活率、特定生长率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)各组间肌肉pH45 min、pH24 h均无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组肌肉pH下降率最高,且显著高于2.0%和4.0%组(P<0.05),0.5%和1.0%组显著高于4.0%组(P<0.05)。3)各组间肌肉离心失水率、冷冻渗出率均无显著差异(P>0.05),1.0%组肌肉滴水损失显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。4) 4.0%组肌肉弹力和弹性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),4.0%组肌肉胶着性和咀嚼性显著高于1.0%组(P<0.05),4.0%组肌肉内聚性显著高于1.0%、2.0%和对照组(P<0.05)。5) 1.0%和4.0%组肌肉肌纤维直径显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。肌肉肌纤维密度随着杜仲皮水提物浓度的增加而增大,0.5%、1.0%、2.0%和4.0%组之间肌纤维密度无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合以上各项指标,建议饲料中添加浓度为4.0%杜仲皮水提物以改善虹鳟肌肉品质。     

安徽省野生芭茅草的生长性能及营养价值

[目的]为研究安徽省芭茅草野外自然生长的性能及营养价值。[方法]试验2020年4—10月在安庆太湖地区,每隔30 d左右刈割1次,对试验地芭茅草的产量、生长速度和常规营养价值进行测定和检测。[结果]结果表明,野生芭茅草株高152.80～174.80 cm, 1年刈割1次即可,鲜草产量24.68～28.22 t/hm²,干草产量6.85～11.10 t/hm²,4—7月生长速度快,6—7月最快可达5.15 cm/d,含水率55.20%～80.54%,以干物质为基础的粗蛋白含量（CP）7.50%～10.76%,粗纤维（CF）31.50%～42.90%,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）63.00%～74.40%,酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）35.40%～44.60%,粗灰分（Ash）6.40%～11.20%,粗脂肪（EE）、Ca、P含量低。[结论]芭茅草产量丰富,营养价值高于一般农作物秸秆,说明芭茅草可作为肉牛粗饲料推广使用。     

Evaluation of Nutritive Value of Unconventional Feed in Anhui Province and the Surrounding Areas Using CNCPS

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of unconventional feed in Anhui province and the surrounding areas using Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS).Total 21 unconventional feeds were collected from different sites in Anhui (Hefei, Lu'an, Anqing, Tongling, Bozhou and Suzhou citys), Henan (Xinyang city), Heilongjiang province as well as Gansu province, and the carbohydrate and the protein ingredients of feeds were calculated respectively using the provided formula in CNCPS.The results showed that, SCP/CP of peanut stalk from Suzhou was the highest (55.92%) and that of wheat stalk from Hefei was the lowest (6.85%); Rape stalk from Hefei had the highest value of ADL (23.16%) while straw from Hefei had the lowest value (4.14%).As to the true protein, shoot shell from Hefei was in the highest level (99.83%), while wheat stalk from Suzhou had the lowest value (44.96%); In terms of unavailable fiber content, oray from Suzhou was the highest (47.94%), and takenoko pocket from Hefei was the lowest (10.74%).The experimental results showed that the CNCPS could comprehensively evaluate the nutritive value of unconventional feed and reflecte the pros and cons of unconventional feed in Anhui province and the surrounding areas.It was suggested that the method of CNCPS could be used in the evaluation of feedstuff in Anhui province.     

用CNCPS体系评定安徽及其周边地区非常规饲料的营养价值

试验旨在评定安徽及其周边地区非常规饲料的营养价值,应用康奈尔净碳水化合物—蛋白质体系(CNCPS)提出的碳水化合物和蛋白质分类方法,对安徽省的合肥市、六安市、安庆市、铜陵市、亳州市、宿州市和河南省信阳市及甘肃省、黑龙江两省采集的21个非常规饲料样品进行常规营养成分分析,并通过CNCPS方法计算出饲料碳水化合物和蛋白质组分。结果显示,宿州花生桔秆可溶性蛋白占粗蛋白质(SCP/CP)比例最高(55.92%),合肥麦秸最低(6.85%);合肥油菜秸秆木质素(ADL)最高(23.16%),合肥稻草ADL最低(4.14%)。蛋白质中真蛋白的含量以合肥笋壳最高(99.83%),以宿州麦秸最低(44.96%);碳水化合物中不可利用纤维(CC)以宿州花生壳最高(47.94%),以合肥笋兜最低(10.74%)。结果表明,CNCPS体系较全面的评定了非常规饲料的营养特性,反映了非常规饲料的优劣程度,可作为安徽地区饲料营养价值评定方法。     

Dose-related antinociceptive effects of intravenous buprenorphine in cats

The dose-related antinociceptive effects of intravenous (IV) buprenorphine were evaluated in cats. Thermal (TT) and mechanical threshold (MT) devices were used for nociceptive stimulation. After baseline threshold recordings, buprenorphine was administered IV (0.01, 0.02 or 0.04 mg/kg; B1, B2 and B4, respectively) in a randomised, blinded and cross-over study. Data were analysed by ANOVA (P < 0.05) using 95% confidence intervals (CI). TT increased 15, 30, 45 min and 1 (5.2 ± 2.7 °C), 2, 3 and 4 h after B1; 15, 30, 45 min and 1 (5.1 ± 3.9 °C) and 2 h after B2, and 15, 30, 45 min and 1 (5.4 ± 3.3 °C), 2, 3, 6 and 8 h after B4. MT increased 15 and 45 min after B2 (260 ± 171 mmHg), and 30 (209 ± 116 mmHg) and 45 min and 1 and 2 h after B4. At 45 min, MT values were significantly higher after B2 compared to B1 (P < 0.05). With MT, B2 and B4 produced more antinociception and longer duration of action than B1, respectively. No dose response to thermal stimulation was detected.     

Effect of storage duration on egg quality,embryo mortality and hatchability in FUNAAB-ɑ chickens

Effect of extended storage on egg quality, embryo mortality and hatchability in FUNAAB-ɑ chickens was determined. Hatchable eggs (n = 288; weighing 53.2 ± 4.67 g) collected from a flock of FUNAAB-ɑ layer breeder hens aged 32 weeks were stored in egg tray with broad end up under 16 ± 1.5°C for either 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20 d. Before incubation, eight eggs from each group were evaluated for internal and external quality traits. Remaining eggs were set in an incubator and transferred into hatcher on embryonic day 18. Data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Egg weight loss (EWL; p < .001), surface area (p < .001), yolk diameter (p < .001), inner and outer blastoderm diameters (p < .05) and dead in germ (DIG; p < .001) increased with storage duration while yolk height (p < .001), yolk index (p < .001), albumen weight (p < .05), albumen height (p < .05), albumen index (p < .01), Haugh's unit (HU; p < .05), fertility (p < .001), hatchability of set (HATCHS; p < .001) and fertile eggs (p < .05) decreased. Weight losses of 0, 1.2, 2.2, 3.4, 4.6 and 6.1% were recorded in egg stored for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days respectively. Eggs stored beyond 8 days exhibited higher DIG and lower HATCHS. Shell percentage in 4 days storage (11.4%) was lower (p < .05) than in 16 days storage (13.4%). Shell thickness was similar in eggs stored for 0 to 12 days, but 8 days storage (0.60 mm) had thinner (p < .01) shell than day 16 (0.71 mm) and day 20 (0.73 mm) storage. Internal quality unit (IQU) was higher (p < .05) in fresh eggs (180.4) than in 12 days (167.8) and 20 days (167.8) stored eggs. Extended storage of FUNAAB-ɑ eggs caused EWL, surface area shrinkage, lowered HU and IQU, loss of yolk and albumen quality, increased blastoderm diameters and DIG, and decreased egg fertility and HATCHS from day 8 forward. Storing FUNAAB-ɑ eggs beyond 8 days reduced quality parameters; therefore, other mitigating factors are recommended when storing beyond 8 days.     

Low‐density lipoproteins and milk serum proteins improve the quality of stallion sperm after vitrification in straws

Lipids and proteins can be used for sperm vitrification to preserve the integrity of sperm membranes or to increase the viscosity of the medium. This study evaluated the effect of low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) and milk serum proteins (Pronexcell) for stallion sperm vitrification. Hippex extender (Barex Biochemical Products, The Netherlands), plus 1% of bovine serum albumin and 100 mM of trehalose, was used as control for sperm vitrification. In experiment 1, different concentrations of LDL (L1 = 0.25, L2 = 0.5, L3 = 1%) and in experiment 2 of Pronexcell (P1 = 1, P2 = 5, P3 = 10%) were added to control extender. Vitrification was performed in 0.25‐ml straws directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. Total motility (TM, %) and progressive motility (PM, %) were analysed by CASA, and plasma membrane (IMS, %) and acrosome membrane integrity (AIS, %) were assessed under epifluorescence microscopy. Post‐warmed sperm parameters were compared between treatments by ANOVA. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM. In both experiments, the minimum concentration of LDL and Pronexcell obtained significantly higher values (p < 0.01) than the control extender for TM (L1 = 52.95 ± 4.4; P1 = 58.99 ± 4.6; C = 30.88 ± 3.0), PM (L1 = 36.79 ± 5.5; P1 = 47.25 ± 4.3; C = 19.20 ± 2.4), IMS (L1 = 68.88 ± 3.6; P1 = 47.25 ± 4.3; C = 52.81 ± 2.6) and AIS (L1 = 45.88 ± 3.6; P1 = 47.25 ± 4.3; C = 26.00 ± 2.1). No differences in sperm parameters were found among different concentrations of LDL or Pronexcell. In conclusion, the addition of 0.25% LDL and 1% Pronexcell to the vitrification extender is recommended to improve the quality of stallion sperm after vitrification.     

Comparison of the sedative effects of intranasal or intramuscular dexmedetomidine at low doses in healthy dogs: a randomized clinical trial

ObjectiveTo compare the sedative effects of dexmedetomidine administered either intranasally or intramuscularly to healthy dogs.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded, clinical trial.AnimalsA group of 16 client-owned healthy dogs.MethodsDogs were randomly allocated to one of two groups that were administered dexmedetomidine 5 μg kg^–1 via either the intranasal route (IN_Dex), through a mucosal atomization device in one nostril, or the intramuscular route (IM_Dex), into the epaxial muscles. Ease of intranasal administration, sedation score, onset of sedation, cardiopulmonary variables, mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and response to venous catheterization were recorded at 0 (baseline), 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 minutes, following drug administration. Data were compared with the one-way anova, Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square test, where appropriate.ResultsGroups were not different for age, sex, weight, body condition score or temperament. Sedation scores, MNTs and response to intravenous catheter placement were not different when dexmedetomidine was administered by either route (p = 0.691; p = 0.630 and p = 0.435, respectively). Onset of sedation was not different between groups IN_Dex and IM_Dex reaching a score of 4.2 ± 0.9 and 5.5 ± 1.2 at 9 ± 5 and 8 ± 4 minutes, respectively (p = 0.467). The highest sedation score was achieved at 30 and 35 minutes and sedation scores were 9.7 ± 2.0 and 9.5 ± 2.3 in groups IN_Dex and IM_Dex, respectively (p = 0.799). Respiratory rate was higher in group IN_Dex (p = 0.014), while there were no differences between routes in heart rate (p = 0.275), systolic (p = 0.957), diastolic (p = 0.837) or mean arterial pressure (p = 0.921).Conclusions and clinical relevanceIntranasal administration of dexmedetomidine at 5 μg kg^–1 provides effective sedation in healthy dogs.