复方紫花地丁对鸭大肠杆菌耐药质粒的消除作用

以复方紫花地丁制剂为消除剂、十二烷基硫酸钠为对照组消除剂，以鸭大肠杆菌耐药菌株为靶细菌，进行耐药质粒体外消除试验，通过质粒DNA抽提及琼脂糖凝胶电泳方法，观察紫花地丁注射液对该耐药菌株质粒的影响。结果提示：复方紫花地丁制剂对耐药鸭大肠杆菌作用24 h，其1/2 MIC、1/4 MIC、1/8 MIC的消除率分别为6.9%、8.6%、10.2%；延长作用时间至48 h，其1/2 MIC、1/4 MIC、1/8 MIC的消除率分别为7.1%、8.9%、11.3%。结果表明：复方紫花地丁制剂对鸭大肠杆菌耐药质粒有消除作用。在一定浓度范围内，剂量与功效呈反比。     

鸡源HPI~+大肠杆菌的鉴定及黄连连翘对其的联合抑制作用研究

为了研究黄连和连翘对HPI~+大肠杆菌的联合抑菌作用,采用PCR方法对已知血清型的9株鸡源大肠杆菌进行了HPI毒力岛携带情况检测,检测出7株HPI阳性,2株阴性;采用微量稀释法和微量棋盘法对这7株HPI~+大肠杆菌进行了黄连、连翘的提取物单独与联合抑菌试验。结果表明,黄连、连翘单用时,对HPI~+大肠杆菌的MIC分别为125.0 mg/m L和714mg/m L,当两者联合使用时,黄连、连翘的MIC分别为125.0 mg/m L和89.25 mg/m L,联合抑菌指数FIC=1.125,表现出了无关作用。提示,黄连、连翘提取物不适合作为药物对其进行抑菌试验。     

12味中药对鸡血清型O_(78)大肠杆菌的抗菌活性观察

本研究旨在观察乌梅、芦荟等12味中药的水煎液对鸡致病性大肠杆菌O78的抗菌活性。选取乌梅、芦荟等12味中药加水煎煮以获得中药水提取物,测定其对鸡致病性大肠杆菌O78的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并对体外抑菌效果较好的单味中药进行体内试验。乌梅、芦荟、白头翁抗菌活性较好,桔梗、连翘、大黄、白芍、白术几乎无抗菌活性,其中乌梅、白头翁与芦荟水提取物对鸡致病性大肠杆菌O78的MIC分别为2.57、2.06和2.31mg/mL。乌梅、芦荟、白头翁具有一定的抗鸡致病性大肠杆菌O78的作用,将为开发新的抗鸡致病性大肠杆菌的药物奠定理论基础。     

沙拉沙星及与安普霉素联用的体外抗菌后效应研究

本次实验采用试管溶液二倍稀释法测得沙拉沙星对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为0.25μg/m L和1.0μg/m L,安普霉素对两种菌的MIC值为2.5μg/m L和0.63μg/m L。试验分别以1MIC、2MIC、4MIC并设置一组空白对照组,然后将大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌与不同浓度的抗生素短暂接触后1.5h,采用千倍稀释法清除抗生素,然后与未处理的对照组比较细菌恢复再生长时间,按公式PAE=T-C计算结果。结果显示在1MIC时,单用沙拉沙星对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的PAE分别为0.92士0.28h、1.15士0.31h,而沙拉沙星与安普霉素联合应用在1MIC对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的PAE分别为1.68士0.26h,1.45士0.25h,比较可以得出,两种药联合应用可有效延长PAE。再者,两种药联用对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在药物浓度为2MIC和4MIC的PAE分别为为2.05±0.35h、2.13±0.27h和3.47±0.32h、2.47±0.34h。可得PAE大小与药物浓度呈正相关,并推测其最佳接触时间为4h左右。     

单一中药提取物对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的体外抑菌效果研究

试验旨在研究鱼腥草、五倍子、连翘、金银花、紫花地丁、蒲公英、板蓝根、黄连等8种中草药的提取物对鸡源性大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的体外抑菌效果。试验分别采用煎煮法和乙醇浸提法获得单一中草药提取物,采用琼脂平板打孔法进行大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌抑菌圈直径的测定,采用2倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果显示,煎煮法所得的蒲公英提取物对大肠杆菌的抑菌和杀菌效果最强,其次是五倍子提取物;乙醇提取法所得的五倍子提取物对大肠杆菌的抑菌和杀菌效果最强,其次是鱼腥草提取物;煎煮法所得的五倍子提取物对沙门氏菌的抑菌和杀菌效果最强,其次是板蓝根,而鱼腥草、连翘、紫花地丁、金银花、蒲公英等提取物对沙门氏菌的抑制效果较差;乙醇提取法所得的五倍子提取物对沙门氏菌的抑菌和杀菌效果最强。研究表明,8种中草药对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌均具有不同程度的抑制效果,对大肠杆菌的抑制效果比沙门氏菌的抑制效果更好,其中五倍子提取物对大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌均具有不错的抑菌效果。     

复方紫花地丁对鸭大肠杆菌MIC逆转效果的影响

以恩诺沙星人工诱导鸭大肠杆菌耐药菌株,原始菌株和诱导株经不同浓度的复方紫花地丁溶液处理,检测其MIC及菌体药物蓄积浓度.结果表明,经复方紫花地丁溶液处理的菌株,MIC显著降低,且与紫花地丁溶液呈浓度依赖关系.研究结果提示,一定浓度的紫花地丁溶液可以逆转鸭大肠杆菌的耐药性.     

5种中药对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用

为研究黄连、黄芩、五倍子、黄柏和鱼腥草提取物对大肠杆菌的抑菌效果,采用超声波处理,乙醇回流,水浴加热的方法提取5种中药的有效成分,采用二倍稀释法分别测定提取物对大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(Minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(Minimum bactericidal concentration,MBC),采用肉汤稀释棋盘法,测定提取物对大肠杆菌的联合抑菌效果。结果显示,鱼腥草和五倍子单独抑菌时的MIC值较其他中药的MIC值低,且鱼腥草与黄芩和五倍子联合用药时MIC值由15.63 mg/m L降到3.91 mg/m L,同时五倍子与黄芩和鱼腥草联合用药时MIC值也由15.63 mg/m L降到3.91 mg/m L。黄芩与黄连、黄柏、五倍子、鱼腥草联合用药时MIC值均降低。结果表明:鱼腥草、黄芩、五倍子对大肠杆菌有较好的抑菌作用,鱼腥草、黄芩、五倍子联用时,抑菌效果为协同或相加作用;黄连与其他4种中药联用时抑菌效果为无关作用;黄柏与黄芩、五倍子及鱼腥草联用时抑菌效果为无关作用。     

秦皮水提取物与部分西药对含fosA3大肠杆菌的联合作用

本试验初步探讨秦皮水提取物与抗菌药联合诱导含fosA3型耐药基因大肠杆菌传代的体外抑菌活性,为耐药大肠杆菌感染疾病提供治疗参考方案。采用二倍微量稀释法体外分别检测秦皮水提取物与抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并以1/2 MIC的秦皮水提取物与抗菌药联合诱导含(fosfomycin resistance gene,FosA3)型大肠杆菌的传代试验。秦皮水提取物的MIC为1.0g/mL,以0.5g/mL的秦皮水提取物与头孢曲松钠、阿莫西林、诺氟沙星、粘杆菌素、痢菌净、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、阿米卡星、头孢他啶、头孢噻呋钠、氟苯尼考和磷霉素11种抗菌药联合诱导传代后MIC显著降低。结果显示:秦皮水提取物联合抗菌药诱导耐药细菌体外抗菌活性明显增强,对含fosA3型大肠杆菌具有耐药逆转作用。     

鸡源大肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及耐药性分析

为探明泰州地区鸡源大肠杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)情况及耐药情况,对13株分离自泰州地区的鸡源大肠杆菌进行ESBLs检测,并采用微量肉汤稀释法测定不同药物对产ESBLs菌和非产ESBLs菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC).结果显示,13株分离菌中有5株被确定为产ESBLs菌株,阳性率为38.5%.产ESBLs菌对β-内酰胺类抗菌药的耐药性极其严重,耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌,二者对氨苄西林的耐药率分别为100%和62.5%,对头孢噻呋的耐药率分别为100%和12.5%,对头孢曲松的耐药率分别为80%和20%,产ESBLs菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药率也明显高于非产ESBLs菌.氨苄西林与舒巴坦(2:1)联用与单用氨苄西林相比,对产ESBLs菌的MIC值降低至单用氨苄西林时的1/16~1/8,但对非产ESBLs菌的MIC值没有明显变化.氨苄西林与阿米卡星(1:1)联用与单用两者中的任何一种相比,对产ESBLs菌和非产ESBLs菌的MIC值均降低至单药时的1/16~1/2.结果表明,临床可选择β-内酰胺酶类抗生素与β-内酰胺酶抑制剂的混合制剂来治疗产ESBLs鸡大肠杆菌的感染,也可尝试将不同种类、不同作用机理药物联合应用来治疗鸡大肠杆菌感染,尤其是耐药性鸡大肠杆菌感染.     

nisin与中药联合应用对禽致病性大肠杆菌体外抑菌效果研究

旨在评价乳酸链球菌素(nisin)与中药联合应用对禽致病性大肠杆菌的体外抑菌效果。采用二倍稀释法分别测定nisin、五味子、诃子、乌梅、枳壳、松针单独用药时对禽致病性大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),应用棋盘微量稀释法分别测定nisin与5味中药联合使用时对禽致病性大肠杆菌的MIC。结果表明,nisin单独使用时对禽源致病性大肠杆菌没有抑菌效果,五味子、诃子、乌梅的MIC均为62.5mg/m L,枳壳的MIC为125.0 mg/m L,松针的MIC为250.0 mg/m L;nisin与松针联合使用时无抑菌作用,与五味子联合使用时MIC分别为1.25 mg/m L和15.625 mg/m L,与诃子、枳壳、乌梅联合使用时MIC均为2.5 mg/m L(nisin)和31.25 mg/m L(中药)。综上提示,nisin与五味子、诃子、枳壳、乌梅联合应用时,可提高这4味中药的抑菌效果。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …