农业发展在政策减贫过程中的中介效应研究

通过培育农业等支柱性产业从而形成持续内生发展能力已经成为减贫的重要途径。农业发展在公共政策与减贫间架起了一座桥梁,农业发展呈现出明显的中介效应,公共政策通过农业发展这一中介变量有效推动了减贫进程。按照公共政策促进农业发展,农业发展推动贫困减缓这一逻辑脉络,构建了公共政策、农业发展与减贫效应三大系统及其测度指标体系,通过建立状态空间模型,分阶段探究了2000-2015年公共政策减贫过程中农业发展在各时期的减贫作用强度及其动态演变趋势,并对农业发展在政策扶贫过程中的中介效应进行了验证。结果表明,农业发展对政策扶贫的中介效应非常显著,公共政策的减贫效应中约有45.25%的贡献来自于农业发展所产生的中介效应;单纯的公共政策对于贫困减缓和农业发展的影响呈现下降趋势,而农业发展对于农村贫困减缓的作用则逐年增强。研究表明,我国多元化的减贫体系已经基本形成,内生式减贫机制逐渐健全并已经发挥作用,公共政策对农业发展和减贫的促进作用呈边际递减态势。因此,首先要加强对农业尤其是特色农业的扶持,以更好地发挥其在减贫过程中的中介效应,其次促进当前我国扶贫攻坚战略应尽快转向换挡,千方百计推动已经形成的内生减贫系统有效运转。     

Paths out of poverty: International experience

The global community has committed, as the first priority of the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), to end poverty in all its forms everywhere. While the decline of global poverty continues, progress has slowed and remains uneven through different parts of the world. To ensure that no one is left behind in China and beyond, research will be critical to inform paths out of poverty. In this regard, it is valuable to take stock of international experiences and the various pathways out of poverty with a focus on agriculture. Africa's agricultural growth has been largely driven by land expansion and poverty reduction has been the slowest among all regions. South Asia agriculture has been led by diversification of smallholder agriculture and its poverty reduction impact has been large, but its future poverty reduction is limited by rural–urban migration and lack of formal jobs in urban centers. Social protection programs have been used by many Latin American countries as the region is more urbanized than any other developing regions. China's agricultural and economic success was driven by agriculture-led reforms and rural development. These changes brought significantly higher incomes among rural residents, which accounted for highest initial levels of poverty and hunger, and in increased availability of food at affordable prices. Investments in nutrition, health, education, clean water, and good sanitation also complemented progress. The foremost lesson is that smallholder-led agriculture growth in land scarce countries often have the largest impact on poverty reduction. Secondly, nonfarm employment and rural–urban migration must follow once agricultural productivity has reached a certain level. However, premature exiting from agriculture can do more harm. Thirdly, even before large scale poverty reduction through sectoral and regional development is exhausted, social safety nets must be established to cover those who have not benefited from growth and development. Productive social safety nets have proven to be cost-effective in many countries. Urban poverty should also be part of the protection scheme when large proportion of rural population moves to cities.     

我国彝族传统农业的生物多样性特点及其可持续发展

彝族传统农业具有环境利用、作物种植以及畜牧养殖的多样性。根据环境条件安排农作生产,利用混作、间作、套作、混牧以及农牧结合等生产技术模拟自然的生物多样性,彝族传统农业获得了良好的收益,维护了环境的生物多样性。现代农业以单一化规模生产取代传统农业的多样性,不论是“以粮为纲”还是“以钱为纲”的发展方式,带来的是生物多样性减少、水土流失加剧、灾害性气候频发以及农业生产成本增加等问题。发展适应环境特点的、适度规模化的生物多样性农业生产,利用森林植被发展林下种养殖,应用现代生物多样性技术,进一步提高农业产出和效益,将是彝族地区农业可持续发展的选择。     

贵州省土地整治促进脱贫攻坚的现状及发展建议

为深入了解有关地方开展土地整治促进扶贫开发的主要做法、典型经验和取得的成效,为下一步制定相关政策提供依据,对贵州省进行了实地调研。调研发现,贵州省近年来有效运用土地整治平台,通过建设农村生产生活设施、增加贫困地区农民就业、促进地区特色产业发展、加强土地生态环境建设等措施,在扶贫开发方面取得了突出成效,改善了农业生产条件、提高了农业生产水平、增加了农民收入、加快了农民脱贫致富步伐、加强了生态保护、促进了经济社会持续发展和通过优化用地结构保证了扶贫开发的用地需求。但是,土地整治在促进扶贫开发中也存在诸如涉农资金整合难度较大、项目管理滞后实际需要、激励政策尚未形成体系和基础工作存在薄弱环节等问题和不足,需要在脱贫攻坚中予以重视和解决。建议针对前述问题找准定位并精准施策,需加强项目资金整合、创新项目管理方式、健全激励政策体系和做好相关基础工作。     

我国农业水资源可持续利用方略

针对中国水资源严重短缺、水体污染加剧、“水减粮增”矛盾突出、粮食生产与区域水资源分布错位、“北粮南运”难以为继等重大问题,以农业水资源可持续利用为目标,实施粮食生产区域再平衡战略、强化降水利用的绿水战略和短缺水资源的技术、非常规水、贸易替代方略,同时提出建立与水资源相匹配的种植制度,大力推进节水农业科技创新、升级节水灌溉技术、建立水资源转移补偿机制、改变膳食结构等建议。     

黄土沟壑丘陵区水土保持对农业的影响——以安塞县为例

通过对安塞县水土保持的基本措施、农业发展现状及水土保持对该县农业的影响分析,可得出水土保持对改善农村生态环境、促进农业经济发展、减贫有重要的作用。1985～2004年期间水土保持的成效对安塞县农业经济的发展影响表明,水土流失面积的减少将会有力的推动安塞县农业经济的持续增长,而且水土保持对提高该县农业生产总产值和农业收入具有显著影响,能有力地缓解当地的贫困状况,并实现农村经济的可持续发展。     

新农科背景下地方高等农业院校农林经济管理专业人才培养体系优化

人才培养体系构建与优化过程是高等教育内涵式发展的过程,高等教育体系已从自身成长向高等教育与社会经济协同转型发展。对面新农科建设肩负的“四大使命”,乡村振兴战略部署要求,国际农经学科专业发展新格局,传统农经专业转型发展等新形势、新状况,农林经济管理专业人才培养体系优化势在必行。从人才培养目标、能力素养要求以及课程支撑三个方面对比分析国内各类典型农业院校农经人才培养体系特征和差异,结合地方农业院校办学实际与特色,从“立德树人”教育教学理念,课程体系的动态优化调整,学科-专业联动协同,教学质量评价与保障体系等方面提出地方农经专业人才培养体系优化路径。     

农产品供应链对农户减贫增收的关联效应分析——基于滇、桂、苏、闽四省(区)的实证

实现小农户与大市场的有效对接既是现代农业健康发展的必然要求,又是贫困农户减贫增收的现实路径。在农业市场化改革深入推进的背景下,通过培育农产品供应链以此带动农户减贫增收致富,是当前市场化减贫的重要方向。基于滇、桂、苏、闽四省(区)农户调查数据,采用多元有序Logistic模型,分析了农产品供应链对农户减贫增收的关联效应及区域差异。结果表明,农产品供应链对农户减贫增收具有正向作用,加入农产品供应链能显著增加农户收入,而且对欠发达地区的作用发挥优于发达地区。有无加工销售、农产品出售渠道、对供应链管理认可程度等供应链融入状况关键因素对农户减贫增收影响明显。因此,重视采取整合区域农业资源与要素,培育优势农产品供应链;协调农产品供应链主体关系,构建小农户稳定融入机制;加快农村基础设施建设步伐,深入推进农业市场化改革进程等优化措施,方能充分发挥农产品供应链对农户减贫增收的带动效应。     

浙江省农业产业结构调整的现状与对策

近20年来,浙江省农业产业结构调整成效显著:在农村经济中,三大产业协调发展,农业生产力水平明显提高;在大农业中,种植业的地位仍然强化,林业、牧业、渔业和副业全面发展;在粮食生产中,水稻优质品种扩大,秋杂粮比例增加,粮田种植制度逐步优化.同时,在农业产业结构调整中也面临着不少问题,主要表现在:环境问题日趋突出,农业的可持续性受到威胁;粮食作物面积过大;农产品缺乏特色,出口创汇能力不强;经营规模过小,社会化服务体系不够完备;市场发育不健全,产业化程度不高;信息不畅,资金不足,缺少技术支撑.在浙江省新一轮的农业产业结构调整中,建议在总体策略上,要紧紧围绕保证供给、增加收入、保护环境、提高品质和效益这一中心环节,重点在技术、信息、资金和市场等四个方面切实做好服务工作;具体方法上要针对三大产业、农林牧副渔、粮食作物与经济作物、粮食作物内部存在的问题,有目的、有步骤地按照区域化布局、专业化生产、产业化经营的思路,采取相应的对策措施,以进一步促进我省的农业现代化建设及农业和农村的可持续发展.     

现代农业园区建设的脱贫策略探讨——以苍溪县黄猫垭现代农业园区为例

我国现代农业园区的发展已取得初步成效,伴随国家脱贫攻坚行动的开展,现代农业园区建设成为落后地区脱贫的重要途径。以苍溪县黄猫垭现代农业园区建设为例,通过调研分析黄猫垭的自然资源和社会发展条件以及当地农村、农业发展现状,阐明黄猫垭建设现代农业园区的优势和内容,探讨其建设过程中的脱贫策略,旨在为四川穷困地区的农村、农业发展和农民脱贫增收提供有益参考。     

新农村建设背景下广西地区数字农业发展研究

近年来,广西积极发展数字农业,为新农村建设奠定了良好的物质、技术和经验基础,但同时也面临诸多挑战。本文阐述了广西地区数字农业发展现状,分析了广西地区新农村建设存在的问题及发展数字农业的现实意义,并从科技、互联网、文化三大方面提出了建议,以期为推动农业产业转型升级、促进当地农村发展提供参考。     

对新型农业经营主体发展与精准帮扶工作的思考——以临泉县为例

分析了当前临泉县新型农业经营主体的发展情况,以座谈会和问卷调查的形式,对临泉县关庙镇、土坡乡新型农业经营主体发展与政策跟踪情况进行了实地调查。认为临泉县新型农业经营主体发展呈现地域性差异,在发展过程面临共同的境遇和诉求,在带动贫困户脱贫致富方面以及精准扶贫政策落实情况也有许多问题。提出了临泉县新型农业经营主体和精准帮扶工作的发展建议,强调提高新型经营主体的质量,建立农村土地经营流转市场,创新农村金融制度,加大政策扶持力度并与困难户结成合作关系,强化宣传保障与政策引导,提高政策落实的实效性和执行力。     

加快梧州市农业经济发展的对策研究

简要介绍了近几年梧州市农业经济发展概况及存在问题,分析了制约梧州市农业经济发展的瓶颈因素,提出了坚持比较优势战略,增强发展紧迫感;增加农业投资,规范投资管理;转变生产经营方式,实行农业产业化经营;加快工业化、城镇化进程,统筹城乡发展等对策,以促进梧州市农业经济又好又快发展。     

The contribution of cooperative irrigation scheme to poverty reduction in Tanzania

Irrigation system is a scare resource in most of drought-stricken Africa. How to manage and maintain the existing irrigation facilities in Africa is a debatable issue to both policy makers and beneficiaries. Irrigation facilities run by farmer cooperatives are considered ineffective, unsuccessful and dysfunctional in Tanzania by many researchers. A cooperative irrigation scheme is a mechanism that features the collective management of rural irrigation facilities by farmers' cooperative with some government intervention and external support. There is an increasing emphasis on the roles of cooperative irrigation scheme in the development of the agriculture sector and poverty reduction of smallholder farmers. In this study, the authors investigated the management and services of this scheme and analyzed its contribution to poverty reduction of smallholder rice farmers and community development in Tanzania through both quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that the scheme helped smallholder farmers increase the rice production and brought better market opportunities. The farmers' net income was also increased. Profit generated from rice farming not only improved the livelihoods of smallholder farmers but also created more employment opportunities in the rural communities. The research also revealed that the scheme was faced with a number of challenges due to resource and institutional constraints and low-level human capacity for both management and members. The research provides a feasible approach to effective management of small-scale agricultural infrastructure for poverty reduction in Africa.     

辽宁省耕作制度演变及可持续发展对策

分析辽宁省作物结构、种植方式、轮作方式以及施肥制度等方面的50多年来变化，揭示了辽宁省耕作制度的演变规律。并在优化区域布局、实施专业化生产，发展农牧结合的种植制度，发展设施型农业，推进标准化生产和发展节本农业等方面进行了探讨，提出了有利于可持续发展的耕作制度体系及其相应对策和思路。     

乡村振兴实施背景下秦巴山区乡村特色产业发展路径探析---以陕西省宁强县罗家河村为例

以农业农村资源为依托，利用区域优势资源，发展优势明显、特色鲜明的乡村产业，拓宽农民增收渠道，为乡村振兴与脱贫攻坚的有效衔接带来了新的机遇。我国各地资源人文环境差异影响较大，乡村特色优势产业发展具有明显的区域特征。文章通过对陕南秦巴山区的深度贫困村罗家河村农业产业发展现状、存在问题及产业融合发展路径进行分析，以期能够从微观角度对于破题“秦巴地区乡村产业振兴”实践、因地制宜提高农村自然资源综合利用率，拓展农业多元功能，拓宽农民就业和增收渠道，保障高质量可持续脱贫具有重要参考意义。     

Sustainability assessment of potato fields using the DEXi decision support system in Hamadan Province,Iran

Potato is a staple food crop and the most important agricultural commodity, which critically affects food security and economic stability in Hamadan Province, Iran. Ex-ante sustainability appraisal of new cropping systems and their comparisons with conventional systems can increase the efficiencies of innovations and changes within the production process. This study aimed to explore the sustainability levels of potato cropping systems in Hamadan Province, Iran. To this end, DEXi methodology was developed for the sustainability assessment of the cropping systems. For assessing the three dimensions of environmental, economic, and social sustainability in the four systems of traditional potato system (TPS), Quasi-industrial potato system (QIPS), industrial potato system (IPS), and government-promoted potato system (GPPS), five groups of features were utilized: (1) irrigation method; (2) seed placement; (3) farm machinery use; (4) agrochemical use; and (5) rotation. The impact assessments of the cropping systems were based on two, three, and two groups of ecological, social, and economic indicators, respectively. Employment, supply chain, protection, operational difficulty, productivity, profitability, input use, and biodiversity resulted in 21 basic indicators and 13 aggregated indicators, by which the cropping systems were described. The results revealed that GPPS with distinctive economic and social profiles could have a better overall sustainability despite the fact that some indicators like biodiversity could be negatively affected. Finally, three strategies were recommended for the sustainability of GPPS as follows: biodiversity enhancement, input substitution, and integrated water management.     

乡村振兴战略下精准扶贫的关键环节研究

农业农村农民问题是关系国计民生的根本性问题。十九大提出的“乡村振兴战略”为 我国的乡村建设发展谋划了美好蓝图,指明了发展路径。精准扶贫是乡村振兴战略的重要组成 部分,是帮助贫困群众脱贫致富,有效解决三农问题的重要抓手。本文基于当前农村精准扶贫 的实施现状,剖析乡村振兴战略背景下精准扶贫的关键环节,以期为建设富裕和谐秀美乡村提 供可行性建议。     

现代农业的发展困境与对策探讨

“三农”背景下,现代农业日益成为中国农业与农村发展的主题.发展现代农业,生产条件和经营管理的现代化是必要的前提,商品化和信息化是发展目标.但是目前农业发展中效益低下、投入不足、制度不完善、服务不健全严重制约了产业的发展.要摆脱困境、促进发展,政府、企业和相关主体必须通力合作,通过创新农业经营模式,健全服务支持体系,完善经营机制来寻求突破.     

贵州喀斯特地区环境退化与农村经济贫困的互动关系

采用GIS技术手段和参与性农村评估(PRA)相结合的方式,对喀斯特环境退化与农村经济贫困的关系进行了论述,分析并提出了加大退耕还草力度、开展草地建设和草食畜牧业发展,继续实施现行强有力的农业发展政策和大力发展农业基础设施建设等改善喀斯特地区生态环境和减少农村经济贫困的措施.