渝东北紫色土饱和导水率传递函数研究

为研究渝东北紫色土理化性质在垂直空间上的分布情况以及对饱和导水率的影响,进而建立饱和导水率与各理化性质间的关系函数,推求饱和导水率的传递函数,选择渝东北开州区、云阳县等7个区县内45个紫色土典型田块为研究区域,运用Excel 2013和Matlab 2015b软件统计分析后,利用多元非线性回归法推求并验证了渝东北紫色土饱和导水率传递函数模型和模型参数。研究表明:①研究区土壤饱和导水率变化范围在0.16～195.68 cm/d,变化范围广,空间变异系数大,变异性较强;同一采样点深度越大,饱和导水率越小;②土壤饱和导水率与有机质含量有显著的指数函数关系,与饱和含水量有较强的二次函数关系,与土壤容重和土壤颗粒的相关性不大;③本次试验建立的土壤饱和导水率传递函数模型及模型系数检验合格,预测值与实际测算值误差较小,精度良好,可用于渝东北紫色土饱和导水率的预测工作。     

碱化盐土饱和导水率特征与影响因素研究

选择碱蓬地和碱斑地2组典型碱化盐土剖面,对原状土和扰动土的饱和导水率(K10)进行了测定,并分析了盐度、碱度、结构、有机质、质地、容重等土壤基本性质对土壤饱和导水率的影响。结果表明:碱化盐土的K10极低,原状土仅为0.05~0.22mm d-1,其与土壤碱度、盐度、结构系数、团聚度的相关性均无显著统计学意义,与土壤有机质含量极显著(p0.01)负相关,与砂粒和粉粒含量分别呈极显著(p0.01)正相关和负相关,与砂粒/(粉粒+黏粒)呈极显著(p0.001)直线递增关系,底层(20~100 cm)原状土和表层(0~10 cm、10~20 cm)扰动土K10均与土壤容重呈极显著(p0.001)幂函数递减关系;土壤质地和容重对K10的影响存在交互作用。     

EN-1固化剂对4种土壤饱和导水率的影响研究

为了研究EN-1土壤固化剂的固化性能,通过室内模拟实验对杨凌、安康、安塞和靖边4种土壤在不同固化剂掺量、养护龄期的固化进行了土壤饱和导水率影响的研究,结果表明,微量掺加EN-1固化剂就可以明显减小黄棕壤和土的饱和导水率,饱和导水率随着培养龄期的增加而下降,当培养期大于14d时土样的饱和导水率近似为0;黄绵土与风沙土的饱和导水率随着固化剂掺量增加而减小,培养龄期增大,饱和导水率随之下降,固化剂掺量为1%,培养期为28d时黄绵土和风沙土的饱和导水率最低。     

Efficiency Of Pedotransfer Functions Describing Cadmium Sorption In Soils

Pedotransfer functions based on general purpose Freundlich isotherms (GPF) were derived for Cd using different combinations of input variables or development conditions. The models match the criterion of flexibility as they were derived from data of 497 soil samples, which had strongly varying soil characteristics. The prediction efficiency of the approaches was investigated by comparison of measured and simulated sorption data for 124 independent soil samples. The parameterisation of the GPF shows that models derived from data of batch sorption experiments by multiple linear regression achieve best goodness-of-fit and statistical consistency. The use of extraction data or nonlinear regression analysis results in greater deviations from the statistical optima. The best overall performance considering parameterisation and validation was observed for the models including (a) the variables ‘proton activity’, ‘clay content’, ‘soil organic carbon’, ‘sum of dithionite-extractable Fe- and Mn-oxides’ or (b) the variables ‘proton activity’, ‘potential cation exchange capacity’, ‘sum of dithionite-extractable Fe- and Mn-oxides’.     

重庆市四面山典型林分土壤饱和导水率研究

采用恒定水头法测定了重庆市四面山地区典型人工林和天然次生林剖面土壤饱和导水率(Ks),并运用多元回归和通径分析方法探讨了其与土壤物理因子和有机质的相关性。结果表明,土壤饱和导水率从表层到深层呈现出负指数形式的递减规律。各林分对饱和导水率均有显著提高,由高到低的顺序为:天然针阔混交林>天然阔叶林、楠竹林、针叶林>人工阔叶林、混交林、针叶林>荒地。土壤黏粒、容重、非毛管孔隙度和大于0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量是影响该地区饱和导水率的主要因子。各林分对土壤有机质含量均有提高作用,有机质含量与饱和导水率符合二次曲线的关系。在植被经营过程中,建议营造针阔复层混交类型的树种配置模式。     

Mualem模型中的饱和导水率修正研究

[目的]提高Mualem模型计算非饱和导水率的准确性。[方法]采用理论推导结合数据统计的方法研究该模型中的饱和导水率ks修正问题。基于Brooks—Corey土壤水分特征曲线模型,建立修正导水率ko与土壤水分特征曲线之间的理论关系式;通过回归分析得到ko与土壤水分特征曲线之间的理论关系式中相关参数。[结果]利用原状黄土的非饱和渗透试验数据,对考虑修正导水率ko的Mualem模型的准确性进行了验证,得到了比较满意的结果。[结论]研究成果可用于依据土壤水分特征曲线直接确定非饱和土导水率,对非饱和导水率预测研究具有一定参考价值。     

中国主要土壤类型的土壤容重传递函数研究

由于我国大多数土壤数据库缺失或部分缺失土壤容重数据,利用土壤其他属性来预测土壤容重具有重要意义。我国土壤类型多样,已有的土壤容重传递函数在不同土壤类型中的适用性也值得进一步探讨。本文基于我国现有的土壤数据库,对已有的两种土壤容重传递函数在不同土壤类型(土纲)中的预测精度与适用性进行评估,最后通过SPSS进行回归分析建立我国主要土壤类型最适宜的容重传递函数。研究结果表明,已有的两种土壤容重传递函数应用于部分土壤类型时预测精度不高,但基于土壤系统分类的数据分组后建立的容重传递函数能够明显提高预测精度。新建的容重传递函数对有机土、铁铝土、潜育土、均腐土、富铁土、淋溶土、雏形土、新成土和变性土土壤容重的预测精度较高,但人为土、盐成土和干旱土土壤容重传递函数的预测精度整体偏低,在应用时需要慎重。在利用土壤容重传递函数时一定要注意研究区及适用范围。     

横断山区森林土壤饱和导水率传递函数的评价与构建研究

利用国际上具有代表性的9种土壤饱和导水率(Ks)传递函数模型估算了横断山地区贡嘎山不同类型森林土壤的K_s，并与实测数据进行了比较，结果表明，现有模型在横断山地区的拟合结果与实测数据的偏差极大，其在研究区的适用性差。结合研究区土壤含石率偏高的特点，增加土壤石砾含量(粒径>2 mm)作为输入变量，同时选取土壤容重、有机质含量和颗粒分布3种土壤基本特性参数作为输入变量，构建了本区域K_s传递函数模型：K_s=9.48+12.32×BD+0.29×SOM–1.94×GF+2.89×silt–5.34×sand，结果显示，模型预测值与实测值相关系数为0.67，该模型可以作为横断山地区自然林地K_s传递函数使用，从而为山地森林水文过程和自然灾害预警研究提供实用的参数估算工具。     

土石混合介质饱和导水率的研究

采用恒定水头法对土石混合介质的饱和导水率进行测定，分析不同碎石含量及碎石直径对饱和导水率的影响，同时利用实测值对Peck—Watson及Bouwer—Rice两个传统估算方程的估测精度进行比较。结果表明：（1）饱和导水率随碎石含量先增大后减小，且两者呈二项式关系；（2）饱和导水率随碎石直径增大而减小，两者呈幂函数关系；（3）碎石直径介于1．0～5．0cm时，Bouwer—Rice和Peck—Watson方程对饱和导水率的估算结果均大于实测值。     

含岩屑紫色土水力特性及饱和导水率传递函数研究

紫色土中存在的岩石碎屑会对土壤的水力性质如饱和导水率、水分特征曲线产生显著影响.以两种不同母质发育的土壤(紫色页岩和紫色泥岩)为研究对象,设置0.25～2、2～5、5～10 mm三个岩屑粒径水平,0、30％、50％、70％、100％五个岩屑含量水平,采用压力膜仪法和定水头法分别测定水分特征曲线和土壤饱和导水率.利用BP...     

土壤胶体对砂质土柱中草萘胺迁移的影响

采用室内砂柱模拟试验方法研究了红壤和黑土两种土壤胶体对草萘胺在砂质土柱中迁移的影响。结果表明,整个淋滤过程中红壤和黑土胶体的回收率比较高,分别达到66．76％和74．75％;胶体促进了草萘胺在砂质土柱中的迁移,与对照相比（无胶体）,加入红壤和黑土胶体后草萘胺的回收率分别提高了9．82％和10．63％。但是吸附在胶体上迁移的草萘胺数量比较少,只占到迁移总量的1．15％（红壤）和1．68％（黑土）,物理非平衡机制可能在迁移过程中起支配作用。     

Effect of Soil Sample Size on Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity

Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) is regarded as a key soil physical variable to determine soil infiltration rate, percolation depth and other hydrological processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the best soil sampling’s ring size for measuring K_sat. For this purpose, 25 rings with five different diameters (2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 inch) and with the same depth of 20 cm (five replicates) were hammered in close vicinity to each other into the ground of undisturbed loess deposits of a small farm to measure K_sat and bulk density. Hydraulic conductivity was measured at three constant loads of 22, 27 and 32 cm. The results showed that the ring with the internal diameter of 6 inches had the minimum variation coefficient and maximum K_sat for all the three hydraulic heads. In addition, the bulk density of this ring size was less than the other rings.     

土壤大孔隙饱和导水率的数值模拟及实验研究

原状土壤饱和导水率的确定将直接影响水及溶质在原状土壤中运动的模拟,进而影响到水文模型及溶质运移模型的模拟精度。为此,将原状土壤分为基质域和大孔隙域,以南京市栖霞区的土壤为例,通过CT扫描结合经验公式法、室内原状土柱实验法分别得到了原状土壤大孔隙的饱和导水率,并对其结果进行了详细的对比分析。结果表明:两种测定大孔隙饱和导水率的方法得到结果的相对偏差在10%以内。     

Support Vector Machine and Nonlinear Regression Methods for Estimating Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are widely used for hydrological calculations based on the known basic properties of soils and sediments. The choice of predictors and the mathematical calculus are of particular importance for the accuracy of calculations. The aim of this study is to compare PTFs with the use of the nonlinear regression (NLR) and support vector machine (SVM) methods, as well as to choose predictor properties for estimating saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s). K_s was determined in direct laboratory experiments on monoliths of agrosoddy-podzolic soil (Umbric Albeluvisol Abruptic, WRB, 2006) and calculated using PTFs based on the NLR and SVM methods. Six classes of predictor properties were tested for the calculated prognosis: K_s-1 (predictors: the sand, silt, and clay contents); K_s-2 (sand, silt, clay, and soil density); K_s-3 (sand, silt, clay, soil organic matter); K_s-4 (sand, silt, clay, soil density, organic matter); K_s-5 (clay, soil density, organic matter); and K_s-6 (sand, clay, soil density, organic matter). The efficiency of PTFs was determined by comparison with experimental values using the root mean square error (RMSE) and determination coefficient (R²). The results showed that the RMSE for SVM is smaller than the RMSE for NLR in predicting K_s for all classes of PTFs. The SVM method has advantages over the NLR method in terms of simplicity and range of application for predicting K_s using PTFs.     

大沽河流域土壤饱和导水率空间变异特征

借助经典统计学和地质统计学,对大沽河流域农田土壤表层(0～10 cm)和下层(40～50cm)饱和导水率(Ks)空间变化规律进行研究,结果表明:①经对数变换后土壤表层和下层Ks符合正态分布,变异系数分别为0.396和0.343,均属于中等变异程度;②土壤表层Ks空间相关性很弱,下层Ks具有中等的空间相关性,且具有各向异性特征;③土壤表层和下层Ks的空间分布结构较相似,均表现出东部和西南部最高,西北部最低,从西北角向东南方向逐渐增大的趋势.     

石灰岩与白云岩坡地土壤饱和导水率对比研究

[目的]对比研究不同下垫面特征和土地利用方式对两类坡地表层土壤性质及其土壤饱和导水率(Ks)的影响。[方法]以喀斯特地区不同岩性下垫面的石灰岩和白云岩两类坡地表层土壤为研究对象,采用Guleph稳定入渗仪和土壤分析的方法。[结果](1)石灰岩和白云岩表层土壤在受到放牧作用影响后,土壤均呈现显著退化趋势,其容重、黏粒含量增大,孔隙度、有机质含量降低。(2)石灰岩和白云岩两类坡地表层土壤在未受到人为干扰的自然植被条件下,由于表层岩溶带的发育,Ks都很高,平均值分别为328.6和257.2mm/h。其中,石灰岩坡地相比白云岩坡地,Ks具有更高的空间变异性,二者Ks变异系数变化范围分别为90.71%~95.62%和59.60%~67.32%。(3)受到放牧作用影响后,石灰岩和白云岩坡地表层土壤Ks相比自然植被状态下呈显著降低趋势,Ks分别降低52.2%和86.7%,白云岩坡地Ks降低程度大,高于石灰岩坡地。     

黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土饱和导水率的研究

通过对黄河三角洲滨海盐渍土饱和导水率的研究, 结果表明: 原状土的饱和导水率随着土壤剖面深度的增加呈现出表土层高、中间土层低、底土层又升高的趋势; 扰动土与原状土的饱和导水率差异较大, 土壤饱和导水率与土壤容重呈负相关、而与孔隙度、结构系数、团聚度等均呈正相关。原状土的饱和导水率能反映田间水分运动以及孔隙状况, 对研究土壤水量平衡和水土保持有重要的意义。扰动土的饱和导水率对于土壤理化性质的理论研究有一定参考价值。     

Developing Pedotransfer Functions for Predicting FC and PWP

Using pedotransfer functions (PTF) is a useful way for field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) prediction. The aim of this study was to model PTF to estimate FC and PWP using regression tree (RT) and stepwise multiple linear regressions (SMLR). For this purpose, 165 and 45 soil samples from UNSODA and HYPRES datasets were used for development and validation of new PTFs, respectively. %Clay, geometric mean diameter (dg), and bulk density (BD) were selected as predictor variables due to the highest correlation and lowest multicollinearity. The results showed that clay percentage with W* = 0.89 and dg with W* = ?0.57 were the most effective variables to predict PWP and FC, respectively. The RT method had a better performance (R² = 0.80, ME = ?0.002 cm³cm^?3, RMSE = 0.05 cm³cm^?3 for FC and R² = 0.85, ME = 0.003 cm³cm^?3, RMSE = 0.03 cm³ cm^?3 for PWP) than SMLR in estimation of FC and PWP.     

干粉PAM溶解时间对土壤饱和导水率的动态影响

本试验选取两种质地土壤(黏壤土和砂壤土),采用3种干粉PAM施用水平(0、22.5 kg/hm~2和45 kg/hm~2),测定土样在10.25 mm/h入渗速度下的土壤饱和导水率(KS),然后根据土样团聚体含量和稳定性及团聚结构的微观图片,分析干粉PAM影响下土壤结构的变化特征,进而说明干粉PAM溶解时间对KS的影响机理。结果表明:施用PAM后,KS随干粉PAM在水中溶解时间的延长而逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定;干粉PAM溶解时间较短时,PAM处理的KS高于对照,其中PAM施用水平45 kg/hm~2时砂壤土KS提高幅度最大,较对照提高26.87%,但不同PAM施用量处理间的KS差异不显著。干粉PAM溶解时间足够长时,PAM处理的KS均显著低于对照,其中PAM施用水平45 kg/hm~2时黏壤土KS降低幅度最大,较对照降低10.86%,但是不同施用量处理间KS差异不显著。从影响机理上分析,PAM主要是通过增加土壤团聚体含量及稳定性来提高KS;而干粉PAM溶解时间足够长时,由于PAM易吸附土壤颗粒,水解后的PAM分子链不断伸张延长,堵塞了土壤孔隙,加上PAM本身的黏滞特性,从而降低了KS。研究干粉PAM溶解时间对KS的动态影响,可以为PAM在改善土壤导水能力方面的应用提供理论依据。