Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Content in Contaminated Forest Soils with Different Humus Types

The aim of the study was to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content in different forest humus types. The investigation was carried out in Chrzanów Forest District in southern Poland. Twenty research plots with different humus types (mor and mull) were selected. The samples for analysis were taken after litter horizons removing from a depth of 0–10 cm (from the Of- and Oh-horizon total or A-horizon). pH, organic carbon and total nitrogen content, base cations, acidity, and heavy metal content were determined. In the natural moisture state, the activity of dehydrogenase was determined. The study included the determination of PAH content. The conducted research confirms strong contamination of study soil by PAHs and heavy metals. Our experiment provided evidence that different forest humus types accumulate different PAH amounts. The highest content of PAHs and heavy metals was recorded in mor humus type. The content of PAHs in forest humus horizon depends on the content and quality of soil organic matter. Weaker degradation of hydrocarbons is associated with lower biological activity of soils. The mull humus type showed lower content of PAHs and at the same time the highest biological activity confirmed by high dehydrogenase activity.     

云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分特征及影响因素

云南省森林生态系统在全球碳循环及平衡中具有不可替代的作用,但其森林土壤腐殖质组分特征及其影响因素尚不十分清楚。基于云南省不同林区采集的88个表层土样,通过描述性统计和回归分析量化了海拔、土壤类型、坡向和坡度、年均温和年降水量对土壤腐殖质组分分布影响的相对重要性,探讨云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分分布特征。结果表明:云南省森林土壤表层有机碳含量为8.40～199.73 g·kg^–1,平均含量为51.37 g·kg^–1,土壤可提取腐殖质碳含量为2.54～84.02 g·kg^–1,平均含量为24.52 g·kg^–1;胡富比均值小于1,土壤腐殖质聚合度较低;土壤腐殖质组分分布特征总体表现为滇西北、滇东北部较高,滇中、滇南部较低;土壤类型、海拔、年均温是影响云南省森林土壤腐殖质组分含量的主导因子,各因素的贡献程度总体呈现为土壤类型最高,其次是年均温、海拔,这说明土壤类型对森林表层土壤腐殖质的积累起重要作用。     

Humus Horizons of Soils in Urban Ecosystems

The origin, structure, composition, and properties of soil humus horizons in functional zones of St. Petersburg have been studied. The radiocarbon age of organic matter in the humus horizons varies from 500 to 2700 years, which attests to the natural origin of humus. The structure of microbiomes in the humus horizons of soils under different plant communities has its specific features. The taxonomic structure of microbial communities at the phylum level reflects both genetic features of natural soils and the impact of anthropogenic factors, including alkalization typical of the studied urban soils. Tomographic studies have shown that the transporting system of humus horizons is less developed in the anthropogenically transformed soils in comparison with the natural soils. It can be supposed that the intensity of water and gas exchange in the anthropogenic soils is much lower than that in the natural soils. The fractional and group composition of humus in the urban soils is specified by the long-term pedogenesis, on one hand, and by the impact of metabolic products of the city and the factors of soil formation in the megalopolis, on the other hand. Bulk density of the humus horizon in the urban soils is higher than that in the natural soils; the portion of overcompacted humus horizons in the urban soils reaches 44%. Humus horizons of the lawns along highways are most contaminated with heavy metals: Pb, Zn, and Cu. There are no definite regularities in the distribution of major nutrients (NPK) in the humus horizons of anthropogenic soils.     

果园土壤中结合态腐殖质组成特征

通过化学分析方法研究延边地区典型苹果梨园盛果期土壤剖面中结合态腐殖质的空间分布特征.结果表明:(1)A1层(0-22 cm)松结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,高出荒地42.61％,至A2层(22-53 cm)2种土壤松结合态腐殖质含量下降幅度分别60.79％,36.45％;苹果梨园土壤A1层的松结态腐殖质表聚现象比荒地土壤剧烈;在A1、A2层,松结态FA含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地,HA/FA比以苹果梨园明显高于荒地.(2)苹果梨园稳结态腐殖质含量随土壤深度增加而下降,荒地土壤呈先升后降再升趋势;A1、A2层稳结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;苹果梨园稳结态FA含量随土壤深度增加呈现升一降一升趋势;苹果梨园稳结态HA含量随土壤深度加深而减小,且A2层稳结态FA含量表现为苹果梨园明显小于荒地;A2层HA/FA比表现为荒地＞苹果梨园.(3)2种土壤紧结态腐殖质含量均随土层深度增加而减小;A1层表现为苹果梨园＜荒地,A2层表现为苹果梨园＞荒地.(4)A1层松结态腐殖质相对含量表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,A2层相反;A1、A2层稳结态腐殖质含量表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;紧结态腐殖质含量相当.苹果梨园松结态腐殖质含量表现为A1＞A2,稳结态腐殖质含量表现为A1＜A2.松/紧比在A1层表现为苹果梨园＞荒地,A2层表现为苹果梨园＜荒地;苹果梨园土壤A1层松结态∶稳结态∶紧结态为3.4∶2.0∶4.6,A2层为2.1∶3.2∶4.7.     

土壤腐殖质组型:土壤生物学和生态学研究的新视角

腐殖质组型是指受有机物质强烈影响的表层土壤,对应于有机层及其下伏的有机－矿物层的土壤剖面表层序列,受到气候、地质和水文条件的控制并形成于植被与土壤的相互作用。腐殖质组型处于生态系统的中心部位,是生态系统发展演替的策略选择。研究腐殖质组型,对粮食生产、土壤管理和环境监测等具有重要意义。本文在对腐殖质组型及其影响因素以及腐殖质组型分类系统分析的基础上,梳理了腐殖质组型在生态系统结构和功能上的指示作用,并提出研究展望。这将为我国土壤生物学和生态学的深入研究提供一个新视角。     

子午岭人工油松林不同管理方式对土壤腐殖质性质及结合形态的影响

以黄土丘陵沟壑区的子午岭人工油松林区的土壤为研究对象,综合研究了不同管理措施,不同深度土壤的腐殖质组成、结合形态及胡敏酸的光学特征。结果表明:不同管理方式下土壤腐殖质各组分有机碳含量为胡敏素(HM)富里酸(FA)胡敏酸(HA),其对土壤腐殖质组分和结合形态的影响主要集中在0-40cm土层之间;PQ值天然油松林(N)粗放管理型(E)精细管理型(F),油松林各层土壤的PQ均小于26%;E4/E6和色调系数(ΔlogK)的值为FEN,RF的平均值为NEF。综合研究表明,天然油松林土壤有机碳的腐殖化程度和芳化度较人工油松林显著提高,说明人为干扰不利于土壤腐殖质品质的提高,反而使其腐殖化程度下降,降低土壤胡敏酸的氧化稳定性,不利于森林土壤的肥力发展。     

Soil Properties and Selected Aluminium Forms in Acid Forest Soils as Influenced by the Type of Stand Factors

Massive forest damage has been observed in certain mountainous regions affected by acidification. Declining of trees is ascribed to direct effect of SO₂ and also increasing concentration of mobile forms of Al in soils. The aim of this paper is to describe the influence of stand factors to distribution of Al forms in the Jizera Mountains region, Czech Republic. A set of 251 samples from 98 sites was collected. Basic soil characteristics and the content of different Al forms were determined. The amount and relative share of these Al forms under different types of vegetation was evaluated, with emphasis on the surface organic horizons. The results showed that phytotoxic mobile Al forms are the most influenced by altitude and organically bound Al forms by forest type. Non-toxic forms of Al are more abundant in broadleaved forest. Soils under coniferous forest are more affected by acidification.     

湖南省主要茶园土壤锌的形态及其有效性

采用野外调查采样分析和田间试验方法研究了湖南省主要茶园生态系统中土壤Zn的形态及其有效性.结果显示:①成土母质明显影响土壤中各种形态Zn的含量,与母质本身的特性有关;②生物 秸秆和秸秆覆盖处理能明显提高茶园土中有效态Zn与有机态Zn的含量,而对其他形态Zn的含量影响不太明显;③土壤中对有效态Zn(AZn)含量影响最大的是交换态Zn(ExZn)与无定形氧化铁结合态Zn(AFeZn),其次为氧化锰结合态Zn(MnOZn)、有机态Zn(OMZn)及晶形氧化铁结合态Zn(CFeZn).     

Humus Characterization of Humid Tropical Forest,Tea Garden,and Field Crop Soils of West Bengal,India: Chemical,Potentiometric, and Spectroscopic Methods

Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) were extracted from tropical humid forest, tea garden, and field crop soils, and their chemical, potentiometric, and spectrophotometric properties were measured. There was less HA than FA in the cultivated soils. The HAs contained more carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and had greater C/H ratios but lower O (oxygen)/H (hydrogen) ratios than FAs. Cultivated soils had greater total acidity than the forest soil generally because of both —COOH and phenolic-OH. Molecular weights of HA an FA, estimated from intrinsic viscosities, revealed that cultivation had reasonably reduced the molecular weights. The difference in pH (ΔpH) values, corresponding to three-fourths and one-fourth of the pH at final inflexion point showed that they were polyprotic. The longer time required for stability of greater pH of HAs was related to greater degree of stable coiling. The (E₄/E₆), in general, revealed a greater amount of aliphatic moiety rather than aromatic moiety.     

Influence of Texture on Humus Accumulation in Soils of Dry Steppes of Tuva

Eurasian Soil Science - The article is aimed to assessing the potential for humus accumulation in soils of dry steppes of the Central Tuva and Turan–Uyuk basins of Tuva. The research into...     

Formal Criteria for the Humus Status of Mountainous Peat Soils in Altitudinal Zones

Eurasian Soil Science - Cryogenic oligotrophic (Hyperdystric Cryic Fibric Histosols), oligomesotrophic (Dystric Fibric Histosols), mesoeutrophic (Oligeoeutric Fibric Histosols), and eutrophic...     

不同林型土壤有机碳及腐殖质组成的分布特征

为探讨不同类型人工固沙林下土壤有机碳的差异,以辽宁省章古台沙地5种林型下土壤为研究对象,运用统计学的方法对0—5,5—10,10—20,20—40cm土层有机碳、全氮、腐殖质组分分布特征进行比较分析。结果表明:在各林型0—40cm土层上,土壤有机碳含量变化特征为樟子松纯林(4.72g/kg)怀槐樟子松(4.48g/kg)榆树樟子松(4.38g/kg)云杉樟子松(4.21g/kg)杨树纯林(3.95g/kg)对照(1.88g/kg);有机碳储量表现为怀槐樟子松(20.00t/hm~2)樟子松纯林(19.92t/hm~2)榆树樟子松(19.06t/hm~2)云杉樟子松(17.31t/hm~2)杨树纯林(16.61t/hm~2)对照(8.44t/hm~2);经腐殖质组分分析发现土壤腐殖质碳含量表现为云杉樟子松(2.04g/kg)榆树樟子松(1.93g/kg)樟子松纯林(1.74g/kg)杨树纯林(1.65g/kg)怀槐樟子松(1.58g/kg)对照(0.75g/kg)。各林型土壤有机碳含量与全氮、腐殖质碳、胡敏酸、富里酸均呈极显著的正相关关系。     

砂质土壤磷素的组成特点与释放规律研究

砂质土壤磷素主要以可提取态形式积累,有很高的释放潜力。该类土壤磷素的释放受土壤pH、土水作用时间和土壤溶液化学组成等的影响。土壤酸化、土壤溶液中Na+浓度的提高及土壤与水的作用时间增加可促进土壤磷素的释放。用淋洗方法和平衡提取等2种方法对土壤磷素的释放评价表明,淋洗方法测得的P量较小,可代表土壤短期内P释放强度;而平衡提取法提取的P数量较大,可代表土壤P长期释放的容量。     

南京城市土壤磷的形态和吸附-解吸特征

研究了南京城市土壤有机磷、各形态无机磷的含量和比例以及磷的吸附 -解吸特性。结果表明 :随着土壤全磷含量的增加 ,Al-P、Fe -P、O -P、Ca -P含量、Al-P占全磷的比例增加 ,但有机磷占全磷的比例、Fe -P占全磷的比例减少 ;与非城区土壤相比较 ,城市土壤磷的吸附量低 ,磷的解吸量和解吸率高 ;城市土壤中Al -P的含量及其在全磷中的比例较高 ,而磷的吸附量低、解吸率高是导致城市地下水磷浓度偏高的重要原因之一。     

Transformation and Availability of Various Forms of Zinc in Soils

The transformation and availability of various forms of Zn applied into a cinnamon soil and a carbonate meadow soil as well as the effects of fertillizer-P on them were studied by using the field experiment method and chemically sequential extraction procedure.Zn added into the soils was found to be rapidly transformed into the various forms. In the cinnamon soil,the amount of Zn transformed into the carbonate bound form was the highest,and the carbonate bound form was proven by the analyses of intensity factor and capacity factor to be the primary available Zn pool.But in the carbonate meadow soil,the Zn transformed was relatively homogeneously distributed in the various forms though the amount of Zn transformed into the Mn-oxide bound form was relatively high,and the organically bound,Mn-oxide bound and amorphous Fe-oxide,bound forms were found to be the main available Zn pool.Fertilizer-P took part in the regulation and control of available Zn in the soils to a certain degree.In the carbonate meadow soil,application of P fertilizer probably aggravated Zn deficiency at low Zn rate,while it was favorable to the storage of available Zn in the case of high Zn rate.     

不同恢复阶段人工沙棘林土壤腐殖质组成及性质

以陇东黄土高原沟壑区人工沙棘林根际土壤为研究对象,研究了不同恢复阶段近熟期沙棘林土壤的腐殖质组成、结合形态及胡敏酸的光学性质。结果表明,不同恢复年限人工沙棘林下土壤腐殖质各组分有机碳含量为:胡敏素(HM)胡敏酸(HA)富里酸(FA);PQ值(可提取腐殖质中HA的比例)表现为:CK7a10a15a,且不同恢复年限各层土壤的PQ均大于52%;E4/E6和ΔlgK(色调系数)的值:15a10aCK7a;RF值(相对色度)与E4/E6和ΔlgK的变化趋势相同,即15a10a7aCK。恢复15a后,各层土壤有机碳的腐殖化程度比10,7a和CK显著降低,说明随着恢复年限的增加,土壤的腐殖化程度趋向简单,土壤胡敏酸的氧化稳定性下降,且不利于土壤的肥力发展。因此,在利用人工沙棘林进行水土保持和恢复提高土壤综合肥力超过15a时,应及时更新。     

Microbiological Indicators of Heavy Metals and Carbon-Containing Preparations Applied to Agrosoddy-Podzolic Soils Differing in Humus Content

Eurasian Soil Science - The response of the microbial community (microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), basal respiration (BR), and functional diversity (FD)) of agrosoddy-podzolic soil (Albic Glossic...     

Distribution of Sulphur and Heavy Metals in Forest Floor Humus of the Czech Republic

Forest humus, which has a large cation binding capacity (up to 550 meq/100 g), and provides relatively very stable bindings with elements and their compounds, can effectively adsorb elements from atmospheric deposition and retain them overa long period. In order to test the monitoring potential of usingforest humus to retain the recent and long-term accumulated loadsof 14 elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, S, V,and Zn), samples of coniferous forest floor humus (H or O_h horizon) were collected over an area of 78 864 km² using a 20 × 20 km scale grid of sampling points overlaid on theentire territory of the Czech Republic (CZ). Data from 192 pointsand the distribution of the concentrations of individual elementsin forest floor humus are presented here. The extent of relatively very high loading covers 18% of CZ and includes thefollowing four hot spots: an area in the western part of centralBohemia, northwestern Bohemia in the lignite coal mining area, the cross-border area in the Sudeten mountains in northern Bohemia, and the black coal mining area and industrial centre innorthern Moravia. Relatively high, moderate and low loads of theelements were observed in 42, 30, and 28%, respectively, of CZ.Coniferous forest floor humus is evenly spread in the Central European territory and has proved to be a suitable and sensitiveindicator of long-term relative atmospheric deposition loads.     

果园土壤铜素的含量、形态及剖面特征研究

16个土壤剖面的 77个土样的铜素含量及剖面与形态特征研究表明 ,果园由于长期大量使用含铜农药波尔多液等 ,表层土壤全铜含量明显高于对照 ,超过土壤环境质量规定的二级标准 ;果园土壤中的交换态铜、有机态铜和沉淀态铜的分配系数比对照土壤明显增加 ;随着剖面层次的加深 ,各形态的铜含量逐渐降低 ,与对照土壤的差别逐渐减少 ,说明外源铜主要对表层和亚表层土壤产生深刻影响