金银花复方制剂对新城疫病毒感染雏鸡免疫器官淋巴细胞增殖功能的影响

为探索金银花复方制剂对新城疫病毒(NDV)感染雏鸡免疫功能的影响,应用细胞培养技术及MTT法,对感染NDV雏鸡、金银花复方制剂治疗雏鸡的胸腺和脾脏T细胞,法氏囊和脾脏B细胞增殖功能进行检测。结果发现,在NDV感染初期,NDV感染组雏鸡免疫器官T、B细胞增殖功能与对照组雏鸡相比明显降低,后期有所恢复,表明NDV感染使雏鸡免疫器官淋巴细胞数量减少,抑制了雏鸡的免疫功能;金银花复方制剂治疗组雏鸡免疫器官T、B细胞增殖功能从病毒感染后第3天起不同程度地高于NDV感染组雏鸡,并且后期接近对照组雏鸡水平,表明金银花复方制剂能通过刺激雏鸡免疫器官淋巴细胞的增殖,增强机体的免疫功能。     

金银花复方制剂对新城疫病毒感染雏鸡外周血液免疫学变化的影响

为研究金银花复方制剂对新城疫病毒(NDV)感染雏鸡外周血液免疫学变化的影响,采用免疫荧光试验、流式细胞术、间接ELISA法和放射免疫法对NDV感染雏鸡、金银花复方制剂治疗雏鸡的外周血液淋巴细胞数量、免疫球蛋白及细胞因子含量进行检测。结果显示,雏鸡感染NDV后,其外周血液CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞数量及IgG、IgM、白细胞介素(IL-2)含量均较未感染雏鸡明显降低,γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)含量较未感染雏鸡明显升高,提示NDV感染能够引起雏鸡外周血液免疫功能紊乱;金银花复方制剂能够显著提高感染雏鸡外周血液CD4+T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞数量及IgG、IgM、IL-2含量,降低IFN-γ含量,表明该复方制剂能够改善NDV感染雏鸡外周血液的免疫功能。     

中药复方连翘对感染法氏囊病毒雏鸡免疫功能的影响

160只7日龄健康岭南黄鸡随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,每组40只,Ⅰ为正常对照组、Ⅱ为感染病毒组、Ⅲ为中药复方治疗组、Ⅳ为中药复方制剂组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均于8日龄感染传染性法氏囊病毒（IBDV）,Ⅲ、Ⅳ以20g·kg^-1单剂量灌服中药复方连翘汤。分别于试验后第7、14、21、28日龄采外周血及免疫器官法氏囊和脾脏,测定血细胞的吞噬能力、外周血T淋巴细胞的百分率和T淋巴细胞的转化率,流式细胞仪测定鸡外周血和脾T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^＋、CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞的含量;放血致死称体质量、脾和法氏囊质量,计算免疫器官指数。在感染IBDV7d后取脾脏和法氏囊组织,制备组织样品进行组织学及透视电镜观察。结果表明：中药复方连翘制剂可使雏鸡外周血细胞的吞噬能力、T淋巴细胞的百分率和T淋巴细胞的转化率、法氏囊和脾脏的质量明显提高,对感染IBDV后免疫器官法氏囊和脾脏有明显的改善和恢复作用,提高外周血和脾淋巴细胞中CD3^＋、CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞百分率,改变CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值促进对机体免疫系统的调控。感染病毒组的上述指标显著下降,中药复方连翘治疗组与感染病毒组相比能显著提高上述指标。     

板蓝根多糖对缺乳仔鼠免疫器官发育及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

应用流式细胞仪检测缺乳仔鼠CD3+、CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞含量,研究添加不同剂量的板蓝根多糖(RIP)对缺乳仔鼠免疫器官及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。结果表明,RIP可以提高缺乳仔鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数,对胸腺指数和脾脏指数效果最佳的RIP剂量随日龄增大而减小;RIP可以增加缺乳仔鼠外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数量,CD3+T淋巴细胞数量在7-28日龄时,A、C、D组与B组差异显著(P0.05);CD4+T淋巴细胞数量在7-21日龄时,A、C、D组与B组差异显著(P0.05);各处理组CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数量以及CD4+/CD8+比值随着日龄的增加有所下降。结果表明,一定剂量的RIP可以促进缺乳仔鼠免疫器官发育,提高T淋巴细胞亚群的水平。     

金银花复方制剂对新城疫病毒感染雏鸡免疫器官抗体生成细胞数量的影响

为探讨金银花复方制剂对新城疫病毒(NDV)感染雏鸡免疫器官抗体生成细胞数量的影响,本实验采用免疫酶组织化学法对NDV感染雏鸡免疫器官抗体生成细胞数量进行检测。结果显示,在NDV感染初期,NDV感染组雏鸡免疫器官抗体生成细胞数量与对照组雏鸡相比明显降低,表明NDV感染抑制了雏鸡的免疫功能;金银花复方制剂治疗组雏鸡免疫器官抗体生成细胞数量明显高于NDV感染组雏鸡,并且从第7天开始抗体生成细胞数量迅速恢复到对照组雏鸡的水平,表明金银花复方制剂提高了雏鸡的免疫功能。     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染SPF雏鸡免疫器官变化

为了探讨H5N1禽流感病毒(AIV)感染对SPF雏鸡免疫器官细胞免疫功能的影响。以7日龄SPF雏鸡为研究对象,应用组织化学技术结合病理学方法,通过T细胞数量、增殖功能、CD4~+和CD8~+亚型数量及其比值变化的检测,对H5N1亚型AIV感染SPF雏鸡后,免疫器官细胞免疫变化进行了较系统研究。结果发现,H5N1亚型AIV感染SPF雏鸡后3～7 d,其胸腺、脾脏、腔上囊无论是T细胞数量还是胸腺和脾脏T细胞对Con A的增殖功能,以及CD4~+和CD8~+T细胞数均显著低于对照雏鸡。病毒感染雏鸡后1～5 d,CD4~+/CD8~+T细胞比值也显著低于对照雏鸡;AIV感染雏鸡全部发病,呈现典型AIV感染症状,死亡率为40%。表明AIV感染所致雏鸡免疫器官细胞免疫功能低下,是AIV免疫致病机制的重要环节。     

传染性法氏囊病病毒对SPF雏鸡免疫器官T细胞增殖能力及亚型的影响

以SPF雏鸡为研究对象,应用细胞培养、MTT及流式细胞检测技术,通过T淋巴细胞对刀豆蛋白A的增殖能力及其CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞亚型数量的检测,较全面系统的研究了传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)感染21日龄SPF雏鸡后,其免疫器官(胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊)T细胞增殖能力及其亚型的动态变化,结果发现:IBDV感染SPF雏鸡后,其胸腺和脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖能力于病毒感染后3～7 d显著降低,CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞数量于病毒感染初期明显低于对照雏鸡;法氏囊中CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞数量在病毒感染初期迅速增加,而后持续低于对照雏鸡.表明SPF雏鸡感染IBDV后,其免疫器官细胞免疫功能受抑制,而作为病毒侵袭的主要靶器官,法氏囊在病毒感染初期有大量T细胞浸润,该项研究为进一步阐明IBDV的免疫致病机制提供了重要的参考依据.     

板蓝根多糖对缺乳仔鼠免疫器官发育及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

试验应用流式细胞术检测缺乳仔鼠CD3⁺、CD4⁺和CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞含量来研究添加不同剂量的板蓝根多糖(RIP)对缺乳仔鼠免疫器官及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响。结果表明:①RIP可增加缺乳仔鼠胸腺指数和脾脏指数。对胸腺指数和脾脏指数效果最好的RIP剂量随日龄增大而减小。②RIP可以增加缺乳仔鼠外周血CD3⁺、 CD4⁺ 、CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞数量。7~28日龄时初乳组(A组)、缺乳+中RIP组(C组)和缺乳+高RIP组(D组)3组CD3⁺ T淋巴细胞含量与缺乳组(B组)相比差异显著(P<0.05)。7~21日龄时初乳组(A组)、缺乳+中RIP组(C组)和缺乳+高RIP组(D组)3组CD4⁺ T淋巴细胞含量与缺乳组(B组)相比差异显著(P<0.05)。各处理组CD3⁺、 CD4⁺、CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞含量及CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值随着日龄的增加有所下降。适宜剂量的RIP可促进缺乳仔鼠免疫器官发育,提高T淋巴细胞亚群的水平。     

固始鸡免疫器官内T淋巴细胞亚群动态变化

应用流式细胞仪结合免疫荧光抗体技术对固始鸡和固始鸡胚胎免疫器官内T淋巴细胞亚群的动态变化和发育分化规律进行了研究.结果发现,(1)胚胎时期,胸腺内T淋巴细胞发育分化低,表现为成熟的T淋巴细胞(CD3~+)和不成熟的胸腺细胞均较少;出壳后,固始鸡胸腺内成熟T淋巴细胞增多,占胸腺细胞的30%左右,但大部分仍是未成熟的胸腺细胞.(2)脾脏内T淋巴细胞为成熟的T淋巴细胞(CD3~+),占淋巴细胞的60%左右.胚胎时期脾脏内CD3~+水平低,出壳后2周已达脾脏内正常水平(60%左右).(3)法氏囊内有少量的成熟T淋巴细胞(10%左右).结果表明,T淋巴细胞在固始鸡胸腺内增殖分化和成熟,脾脏和法氏囊内的成熟T淋巴细胞均来源于胸腺.     

复方中药秦公散对小鼠脾脏和外周血中T、B淋巴细胞的影响

为探讨治疗奶牛乳房炎的复方中药秦公散对小鼠脾脏和外周血中T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞亚群的影响,采用流式细胞仪测定各处理组小鼠脾脏和外周血中用CD3+、CD4+ 、CD8+标记的T淋巴细胞百分率及CD4+/CD8+的比值和CD19+标记的B淋巴细胞百分率。结果表明,与蒸馏水组相比,秦公散高剂量组小鼠脾脏和外周血中CD3+、CD4+细胞百分率和CD4+/CD8+的比值均显著提高,对环孢菌素（CsA）抑制小鼠有显著恢复作用(P<0.05);秦公散高剂量（20 g/kg体重）可显著提高健康小鼠脾脏和外周血中CD19+细胞百分率(P<0.05),对环孢菌素抑制小鼠的CD19+细胞百分率有显著恢复作用(P<0.05)。结果表明,治疗奶牛乳房炎的复方中药秦公散通过提高机体中CD3+细胞、CD19+细胞百分率和调节CD4+/CD8+之间的平衡来显著提高小鼠机体的细胞免疫功能和恢复由环孢菌素（CsA）抑制的小鼠机体免疫力。     

Isolation and culture of pig tonsil lymphocytes

Tonsils are secondary lymphoid organs that play an important role in host defense. The aim of our study was to develop reliable procedures for isolation and culture of pig tonsil cells, and to validate their possible use in functional immunoassays. Using our isolation procedure, we recovered on average 238.7±107.1×10(6) cells per tonsil couple with a mean vitality of 89.8±2.7%. These values significantly decreased 8 months after freezing at -80°C along with the subsequent spontaneous release of both IgA and IgG in culture. These results suggest to use pig tonsil cells within 2 months from thawing to maintain suitable conditions in terms of recovery, vitality and release of antibody in vitro. Tonsil mononuclear cells also showed the ability to secrete antimicrobial peptides and to respond in vitro to immunological stimuli. On the whole, our study has defined operating conditions for tonsil processing, control of bacterial contaminations, time limits of storage at -80°C, as well as for evaluating polyclonal Ig production in vitro. Such procedures are likely to be of some importance in studies on regional immunity and in the development of large animal models for biomedical sciences.     

Phenotypic and functional characteristics of bovine T lymphocytes

Monoclonal antibodies have been derived which detect the bovine equivalents of the human pan-T cell marker CD2 and the T lymphocyte subpopulation markers CD4 and CD8. We refer to the bovine analogues as BoT2, BoT4 and BoT8. Monoclonal antibodies have also been derived which detect an antigen(s) with similarities to CD3, although the precise nature of the target molecule(s) in this instance remains to be elucidated. In general there is close similarity between the tissue distributions and, where these have been determined, the molecular masses of the BoT2, BoT4, BoT8 and putative BoT3 entities and their counterparts in other species. BoT2 is expressed on a majority of peripheral blood T lymphocytes and thymocytes and BoT2+ cells are found in both thymic cortex and medulla. In contrast, the putative BoT3 marker is expressed by a minority of thymocytes which are moreover, largely restricted to medulla. Monoclonal antibodies detecting BoT2 determinants have been shown to precipitate 55 kDa molecules. Antibodies to the BoT2 and BoT3 entities have been shown to induce proliferation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of some cattle, and to be capable of inhibition of antigen-driven proliferative responses and cytolytic function. The BoT4 and BoT8 markers are expressed in a mutually exclusive manner by bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells but they are coexpressed on a large population of thymocytes. Monoclonal antibodies have been used to precipitate molecules of 52 and 55 kDa in the case of those detecting BoT4 and 34 and 35 kDa in the case of an antibody reactive with a BoT8 determinant. The BoT4 and BoT8 markers have been associated with specificity for, and restriction by, MHC class II and class I molecules respectively.     

Biology of porcine T lymphocytes

The present review concentrates on the biological aspects of porcine T lymphocytes. Their ontogeny, subpopulations, localization and trafficking, and responses to pathogens are reviewed. The development of porcine T cells begins in the liver during the first trimester of fetal life and continues in the thymus from the second trimester until after birth. Porcine T cells are divided into two lineages, based on their possession of the alphabeta or gammadelta T-cell receptor. Porcine alphabeta T cells recognize antigens in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted manner, whereas the gammadelta T cells recognize antigens in a MHC non-restricted fashion. The CD4+CD8- and CD4+CD8lo T cell subsets of alphabeta T cells recognize antigens presented in MHC class II molecules, while the CD4-CD8+ T cell subset recognizes antigens presented in MHC class I molecules. Porcine alphabeta T cells localize mainly in lymphoid tissues, whereas gammadelta T cells predominate in the blood and intestinal epithelium of pigs. Porcine CD8+ alphabeta T cells are a prominent T-cell subset during antiviral responses, while porcine CD4+ alphabeta T cell responses predominantly occur in bacterial and parasitic infections. Porcine gammadelta T cell responses have been reported in only a few infections. Porcine T cell responses are suppressed by some viruses and bacteria. The mechanisms of T cell suppression are not entirely known but reportedly include the killing of T cells, the inhibition of T cell activation and proliferation, the inhibition of antiviral cytokine production, and the induction of immunosuppressive cytokines.     

Membrane IgM of bovine lymphocytes

The membrane immunoglobulins of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from four bovine-leukemia-virus infected calves and from a normal cow were isolated and characterized. They were found to consist of an IgM exhibiting a μ-chain of an apparent molecular weight (AMW) of 95,000 daltons, which is 10,000 daltons more than found for the μ-chain of serum IgM. It thus seems that this is a property of membrane-bound IgM of bovine origin.     

In vitro blastogenic responses of peripheral lymphocytes from marmosets to phytohemagglutinin and to autologous lymphocytes transformed by Epstein-Barr virus

White-lipped marmosets were evaluated for their cell mediated immune (CMI) response to EBV to determine the feasibility of CMI studies in marmoset models for EBV oncogenesis. The mitogen, cell concentrations, the length of incubation period and serum requirements were defined for in vitro lymphocyte stimulation tests. The level of response of each animal was dependent on the concentration of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) and was independent of cell densities employed. The rate of tritiated-thymidine incorporation by mononuclear cells due to PHA-P increased exponentially between 2–4 days. This test was reproducible for a given batch of PHA-P when the cells were cultured in the presence of 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. The five white-lipped marmosets were seronegative for EBV antigens and did not show lymphocyte stimulation with EBV particles and EBV soluble antigen, but two of these animals exhibited significant stimulation with autologous lymphocytes transformed in vitro by B95-8 virus. Despite the limited amount of blood (3–4 ml) that could be obtained from each animal in a single bleeding, it was possible to perform multiple lymphocyte stimulation assays with the protocol used.     

Immunophysiological studies of interleukin-2 and canine lymphocytes.

Interleukin-2-dependent pathways of lymphocyte activation were investigated in canine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) following stimulation with T-cell mitogens including phytohemagglutinin, phorbol ester (TPA), calcium ionophore (ionomycin), and human recombinant interleukin-2 (hrIL-2). The ability of the stimulated cells to produce interleukin-2 (IL-2) was determined using murine indicator cell lines. IL-2 receptor expression by mitogen-stimulated canine PBL was confirmed by the binding of hrIL-2 with high affinity, and with characteristics comparable to those of the human and murine IL-2 receptor. Examination of serum and PBL from two dogs that were treated with hrIL-2 and human recombinant tumor necrosis factor for systemic mast cell tumors showed that in one dog, IL-2 could be measured in the serum. Concurrently, the in vitro mitogenic response of this dog's PBL to hrIL-2 occurred earlier, possibly reflecting an increase in the relative number of IL-2-responsive cells within the PBL population.