槲皮素对SLT-Ⅱe诱导大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分泌细胞因子的影响

通过检测槲皮素对SLT-Ⅱe诱导的大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分泌NO、ET-1、P-选凝素、sICAM-1及TNF-α的浓度变化,探索中药复方主要成分槲皮素对仔猪水肿痛的疗效机制.将培养的肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分为对照组、SLT-Ⅱ e组、不同浓度槲皮素处理组等5个组,采用ELISA法测定了培养3、6、9和12 h时细胞培养上清液中NO、ET-1、P-选凝素、sICAM-1及TNF-α浓度的变化.结果,10 mg/L槲皮素可下调SLT-Ⅱ e诱导的大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞NO、ET-1及sICAM-1的分泌,12 h内使NO、ET-1及sICAM-1的分泌浓度接近正常水平;1、5、10 mg/L槲皮素不能下调SLT-Ⅱe诱导的大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞P-选凝素和TNF-α的分泌.结果表明,槲皮素通过抑制SLT-Ⅱ e诱导肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞NO、ET-1、sICAM-1的过量分泌,缓解肠道微循环障碍,减轻炎症反应,达到治疗水肿病的目的.     

日粮锌与蛋白质水平对断奶仔猪前炎症细胞因子和肠道黏膜免疫分子的影响

研究旨在不同蛋白质水平日粮添加高剂量氧化锌对断奶仔猪血清前炎症细胞因子和肠道黏膜免疫的影响。将32头(21±2)d断奶DLY三元杂交仔猪,采用2×2因子试验设计,按体重相近原则,分为4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复2头猪。各处理分别为低锌(100mg/kg)高蛋白质(23%))组、低锌(100mg/kg)低蛋白质(17%)组、高锌(3000mg/kg)高蛋白质(23%)组和高锌(3000mg/kg)低蛋白质(17%)组。结果表明:试验前期(0~14d),锌和蛋白质水平能显著或极显著影响血清IL-1β和IL-6浓度(P0.05或P0.01);试验后期(14~28d),各处理组血清IL-1β和IL-6浓度显著低于试验前期(P0.05);相同蛋白水平下高锌组血清IL-1β和IL-6浓度显著低于低锌组(P0.05);二者互作效应不显著(P0.05),但均以高锌低蛋白质组IL-1β和IL-6含量最低;锌和蛋白质水平能极显著增加空肠和回肠黏膜SIgA含量(P0.01),互作效应极显著(P0.01)。试验表明,不同蛋白质水平日粮添加高锌能够抑制前炎症细胞因子的分泌,促进肠道粘黏SIgA的分泌,增强仔猪的免疫力。     

黄芪多糖对SLT-Ⅱe诱导大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分泌细胞因子的影响

通过检测黄芪多糖对SLT-Ⅱe诱导的大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分泌NO、ET-1、PGI2、TXA2、P-选凝素及sICAM-1的浓度变化,探索中药复方主要成分黄芪多糖对仔猪水肿病的疗效机制。将培养的肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分为对照组、SLT-Ⅱe组、不同浓度黄芪多糖处理组等5个组,采用ELISA法测定了培养3、6、9和12 h时细胞培养上清液中NO、ET-1、PGI2、TXA2、P-选凝素及sICAM-1浓度的变化。10 mg/L黄芪多糖可下调SLT-Ⅱe诱导的大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞NO、ET-1、TXA2及sICAM-1的分泌,12 h内使NO、ET-1、TXA2及sICAM-1的分泌浓度接近正常水平;5、10、15 mg/L黄芪多糖不能下调SLT-Ⅱe诱导的大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞PGI2及P-选凝素的分泌。黄芪多糖通过抑制SLT-Ⅱe诱导肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞NO、ET-1 TXA2及sICAM-1的过量分泌,缓解肠道微循环障碍,减轻局部炎症反应。     

致病性大肠杆菌对犊牛肠黏膜功能的影响

为了研究致病性大肠杆菌01(E.coli 01)对犊牛肠黏膜功能的影响,试验随机选取48头体况相近的犊牛,将其平均分为试验组和对照组,每组各24头。通过口服致病性E.coli 01建立腹泻模型试验组,对照组未接菌,仍然常规哺乳。酶联免疫法检测肠黏膜功能的相关指标。结果表明:致病性E.coli01能够显著降低犊牛肠道Occludin、Claudin-1和ZO-1水平(P<0.05),显著降低回肠组织中细胞因子白介素10(IL-10)和白介素4(IL-4)水平(P<0.05),显著升高回肠组织中IL-6水平(P<0.05),显著降低回肠组织中SIgA和ITF水平。由此可见,致病性E.coli 01能够增加犊牛肠黏膜细胞的通透性,损伤肠道黏膜功能及促发炎症反应。     

硫酸软骨素对LLO诱导大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分泌NO、ET-1的影响

为研究李斯特菌溶血素(LLO)对大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞(RIMVECs)分泌NO、内皮素(ET-1)的影响,以及硫酸软骨素(CS)通过调节细胞微环境保护RIMVECs的作用,将体外培养的RIMVECs分为LLO+CS组、LLO组、CS组、空白组,经过MTT比色法测定细胞生长情况,硝酸还原酶法测定细胞上清液细胞因子NO含量以及酶联免疫法检测ET-1含量,并用原位杂交方法对结果进行验证。结果表明:LLO可抑制RIMVECs增殖活性,提高NO、ET-1分泌量且高于正常水平,并导致NO/ET-1比值失衡(下降);而CS可提高RIMVECs细胞的增殖活性,并显著上调NO/ET-1比值。由此可知,CS可通过改善LLO引起细胞因子NO和ET-1失衡而起到保护微血管内皮细胞的作用。     

鹿心小分子活性肽对Wistar乳鼠心肌细胞H/R损伤的保护作用

采用原代乳鼠心肌细胞建立缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤模型,测定对照组、H/R损伤组及鹿心小分子活性肽50.000,25.000,12.500,6.250,3.125 g/mL加药剂量组细胞培养液上清中CK、AST和LDH-L活力,MDA含量及心肌细胞内SOD活性,炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的含量。结果表明:与H/R模型组比较,鹿心小分子活性肽为3.125～50.000 g/mL时,显著或极显著降低细胞中AST活力水平和IL-1β含量、上调SOD水平(P0.05或P0.01); 6.25～50.00 g/mL时,CK活力水平、TNF-α含量显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01); 3.125～25.000 g/mL时,IL-6含量显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01); 6.25～25.00 g/mL时,显著下调MDA含量(P0.05); 12.5～50.0 g/mL时,LDH-L活力水平显著或极显著下降(P0.05或P0.01)。说明鹿心小分子活性肽通过降低心肌酶释放、抑制炎症反应、减轻氧化应激对H/R心肌细胞损伤起到保护作用,并呈剂量依赖性。     

志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体对大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分泌IL-8 IL-6和PGI2的影响

志贺样毒素Ⅱ型变异体[1](SLT-Ⅱe)是猪水肿病大肠杆菌导致仔猪形成水肿病的主要致病因子.研究证明,SLT-Ⅱe能损伤小肠上皮细胞和血管内皮细胞[2],引起细胞分泌功能障碍,进而导致微血管舒缩和通透性发生变化,最终形成猪水肿病.本试验通过研究SLT-Ⅱe作用大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞(MVECs)后,其培养上清液中IL-8、IL-6和PGI2的浓度变化,以期从SLT-Ⅱe影响微血管内皮细胞分泌功能方面,探讨SLT-Ⅱe对大鼠肠黏膜MVECs的损伤机制.     

猪瘟免疫猪接种PRRSVnsp2A1882-2241弱毒疫苗后IL-12、IL-10、TNF-α应答特征

不同时间段采集猪的血液样本,利用ELISA方法检测血清和细胞培养上清中IL-12、IL-10、TNF-α等3种细胞因子的水平,分析猪双重免疫CSFV、PRRSV弱毒苗后血清和细胞培养上清中细胞因子的变化规律。结果显示,IL-12在血清中的浓度显著高于细胞培养上清中的浓度（P〈O．01）,在CSFV高抗体PRRSV高抗体组中28d采血的细胞培养上清中IL-12的浓度高于14d采血的细胞培养上清中的浓度（P〈0．05）}IL-10血清中水平显著低于细胞培养上清中水平（P〈0．01）,在CSFV高抗体PRRSV高抗体组中28d采血的细胞培养上清中的IL-10浓度显著低于14d采血的细胞培养上清中的浓度（P〈0．01）;TNF-α在血清中水平显著低于细胞培养上清中水平（P〈0．01）,在3组中28d采血的细胞培养上清液中TNF-α浓度高于14d采血的细胞培养上清液中浓度（P〈0．05）。结果表明,2种疫苗特异性抗体应答高时,IL-12水平显著上调,IL-10水平显著下调,提示上调IL-12及下调IL-10都是基因缺失疫苗发挥效力的潜在机制。TNF-α总体水平上升,但在血清中水平较低。     

LLO对大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞分泌NO和ET-1的影响

为探讨李斯特菌溶血素(LLO)导致大鼠肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞(RIMVECs)损伤的作用机制,将体外培养的RIMVECs分为对照组和LLO组,观察细胞形态变化,测定细胞生长情况,并检测细胞培养上清液中NO、ET-1浓度变化。结果表明:LLO组RIMVECs的细胞间隙变大,有大量细胞碎片漂浮;当LLO浓度达到50ng/m L以上时,测得细胞增殖(OD值)均呈极显著下降(P0.01);12 h内,NO、ET-1分泌量高于正常水平。试验表明,LLO引起RIMVECs细胞因子NO、ET-1分泌量升高,导致细胞微环境紊乱,是LLO导致肠黏膜微血管内皮细胞损伤的机制之一。     

猪瘟免疫猪接种PRRSV nsp2Δ1882-2241弱毒疫苗后IL-12、IL-10、TNF-α应答特征

不同时间段采集猪的血液样本,利用ELISA方法检测血清和细胞培养上清中IL-12、IL-10、TNF-α等3种细胞因子的水平,分析猪双重免疫CSFV、PRRSV弱毒苗后血清和细胞培养上清中细胞因子的变化规律。结果显示,IL-12在血清中的浓度显著高于细胞培养上清中的浓度(P<0.01),在CSFV高抗体PRRSV高抗体组中28d采血的细胞培养上清中IL-12的浓度高于14d采血的细胞培养上清中的浓度(P<0.05);IL-10血清中水平显著低于细胞培养上清中水平(P<0.01),在CSFV高抗体PRRSV高抗体组中28d采血的细胞培养上清中的IL-10浓度显著低于14d采血的细胞培养上清中的浓度(P<0.01);TNF-α在血清中水平显著低于细胞培养上清中水平(P<0.01),在3组中28d采血的细胞培养上清液中TNF-α浓度高于14d采血的细胞培养上清液中浓度(P<0.05)。结果表明,2种疫苗特异性抗体应答高时,IL-12水平显著上调,IL-10水平显著下调,提示上调IL-12及下调IL-10都是基因缺失疫苗发挥效力的潜在机制。TNF-α总体水平上升,但在血清中水平较低。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.