猪伪狂犬病活疫苗(Bartha-K61株,传代细胞源)最小免疫剂量的研究

为了确定猪伪狂犬病活疫苗(Bartha-K61株,传代细胞源)的最小免疫剂量,本研究将3批猪伪狂犬病活疫苗(Bartha-K61株,传代细胞源)分别稀释成10TCID_(50)/mL、102.0TCID_(50)/mL、103.0TCID_(50)/mL,每批疫苗各个稀释度分别免疫仔猪1.0 mL/头,并设攻毒对照组和阴性对照组。免后10 d连同攻毒对照组用伪狂犬病病毒GD1株进行攻毒保护试验,阴性对照组不攻毒。结果表明,10TCID_(50)/头和102.0TCID_(50)/头的免疫剂量在免疫后10 d依然无法提供完全的免疫保护,保护率为20%～80%(1/5～4/5);103.0TCID_(50)/头的免疫剂量能够保护仔猪抵抗PRV强毒的攻击,保护率为100%(5/5);攻毒对照组发病率为100%(5/5),死亡率为80%(4/5);阴性对照组全部健活。由此确定猪伪狂犬病活疫苗(Bartha-K61株,传代细胞源)最小免疫剂量为103.0TCID_(50)/头。     

评估3种不同毒株的猪伪狂犬病活疫苗的免疫效果

猪伪狂犬病病毒变异株的流行对伪狂犬病的防控提出了严峻挑战,传统的疫苗对新流行毒株不能提供完全的保护。为评估3种不同毒株的活疫苗C株、HB2000株、Bartha-K61株的免疫效果,在某猪伪狂犬病gE抗体阴性猪场进行试验。结果显示,虽然3组疫苗1次和2次免疫后gB抗体阳性率达到100%,但是中和抗体的效价差异显著。从经典毒株HB-J和变异毒株CW的中和试验结果看,C株产生的平均中和抗体效价均为最高,显著高于HB2000株和Bartha-K61株,提示C株免疫效果优于HB2000株和Bartha-K61株,可以作为防控猪伪狂犬病的高效疫苗。     

两株猪伪狂犬病病毒变异株的分离鉴定及gB、gC和gE基因的分子特征分析

为探明近年来河南省猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)的遗传变异情况,本研究于2017年采集河南漯河和中牟地区疑似伪狂犬病发病养殖场送检的脑组织病料,通过细胞盲传、噬斑纯化、间接免疫荧光试验、Western blotting和透射电镜技术进行病毒分离鉴定。TCID_(50)法测定分离毒株的病毒滴度、生长曲线,通过小鼠感染试验测定分离毒株对小鼠的致死性。对gB、gC和gE基因进行PCR扩增、测序,并与参考毒株序列进行比对分析。结果显示,对PCR鉴定阳性的病料在PK-15细胞盲传后,两份病料在6代内均出现细胞病变,通过间接免疫荧光试验、噬斑纯化和透射电镜技术,成功分离鉴定了两株PRV,分别命名为HeN-LH株及HeN-YM株。分离毒株在PK-15细胞上的生长曲线显示,HeN-LH和HeN-YM株在感染后36 h病毒滴度分别可达10~(8.35)和10~(6.63) TCID_(50)/mL。用不同浓度的病毒接种小鼠,结果显示,HeN-LH和HeN-YM株LD_(50)分别为10~(2.13)及10~(3.25) TCID_(50)。对gB、gC和gE基因全长扩增测序后构建遗传进化树,结果显示,两株PRV毒株与Bartha、Fa和Ea等经典株的亲缘关系相对较远,而与2011年以来国内不同省份分离的PRV变异株亲缘关系较近。氨基酸序列比对分析显示,与其他变异株相似,gB、gC和gE基因均发生了多个氨基酸的变异,且在特定的位点存在特征性的氨基酸插入和缺失。本研究成功分离鉴定了两株PRV变异株,分离株对小鼠均表现出一定的致病性,本试验结果可为河南省伪狂犬病的防控工作和疫苗株的选择提供科学依据。     

PRV变异株的分离及抗原差异性分析

2011年以来,我国多个省份免疫过伪狂犬病疫苗的规模化猪场发生新生仔猪出现神经症状和死亡的现象,并已确定为猪伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)变异株感染所引起。为探究现PRV流行株特性,2014年下半年以来,我们从免疫过伪狂犬疫苗却暴发伪狂犬病的猪场分离到3株伪狂犬病病毒(分别为XP,QJ,LY株),并对其gE、gB、gC全基因进行测序和序列分析,序列比对结果显示,3株PRV分离株与2012年后分离毒株有较高的同源性;进化树分析显示,3株PRV分离株的gE基因与2012年后分离毒株处在同一进化树分支上,而gB、gC则分别形成了独立的小分支,但仍处在同一较大分支上。我们对当地广泛使用的疫苗株HB-98和Bartha-K61活疫苗免疫血清与Ea,HNX株以及3株PRV分离株进行中和试验,结果显示,HB-98和Bartha-K61活疫苗免疫血清对早期分离株Ea株的中和能力高于HNX、XP、QJ、LY株,但在NX、XP、QJ、LY株之间无明显差异,表明3株PRV分离株的抗原性与2012年后分离毒株无明显差异,而与传统毒株Ea株的抗原性存在一定差异。     

江苏省猪伪狂犬病流行病学调查及两种疫苗免疫效果评估

为了掌控江苏地区规模化猪场伪狂犬病野毒的感染情况及其流行性趋势,比较变异株猪伪狂犬病疫苗(C株)和Bartha-K61疫苗的免疫防控效果。于2017年5月份至2019年1月份对江苏地区59个规模场进行采样,通过间接ELISA方法检测猪群中的gE抗体来鉴定猪群是否被伪狂犬病野毒感染。另外,在一猪伪狂犬病阳性的规模猪场进行变异株猪伪狂犬病疫苗(C株)和Bartha-K61疫苗的防控效果的实验,通过检测猪伪狂犬病gE,gB抗体及中和抗体来判定猪群的猪伪狂犬病抗体保护水平。显示4 608份检测血样中,gE阳性1 681份,阳性率36%,母猪群gE阳性率46%,育肥猪群gE阳性率28%,59个猪场中育肥阶段gE阳性的猪场22个,占比37%。在其中一个商品猪群gE抗体100%阳性猪场进行2组猪伪狂犬病疫苗的实验,通过实验2组商品猪gE抗体18周龄至出栏前均为阴性,同时检测发现变异株疫苗(C株)对经典株和变异株的中和抗体效价均高于Bartha-K61疫苗。结果表明,江苏地区猪伪狂犬病感染压力较大,另外C株疫苗相对于进口的Bartha-K61株疫苗在本场的免疫效果更佳。     

伪狂犬病病毒GD1406变异株的抗原性分析

为了解近年来广东省伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)变异情况,本研究从猪场收集Bartha-K61活疫苗免疫后的猪血清559份,经ELISA筛选出326份gB抗体阳性且gE抗体阴性的猪血清,进行中和试验,分析血清中的疫苗抗体对Bartha-K61株和临床分离到的PRV GD1406野毒株的中和能力。进一步应用小鼠进行交叉免疫保护性试验。结果显示,187份gB阳性且gE阴性的猪血清样品对Bartha-K61株和PRV GD1406野毒株的平均中和抗体滴度分别为1:57和1:13,并且免疫Bartha-K61株使小鼠免受PRV GD1406野毒株致死性攻击的保护率仅为20%,而免疫PRV GD1406野毒株使小鼠免受Bartha-K61株致死性攻击的保护率为100%,免疫灭活PRV GD1406野毒株使小鼠免受PRV GD1406野毒株致死性攻击的保护率为40%。根据试验结果推测,PRV GD1406野毒株与Batha-K61株之间存在抗原差异性,现用疫苗不能有效抵抗PRV变异株攻击。本研究结果将为PRV的防控提供实验依据,为研制PRV新疫苗提供新的思路。     

与猪同群饲养山羊暴发伪狂犬病的确诊及山羊源伪狂犬病病毒JC株的分离鉴定

2015年11月云南省江川县某养殖户家中与育肥猪同群饲养的136只山羊相继暴发以发热、食欲减退、烦躁不安、全身剧烈瘙痒及高死亡率为特征的疫情。为及时确诊病因,我们采集病死山羊内脏及大脑组织进行山羊关节炎/脑炎、狂犬病及伪狂犬病病毒核酸检测,同时进行病毒分离培养、鉴定,并采集育肥猪血清样品进行伪狂犬病病毒gB及gE抗体检测。结果显示,从病死山羊大脑组织中扩增出约810 bp大小的伪狂犬病病毒gE(US8)基因目的条带,并分离获得1株山羊源伪狂犬病病毒流行毒株,命名为JC株,毒株滴度为TCID_(50)=10~(-7.375)/100μL,其gE基因序列在NCBI GenBank中的比对结果显示,其与2014年的Qihe547(KU056477)株、2013年的HLJ8(KT824771)株、2012年的HNX(KM189912)及HeN1(KP098534)株的gE基因核苷酸序列同源性均达99%。JC株与云南伪狂犬病病毒猪源毒株FY、LL、XD及XSBN株的gE基因序列比对结果显示,其仅在290位置处有1个碱基C的插入,在1 469～1 471位置处有3个碱基GAC的缺失。JC株与云南猪源毒株30938、LL、XD及XSBN株的TK、gC基因序列比对结果显示,其TK基因序列完全相同,仅在gC基因序列58位置处有1个碱基的变异(G→A),其余序列完全相同。将JC毒株接种家兔、昆明小白鼠及经伪狂犬病病毒gE、gB抗体呈阴性的健康山羊后,均复制出典型的伪狂犬病病例。采集的16份猪血清样品伪狂犬病病毒gB及gE抗体检测结果均为阳性。根据流行病学、病原学研究及血清学检测结果分析,确诊引起此次山羊疫情的病因为山羊与猪同群饲养后,受伪狂犬病病毒隐性带毒猪传染所致。     

山东省免疫猪场猪伪狂犬病病毒分离鉴定及gE毒力基因的序列分析

为了解山东省使用Bartha-K61疫苗免疫猪场猪伪狂犬病(PR)流行的原因,本研究对2013和2014年采自山东省免疫猪场的PR疑似病料进行了猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)的分离鉴定,并对分离毒株的毒力基因gE进行了序列测定与分析。结果表明,共分离到12株PRV,TCID50介于10~(-7.1)/0.1mL与10~(-9.5)/0.1mL之间。12株PRV的核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性分别为99.9%~100.0%和99.7%~100.0%;与亚洲毒株的核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性均高于欧美毒株。gE基因的氨基酸进化树分析表明,包括本研究分离的12株PRV在内的所有42株亚洲毒株属于GⅠ型,所有欧美毒株属于GⅡ型。这2个基因型之间分别在第58,105,148,178,180,214,215,470,500,505,518,522,569位氨基酸存在明显差异,可作为鉴别PRV欧美毒株与亚洲毒株的遗传标志。     

1株伪狂犬病病毒的基因变异及其对小鼠的致病性分析

本研究旨在了解我国猪伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus, PRV)流行毒株的分子遗传变异及毒力特点。对1株分离自1个接种了Bartha-K61疫苗的规模猪场的PRV ZJ株进行了主要糖蛋白基因序列(gB、gC和gE)的测定分析及对6周龄BALB/c小鼠的致病性研究。遗传变异分析显示,该毒株与我国2012年后的流行毒株高度同源,具有变异毒株基因特征,但gE基因的510位氨基酸出现了不同于变异株的独特变化S⁵¹⁰G。ZJ株对小鼠具有较高的致病性,攻毒小鼠呈现典型的神经症状,以100 LD₅₀感染小鼠,第5天死亡率达100%。本研究为进一步探索该病毒的毒株变异特点与致病机理奠定基础。     

一株分离自免疫猪场的伪狂犬病病毒的鉴定与变异分析

为了明确河北某伪狂犬病疫苗免疫猪场的哺乳仔猪出现神经症状和死亡的病因,作者对发病仔猪进行研究时从脑组织中分离到1株病毒,通过PCR、免疫过氧化物酶单层试验(IPMA)、动物试验以及基因序列分析等试验,证明所分离的病毒为伪狂犬病病毒(PRV),命名为HBXT-2018株。皮下接种该病毒后24 h,家兔开始啃咬病毒接种部位皮肤,在44～68 h内全部死亡。抗PRV Bartha-K61株的血清对分离株的中和抗体效价低于1∶8,而抗PRV变异株血清的中和抗体效价为1∶58.9。与Bartha株比较,HBXT-2018株的gB和gC的核苷酸和氨基酸序列多处发生单个或连续几个碱基(或氨基酸)置换、插入和缺失突变,预测的gB和gC上的潜在抗原表位也发生了改变。基于gB、gC和TK的系统进化分析表明,HBXT-2018株与国内流行毒株尤其与2011年之后的流行毒株处于同一个进化分支,而与Bartha株及其他欧美毒株处于不同的进化分支。上述结果表明,分离的PRV HBXT-2018株为致病毒株,其与当前国内流行的PRV变异株具有相同的遗传特征,与Bartha株为代表的欧美流行株的遗传关系远。Bartha-K61株抗血清对分离株的中和作用不明显,提示gB与gC的突变可能与该毒株免疫逃逸、继而导致仔猪发病有关。     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

Antibacterial action of combinations of oxytetracycline, dimethyl sulfoxide, and EDTA-tromethamine on Proteus, Salmonella, and Aeromonas

Antibacterial effects against Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, and Aeromonas hydrophila were obtained with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. Antibacterial effects were not observed with subminimal inhibitory concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide plus oxytetracycline or with dimethyl sulfoxide plus EDTA-tromethamine. Using a 2-dimensional Microtiter checkerboard technique, inhibitory activities of the various combinations of solutions were studied, and isobolograms were plotted. A synergistic effect was seen with combinations of oxytetracycline and EDTA-tromethamine. The greatest synergistic effect was observed when the mixture was caused to react with P mirabilis. These findings were confirmed by kinetic studies of microbial death, using one-fourth minimal inhibitory concentrations of these preparations.     

Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To compare sedative, analgesic, and cardiopulmonary effects after IV administration of medetomidine (20 microg/kg), medetomidine-hydromorphone (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.1 mg of hydromorphone/kg), and medetomidine-butorphanol (20 microg of medetomidine/kg and 0.2 mg of butorphanol tartrate/kg) in dogs. ANIMALS: 6 dogs healthy mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Instruments were surgically inserted, and heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), central venous pressure (CVP), core body temperature, and cardiac output (CO) were measured 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after injection. Cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were calculated. Arterial samples for blood gas analysis were collected 0, 15, and 45 minutes after injection. Intensity of analgesia, degree of sedation, and degree of muscle relaxation were evaluated at aforementioned time points and 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 minutes after injection. RESULTS: Administration of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol was associated with increases in SAP, MAP, DAP, MPAP, PCWP, CVP, SVR, PVR, core body temperature, and PaCO2 and decreases in HR, CO, CI, SV, SI, RR, pH, and PaO2. Clinically important differences were not detected among treatments. Medetomidine-hydromorphone and medetomidine-butorphanol provided a longer duration of sedation and better quality of analgesia, compared with medetomidine alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Medetomidine-hydromorphone or medetomidine-butorphanol is associated with improved analgesia and sedation but has cardiopulmonary effects comparable to those for medetomidine alone.     

Toxicology of selected pesticides, drugs, and chemicals. Anticoagulant, cholecalciferol, and bromethalin-based rodenticides

The control of rodent pests is a continuing goal of mankind. To this end, a multitude of rodenticides have been produced, each designed to kill rodents by exerting their toxic effects on various body systems. As examples, veterinarians have had to manage companion animal poisonings due to anticoagulant, sodium fluoroacetate (compound 1080), thallium, barium carbonate, and zinc phosphide-based rodenticides. Many of these rodenticides were introduced because of their anticipated safety in relation to nontarget species; unfortunately, this has not been the case. Veterinarians must attempt to identify the specific rodenticide involved in poisoning cases. Therapeutic success in these poisonings is often more dependent upon symptomatic and supportive care rather than the use of antidotal therapy.     

Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and radiography of cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and hyperthyroidism

The echocardiographic, ECG, and radiographic findings of sequentially examined cats with dilatation cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 7), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 8), and hyperthyroidism (HT, n = 20) were compared with those of healthy control cats (n = 11). Cats with DCM were easily differentiated from healthy cats by echocardiography and from cats with HCM and HT by a dilated left ventricle at end-diastole with a mean +/- SD of 2.20 +/- 0.36 cm, reduced fractional shortening (2.9% +/- 3.7%), reduced aortic amplitude (0.07 +/- 0.05 cm), reduced left ventricular wall amplitude (0.09 +/- 0.09 cm), and increased E-point septal separation (0.83 +/- 0.29 cm). The cats with HCM were most consistently recognized echocardiographically by increased left ventricular wall thickness at end-diastole (0.75 +/- 0.12 cm). Some cats with HT had abnormal echocardiograms with left ventricular wall hypertrophy. These cats could usually be differentiated from the cats with HCM because of normal or increased ventricular wall amplitude, aortic amplitude, or percentage of thickening of the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum. Left atrial enlargement (left atrial diameter greater than 1.57 cm or left atrium/aorta greater than 1.75) was commonly detected by the echocardiogram in cats with DCM, HCM, or HT. The echocardiogram was helpful in differentiating the type of cardiomyopathy (DCM, HCM, or HT) when plain thoracic radiographs indicated that cardiomegaly existed. The ECG may have indicated incorrectly that there was left ventricular enlargement in some cats with HT, and it did not indicate consistently that left ventricular enlargement existed when present in cats with DCM or HCM. The ECG was a poor indicator of left atrial enlargement in all cats.     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Genetic parameters among weight, prolificacy, and wool traits of Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep

Genetic parameters for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee sheep were estimated using REML with animal models for prolificacy, weight, and wool traits. All bivariate analyses included a covariance between additive genetic effects for the two traits plus appropriate additional covariances. Number of observations by breed ranged from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits, from 7,750 to 9,530 for weight traits, and from 4,603 to 34,746 for wool traits. Heritability estimates ranged from .03 to .11 for prolificacy traits (litter size at birth and litter size at weaning), from .09 to .26 for weight traits (birth weight and average daily gain), and from .25 to .53 for wool traits (fleece weight, fleece grade and staple length). Estimates of direct genetic correlations among prolificacy and among weight traits were positive and ranged from .58 to 1.00 and .18 to 1.00, respectively. Estimates of direct genetic correlation between fleece weight and staple length were positive (.50 to .70) but were negative between fleece weight and fleece grade (-.60 to -.34) and between staple length and fleece grade (-.72 and -.40). Prolificacy and wool traits were essentially uncorrelated. Weight and prolificacy traits were slightly positively correlated. Weight traits had a moderate positive direct genetic correlation with fleece weight and staple length, but were uncorrelated with fleece grade. These estimates of genetic parameters between prolificacy, weight, and wool traits can be used to construct multiple-trait selection indexes for dual-purpose sheep.