UPLC-PDA法测定甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的含量

建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC)测定甘草浸膏中主成分甘草苷和甘草酸的含量。采用反相高效液相色谱法对甘草苷和甘草酸进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC^TM T 3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%冰乙酸+5 mmol/L醋酸铵)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为232 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对甘草苷和甘草酸进行定性定量检测。甘草苷在1~20μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为0.5μg/mL,定量限为1μg/mL;甘草酸在10~200μg/mL范围内线性良好(R^2>0.999),方法检出限为5μg/mL,定量限为10μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于甘草浸膏中甘草苷和甘草酸的定性定量检测。     

肾复康合剂的HPLC法测定

建立高效液相色谱法测定芦丁和落新妇苷,采用Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱,以甲醇-0.1%醋酸溶液为流动相,双波长检测芦丁和落新妇苷,分别在14.9～299μg/mL和5.8～116μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为97.1%和98.3%。建立的色谱条件可同时测定2种指标成分,简便快捷。     

超高效液相色谱法测定头孢噻呋晶体注射液中头孢噻呋含量

建立超高效液相色谱-光电二极管阵列法(UPLC-PDA)测定头孢噻呋晶体注射液中主成分头孢噻呋的含量。采用反相超高效液相色谱法对头孢噻呋进行色谱分离和快速定量测定。以ACQUITY UPLC~(TM)C8色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;以乙腈-水(0.1%甲酸)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为292 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对头孢噻呋进行定性、定量检测。头孢噻呋在4～200μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R~20.9998);方法检测限为2μg/mL、定量限为4μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于头孢噻呋晶体注射液中主成分头孢噻呋含量的检测。     

UPLC-PDA法测定蒲公英提取物中咖啡酸的含量

建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(UPLC-PDA法)测定蒲公英提取物中咖啡酸的含量。采用反相高效液相色谱法,用带有二极管阵列检测器的高效液相色谱仪(UPLC-PAD)对咖啡酸进行色谱分离和快速筛查。以ACQUITY UPLCTMHSS T3色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8μm)为分离柱,柱温:35℃;流动相体系:A项为乙腈,B项为0.4%磷酸水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 m L/min;进样量:5μL;检测波长为323 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间及峰面积参数对咖啡酸进行定性定量检测。咖啡酸在1～100μg/m L的范围内线性良好(R2=0.999); 0.25μg/m L咖啡酸对照品溶液与空白溶液的信噪比3,为检出限,1μg/m L咖啡酸对照品溶液与空白溶液的信噪比10,为定量限,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于蒲公英提取物中咖啡酸的定性定量检测。     

UPLC-PDA法测定龙胆泻肝散中3种主要成分的含量

本试验采用UPLC-PDA法对黄芩苷、栀子苷和龙胆苦苷进行色谱分离和快速定量测定,以ACQUITY UPLC~(TM)CSHC_(18)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm)为分离柱,柱温35℃;以甲醇-水(0.1%磷酸)进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 mL/min;进样量:1μL;检测波长为254 nm;通过保留时间、光谱图和峰面积等参数对3种主要成分进行定性鉴别和定量检测,建立超高效液相色谱(UPLC-PDA)测定龙胆泻肝散中主成分黄芩苷、龙胆苦苷和栀子苷的含量。试验结果显示:每1 mL含龙胆苦苷8μg、栀子苷5μg和黄芩苷10μg的对照品溶液信噪比≥3为检出限,每1 mL含龙胆苦苷16μg、栀子苷10μg和黄芩苷20μg的对照品溶液信噪比≥10为定量限,完全满足检测需求。该方法前处理简单,目标物理论塔板数高,色谱分离度好,分析速度较快,节省时间,适用于龙胆泻肝散中3种主成分的定性鉴别和含量检测。     

超高效液相色谱法测定紫锥菊根末中单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的含量

为了快速测定紫锥菊根末中主成分单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的含量建立了超高效液相色谱法（UPLC）。采用ACQUITY UPLCTM C18色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7 μm)为分离柱,柱温：35℃;以乙腈-0.4%磷酸水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速：0.35 mL/min;进样量：1 μL;检测波长为330 nm。通过光谱图、保留时间和峰面积参数对单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸进行定性定量检测。单咖啡酰酒石酸在0.5~25 μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好（R2>0.999）;方法检出限为0.5 μg/mL,方法定量限为1 μg/mL; 菊苣酸在1~50 μg/mL的范围内线性良好（R2>0.999）;方法检出限为1 μg/mL,方法定量限为2 μg/mL,完全满足检测需求。该方法色谱分离较好,分析速度较快,前处理简单,适用于紫锥菊根末中单咖啡酰酒石酸和菊苣酸的定性定量检测。     

UPLC-PDA法测定杨树花口服液中非法添加物黄芩苷

为了建立超高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测法(UPLC-PDA法)测定杨树花口服液中非法添加物黄芩苷,取适量黄芩苷对照品、杨树花口服液阴性样品、阳性添加样品、抽检样品经50%甲醇溶解,超声提取,滤液过滤并定量稀释后,作为供试品溶液,采用UPLC-PDA法检测。色谱分离采用ACQUITY UPLCTMHSS T3色谱柱为分离柱,柱温:35℃;流动相体系:A项为乙腈,B项为0.4%磷酸水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;流速:0.35 m L/min;进样量:10μL;选择二极管阵列检测器,检测波长为278 nm,上机测定。通过保留时间、光谱图、峰纯度等参数对黄芩苷进行定性定量检测。结果表明,黄芩苷在0.5~100μg/m L的范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.999);杨树花口服液中添加黄芩苷0.05 mg/m L,信噪比(S/N)3,确定为方法的检测限;添加0.1 mg/m L,信噪比(S/N)10,确定为方法的定量限;杨树花口服液在0.1、0.2、0.4、0.6 mg/m L黄芩苷添加水平的回收率为95%~105%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%,准确度和精密度良好,完全满足检测需求。而且峰纯度角与阈值符合要求。本方法经济快速、灵敏、重现性好,适用于杨树花口服液中非法添加黄芩苷的定性定量检测。     

HPLC法同时测定磺胺二甲嘧啶含量和泰乐菌素组分

采用高效液相色谱法同时测定磺胺二甲嘧啶和泰乐菌素组分含量,采用C18(4.6×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;以2 mol/L高氯酸钠溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱;流速为1.0 m L/min;检测波长为280 nm。结果表明磺胺二甲嘧啶在10~200μg/m L范围内具有良好的线性,相关系数为0.9997,检出限为0.05μg/m L,定量限为0.15μg/m L,低、中、高3个浓度加标的平均回收率为99.7%~100.1%,RSD为0.3%~0.5%,泰乐菌素D峰与A峰的分离度≥3.2;泰乐菌素C峰与磺胺二甲嘧啶分离度≥30,该方法操作简便、准确、专属性强。     

奶粉中维生素D_3含量的测定

奶粉样品中的维生素D_3经氢氧化钾乙醇溶液皂化、提取、净化、浓缩后,用正相高效液相色谱半制备、反相高效液相色谱C18色谱柱分离,经紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明,维生素D_3在0.02～0.2μg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限为0.2μg/100 g,定量限为0.6μg/100 g,加标回收率为85.26%～90.01%。该方法保留时间稳定,分离效果良好,能够满足检测要求。     

高效液相色谱/质谱联用仪测定盐酸克仑特罗

利用高效液相色谱质谱检测器 ,建立了检测盐酸克仑特罗的方法。其中质谱 (SIR)检出限为 0 .0 1～ 5 μg/kg ,液相色谱中外检测器的检测限为 0 .3μg/kg ,最大吸收峰 2 96nm ,符合农业部规定动物性食品中的盐酸克仑特罗检测限 :1μg/kg。本方法可用于定量、定性检测     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -