红茂草总生物碱酸水提取法研究

用酸水提取法提取红茂草总生物碱。先分别进行提取时间、料液比、pH值和温度对红茂草总生物碱提取率影响的单因素实验,在此基础上从每个单因素中选出3个较好水平进行正交试验,从而得出酸水提取红茂草总生物碱的最佳条件。结果表明,温度80℃、提取时间4 h、料液比1∶50、pH值1.5为提取红茂草总生物碱的最佳条件。     

红茂草中异紫堇啡碱正交提取工艺的建立

采用正交工艺提取红茂草中异紫堇啡碱,在紫外光210 nm处对红茂草生物碱提取液进行检测,以异紫堇啡碱标准品作对照。结果正交提取最佳工艺参数为:乙醇浓度60%、乙醇用量200 mL、超声温度30℃、回流时间2.5 h。表明应用正交工艺对红茂草中异紫堇啡碱的提取比较合理。     

红茂草生物碱正交提取工艺模式优化及清除自由基作用的研究

为研究红茂草(Dicranostigma leptodum(Maxim.)Fedde)生物碱的正交提取工艺条件及其清除自由基作用。采用单因素水平测定,从10种相关因素中筛选出乙醇体积分数、超声波作用时间、液料比、回流时间、浸提液pH值、浸泡时间共6种主要影响因素,按照L25(56)正交表进行正交试验,用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,优选出最佳正交提取工艺模式;将正交提取浓缩液进行HPLC检测,并测定其对羟自由基(·OH)和氧自由基(O₂^·-)的清除作用。结果表明:红茂草生物碱最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数65%、超声波作用时间20min、液料比15:1、回流时间2.5h、浸提液pH=8、浸泡时间4h;在最佳提取工艺条件下红茂草提取液中生物碱的含量为9.2794%;红茂草生物碱在25.0和1.8mg·mL^-1时,对·OHH和O₂^·-清除效果显著,其清除率为58.70%和49.26%,IC₅₀为23.50和1.75mg·mL^-1。该工艺方法简便、可靠、提取率高,提取液清除自由基作用显著。     

红茂草生物碱提取方法及指纹检测技术建立的研究

红茂草[Dicranostigma leptopodum（Maxim．）Fedde]又名秃疮花、秃子花、勒马回，系罂粟科红茂草属植物。主要分布在甘肃、陕西、河南和山西等省（区）低山平川地带。红茂草中含有异紫堇碱（laooorvdine）、原阿片碱（Protopine）、紫堇碱（Corvdine）、异紫堇啡碱及木兰碱（Magnoflorine）等生物碱，其中异紫堇碱具有明显的镇痛、镇静、解除平滑肌痉挛等作用，已经制定了中药材地方标准。     

葎草中生物碱提取工艺与含量测定研究

目的:探讨葎草中生物碱的提取方法及含量测定。方法:采用正交实验方法,以提取温度、提取时间、料液比、盐酸浓度为影响因素,以生物碱得率为指标,优选生物碱最佳提取条件;采用生物碱颜色反应和薄层色谱进行鉴定;采用酸碱滴定方法进行生物碱含量测定。结果:葎草生物碱中含有乌头碱。葎草中生物碱的提取温度70℃、时间60 min、料液比1∶30、盐酸浓度2%为葎草中生物碱的最佳提取条件。精密度实验RSD为2.11%,加样回收试验RSD为1.46%,稳定性试验RSD为1.80%。结论:该工艺条件下葎草中生物碱的提取方法简便、快捷,生物碱得率达0.283%;精密度较高、稳定性较好、方法可行。     

红茂草总生物碱醇提取法与酸水提取法比较研究

试验利用乙醇溶液和稀盐酸溶液分别进行红茂草总生物碱的提取.重量法计算总生物碱的提取率(得率),并对试验结果进行t检验.结果表明,乙醇提取法提取红茂草总生物碱得率极显著高于酸水提取法(P＜0.01).     

酸性染料比色法测定红茂草中总生物碱含量

采用酸性染料比色法测定红茂草中总生物碱含量。以异紫定堇碱为标准品,酸性染料比色法的显色条件为：pH值4.0、波长415 nm、溴甲酚绿1.5 mL,得到标准曲线：y=0.032 x-0.033,R2=0.977 0,生物碱检测浓度在21.6-54.0 mg/mL范围内与吸收度线性关系良好,红茂草中总生物碱含量为1.386%。该方法灵敏度高、准确度好、重现性好。     

白车轴草多糖提取工艺的研究

本试验采取热水浸提法提取白车轴草多糖,研究其最佳提取工艺.以白车轴草为原料,多糖提取得率为指标,分别对4个提取参数:浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间和浸提液pH值进行了单因素试验;然后对上述4个因素采用L9(34)正交试验进行优化.结果表明,白车轴草多糖提取得率随着温度的升高而提高,在100℃时达到最大;料液比、浸提时间和浸提液pH值对多糖得率的影响为单峰曲线,上述条件分别为1:15、4 h和8时多糖得率最高.pH值、料液比、温度和提取时间对白车轴草多糖得率的影响都存在极显著差异(P＜0.001),影响多糖得率的各因素主次关系为:pH值＞料液比＞温度＞提取时间,浸提液pH值对白车轴草多糖得率的影响最大.白车轴草多糖的最佳提取工艺参数为:提取时间5 h,料液比1:15,温度100℃,浸提液pH值为9.经验证试验测得,此条件下白车轴草多糖得率为2.26%.试验结果揭示,白车轴草多糖的提取得率受提取工艺(浸提温度、料液比、浸提时间和浸提液pH值)的影响显著,调整提取工艺可获得更高的多糖得率.     

内部沸腾法提取博落回生物碱的工艺研究

为了得到内部沸腾法提取博落回生物碱的最佳提取工艺,试验逐一考察硫酸浓度、浸泡的乙醇浓度、提取温度、料液比等因素对提取效果的影响,并采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定了提取得到的博落回总碱中血根碱和白屈菜红碱含量。结果表明:当硫酸浓度为0. 10 mol/L、浸泡乙醇浓度为50%、提取温度为90℃、料液比为1∶20时,提取一次的提取率为13%,HPLC检测到的血根碱含量为6. 6%,白屈菜红碱含量为3. 1%,提取效率明显提高。     

牡丹籽粕总生物碱的提取工艺研究

牡丹粕具有较高的潜在利用价值。试验旨在以牡丹籽粕为原料，采用单因素和正交试验考察料液比、提取温度、提取时间3个因素对牡丹籽粕总生物碱提取率的影响，得到牡丹籽粕总生物碱的最佳提取工艺条件，为充分利用牡丹籽粕资源提供一定的依据。结果表明：牡丹籽粕总生物碱的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比1:30(g/mL)，温度70℃，时间4 h。在此条件下，牡丹籽粕中总生物碱提取得率为0.08%；通过正交试验可知，3个因素对试验结果影响大小依次是料液比（A）>提取时间（B）>提取温度（C）。说明牡丹籽粕中含有丰富的生物碱类化合物，在生物碱提取和开发方面有较好的应用前景，为今后牡丹籽生物碱的开发利用提供一定基础。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …