土壤腐殖质组型:土壤生物学和生态学研究的新视角

腐殖质组型是指受有机物质强烈影响的表层土壤,对应于有机层及其下伏的有机－矿物层的土壤剖面表层序列,受到气候、地质和水文条件的控制并形成于植被与土壤的相互作用。腐殖质组型处于生态系统的中心部位,是生态系统发展演替的策略选择。研究腐殖质组型,对粮食生产、土壤管理和环境监测等具有重要意义。本文在对腐殖质组型及其影响因素以及腐殖质组型分类系统分析的基础上,梳理了腐殖质组型在生态系统结构和功能上的指示作用,并提出研究展望。这将为我国土壤生物学和生态学的深入研究提供一个新视角。     

Variation in soil macro-fauna diversity in seven humus orders of a Parrotio-Carpinetum forest association on Chromic Cambisols of Shast-klateh area in Iran

Soil biodiversity includes organisms which spend a part or all of their life cycle on or in the soil. Among soil-dwelling animals, macro-fauna as an important group of animals have important effects on the dynamics of soil organic matter and litter decomposition process. The humus forms interact with the climatic conditions, flora, as well as soil fauna, and microbial activity. In new humus form classifications, soil organisms play an important role in separation of humus horizons from one another. The subject of this study was to determine the diversity of macro fauna for different humus forms. We determined humus forms using morphological classification, and then 69 random samples were taken from plots of 100 cm² in area, and soil macro-fauna species were collected by hand sorting method. Two classes of humus forms, including Mull (with three humus orders, namely Dysmull, Oligomull, and Mesomull,) and Amphi (with four humus orders, namely Leptoamphi, Eumacroamphi, Eumesoamphi, and Pachyamphi) were identified. A number of 13 macro-fauna orders were identified using identification key. Among the humus orders, Shannon diversity, Simpson evenness and Margalef richness indices were the highest in Pachyamphi order. Arthropod diversity in Pachyamphi humus order was higher than those of Mull. These results showed that diversity of soil macrofauna increase by increasing the thickness of the organic horizons (OL, OF, OH), especially OH horizon.     

Humus forms,organic matter stocks and carbon fractions in forest soils of northwestern Italy

Humus forms may be the first tool to assess qualitatively organic matter turnover in soils; as such they should be related to the stocks of organic C a soil can store, to the characteristics of organic matter that affect its stability and, more generally, to the factors of soil formation. In this work, we tested these hypotheses in 27 forest soils of northwestern Italy. Site variables representing the pedogenic factors allowed classifying the plots into three clusters, which were significantly different for soil and humus types. The average stocks of organic C in the humic episolum (organic and top mineral horizons) ranged from 2.7 kg m⁻² in Eumulls to 9.5 kg m⁻² in Amphimulls. A clear trend in C stocks was visible and related both to the increasing presence of organic layers where the environmental conditions do not favour a rapid turnover of organic matter and to the good mixing of organics and minerals in “bio-macrostructured” A horizons. The characteristics of organic matter were also linked to humus forms: The proportion of humified complex substances was the highest in the most active forms, and conversely, non-humified extracted substances formed a considerable part of organic matter only where the environmental conditions limit organic matter degradation. Humus forms seem therefore to reflect several mechanisms of organic matter stabilisation and are clearly related to the capacity of the soil to store C.     

Forest humus forms as potential indicators of soil carbon storage in Mediterranean environments

The aim of this work was to investigate the potential of forest humus forms as indicators of soil C storage. To this purpose, Mediterranean forest soils in Southern and Central Italy were examined. Sites differed for elevation, climate, parent material and vegetation conditions, while summer drought was the common ecological factor. A morpho-functional criterion, based on holorganic layers thickness and A horizon properties, was used to classify humus forms, which ranged from Dysmoder to Eumull. Such variability allowed understanding of factors influencing organic matter storage. The relations between carbon stock and humus form were investigated for the topsoil layer (0–20 cm), which was supposed to contain the soil C pools most sensitive to climate change. We found that humus forms can be grouped in statistically different populations, with respect to topsoil C stocks. The use of A horizon structure was the main diagnostic criterion and represented the most effective approach to humus classification in Mediterranean conditions. It appears that humus forms have a clear potential as indicators of organic carbon status in Mediterranean forest soils.     

Biological mineralization of organic matter in the modern virgin and plowed chernozems,buried chernozems,and fossil chernozems

The phenomenon of mineralization (biological mineralization) of organic matter in chernozems has been studied. A decrease in the content of C_org with time can be considered an index of the organic matter mineralization. It is suggested that the humus horizons of modern chernozems contain the pools of organic matter of different ages: easily decomposable organic matter, labile biologically active humus, stable biologically active humus, and relatively inert humus. The composition and mean residence times of these pools and their contribution to the total organic matter content have been estimated. The particular types of the biological mineralization have been determined on the basis of the comparison between the velocities of mineralization (M) and humification (H) processes: total unidirectional mineralization (M ≫ H), equilibrium mineralization (M ∼ H), nonequilibrium mineralization (M> <H), and zero mineralization. The separation of subtypes is based on data on the relative rates (%) of the organic matter mineralization. On the basis of available experimental data on chernozems buried under kurgans and in loess sediments (with the age of up to 800 ka), the quantitative relationship of the humus content in the buried soils on their age has been found; it has an exponential shape. During the first 100 ka after the soil burial, the soil humus content gradually (with a slowing intensity) decreases from 100–75 to 6.5% of its content in the virgin chernozems. Then, 100–1000 ka after the soil burial, the soil humus content remains approximately constant (6.5% of the initial level, or 0.3% of the soil mass). The rates of mineralization have been estimated. It is shown that the elemental composition (C, H, N, O) of humic acids remains relatively stable for a long time due to the regeneration of the chemical structure of humus (matric restoration of humus). It is suggested that several different forms of humus related to pedogenesis should be distinguished in the biosphere. The renewable humus in the equilibrium state with the environment is typical of the open biospheric (soil) systems. The fossil humus, whose content decreases with time, and whose composition remains stable, is typical of the semiclosed and closed systems. With time, it transforms into residual humus, whose content and composition remain stable. The fossilized organic matter in the fossil soils and sediments of the past geological epochs (Mesozoic and Paleozoic) considerably differs from the renewable, fossil, and residual humus.     

红松人工林腐殖质组成及其结合形态研究

 运用野外调查与实验分析相结合的方法,对不同生长发育阶段红松人工林（林龄25、45、58、68 a）和红松混交林（林龄60a）根际与非根际土壤有机质含碳量、腐殖质组成与结合形态进行了研究。结果表明:不同年龄阶段红松人工纯林、红松混交林土壤有机质含碳量、腐殖质各组分含碳量随土层深度的加深而降低,并且根际土壤高于非根际土壤。就土壤腐殖质组成而言,除林龄58a红松人工林根际土壤和45a红松人工林非根际土壤外,其他林型土壤胡敏酸含碳量均高于富里酸含碳量;胡敏酸与富里酸比值（HA/FA）在1.00～2.45之间;土壤重组腐殖质、松结态腐殖质、稳结态腐殖质含碳量大小顺序为林龄58>68>25>45a;红松混交林除紧结态腐殖质外,其他腐殖质各组分含碳量均高于红松人工林。     

Some characteristics of the humus in soil types (part 3) composition groups of humus

In most literature on soil, the term humus has been used as synonymous with soil organic matter, on the other hand, it has been applied to a portion of soil organic matter that has decomposed and has lost the structure of the original matter, from which it has derived. Scheffer and Schachtschabel ¹⁾ defined the humus not synonymously with soil organic matter, but, in a broad sense, as all the dead organic substances which are accumulated on the soil surface as well as in the soil layer, and undergo continually decomposition, alteration, and synthetic reactions. According to them, the composition groups of humus are divided into non-humic and humic, and the latter group is sub-divided into (1) fulvic acid and humo-lignin acid, (2) humic acid, (3) humin, and (4) humus coal. Some natures of these composition groups of humus are shown in Table 1.     

Application of <Superscript>13</Superscript>C NMR Spectroscopy to the Study of Soil Organic Matter: A Review of Publications

Possibilities of NMR spectroscopy with ¹³C nuclei application to the study of soil organic matter and its various fractions is considered. This is a non-destructive method, which is particularly valuable in the analysis of various fractions of soil organic matter. It is regarded as a direct method, and, unlike most of indirect methods, it allows one to obtain reliable estimates of the ratio between virtually all groups of carbon atoms in different organic molecules, including those in humus specimens. Owing to impulse technique and high sensitivity, ¹³C-NMR spectra may be obtained immediately from soil samples without any extraction operations. The modern technique of obtaining spectra, their mathematical processing (Fourier transform), and data interpretation are considered. The results of applying ¹³C-NMR to the study of humus substances, water-soluble fractions of soil organic matter, and soil litters from different natural zones are discussed.     

Evolution of the soil humus status on the calcareous Neogene clay dumps of the Sokolov quarry complex in the Czech Republic

The development of the soil profile and the humus substance system was described for two chronosequences of soil restoration on the Neogene clay dumps. The chronosequences differed in the restoration type of vegetation: self-overgrowing or overgrowing intensified by planting tree seedlings (rehabilitation). It was found that the regeneration rates of the soil and humus profile were much higher in the case of the land rehabilitation than during the self-overgrowing of the dumps. The acceleration of the ecogenetic succession and the symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the soils of the plots with seedlings planted resulted in the accumulation of humus and nitrogen and increased the degree of organic matter humification. The enrichment of the organic matter in nitrogen and its increased input were the main reasons for the more intense humification under the rehabilitation conditions.     

Characteristics of organic matter in soil surface horizons derived from calcareous and metamorphic rocks and different vegetation types from the Mediterranean high-mountains in SE Spain

A study was carried out on some basic characteristics of the organic matter in the surface horizons of soils from the two different geological (calcareous and acid metamorphic rocks) and ecological systems under a Mediterranean climate in Southeast Spain. The results show some noticeable differences in soil organic matter composition. This is likely due to typical Mediterranean climate and well adapted vegetation. There is a tendency towards a greater stability for the soil humus formed under slightly alkaline soil in comparison to the slightly acidic environment. The samples taken from the latter environment have a higher content in free organic matter, a lower content in total extractable humin and a greater relative proportion of aliphatic chains and lignin in the humic acids. The results also suggest some differences caused by the type of vegetation (forest and scrubland ecosystems) in the soil humus chemistry, with a more obvious negative effect under reforestations with species of Pinus in an acidic soil environment (a higher content in free organic matter, lesser presence of fungal-derived perylenequinonic pigments in the humic acids, and a higher content in little evolved forms of nitrogen and lignin in the humic acids). In general the organic matter under scrubland and Quercus vegetation is more decomposed and the humus is more evolved than under Pinus vegetation.     

Humus Status of Arable Podzoluvisols and the Role of Annual Litterfall in its Formation

In this work comparative research of the quantitative characteristics of the humus status (HS) of Estonian arable Podzoluvisols (PD) and some very closely related soils were carried out. This study was conducted to determine soil humus cover (HC) and subsoil humus content (percentage and pool) and to analyse the role of plant residues in their formation. The specific objective was to discuss the ecological factors and mechanisms which influence the flux of soil organic matter (SOM) through soils and to evaluate its contemporary status. For this purpose different databases (DB) were used: (1) DB of large-scale soil mapping (1958-78), (2) DB PEDON of pedoecological researches (1967-85), (3) DB of HS research transects (1986-91) and (4) data from two long-term field trials (1985-92). In the conditions of regular agricultural practice the mean SOM percentage in the HC of arable PD is within the range of 1.8-2.1 %, which is 0.1-0.3 units (%) the below optimal level and is in a critical state. Impoverishment is caused mainly by deep plowing. The dependence of humus retaining capacity (presumed to be a good criterion for evaluating the current HS of soils) on the mode and intensity of tillage, soil water regime, carbonate content and textural class was discussed. Mean annual inflow of organic matter into HC (4-5 Mg ha-yr^?1) forms an average 5.5-6.7 % from its pool in soil. Application of manures increases this percentage to 12-13. It may be concluded that the HC might be shallower, but must be richer in humus. The annual balance of SOM reflects better than annual balance of humus, the influence of fresh SOM on the soil current year productivity.     

Specific features of organic matter in urban soils of Rostov-on-Don

Data on the fractional and group composition of humus in urban soils of Rostov-on-Don are discussed. We have compared the humus profiles of chernozems under tree plantations and those buried under anthropogenic deposits (including sealed chernozems under asphalt). It is shown that the type of humus in these soils remains stable despite a decrease in its total content after the long-term burial under asphalt. Under the impact of the trees, the organic matter of the chernozems acquired some features typical of gray forest soils, i.e., the humate-fulvate type of humus in the humus horizon and the sharp drop in the humus content down the soil profile.     

Charge characteristics of soil organo-mineral complexes and their effect on phosphate fixation

Soil is a complex system of mineral and organic components. The main reactive constituent of the mineral portion of soil is clay and of organic portion is humus from the microbial transformation of organic materials in the soil. Most of the biological and physico-chemical properties and the reactions of soil are due to clay and humus, the colloidal fraction of which being the most important. Many soil phenomena of great practical and fundamental importance such as sorption and exchange of ions, interaction with organic materials etc. originate from the surface charge of clay. The presence of organic matter in the soil and its union with the mineral portion affects these charge characteristics thus affecting many important physicochemical reactions in the soil.     

长期施肥对褐土有机无机复合性状演变及其与肥力关系的影响

通过8年长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥方式对褐土有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态的影响。结果表明,长期不施肥使土壤有机碳、重组有机碳、原土复合量、松结态和紧结态有机碳含量明显下降,松/紧值降低,原土复合度上升;长期单施常量NPK化肥有同样的趋势;长期单施增量NPK化肥可大体保持土壤肥力水平不下降,但成本较高;采用有机肥(物)料配施常量NPK化肥,可明显提高土壤有机碳、重组有机碳含量和原土复合量以及土壤松、稳、紧各级结合态有机碳含量,增加松结态占重组有机碳比率,提高松/紧值,增强土壤调控能力。土壤有机无机复合状况及腐殖质结合形态是评价褐土培肥效果和标志土壤肥力演变的重要指标。     

风沙土不同有机组分对氨氮的吸附特征影响

采用平衡吸附法研究了风沙土不同有机组分对氨氮的吸附特征影响。结果表明,去除腐殖质后的风沙土对氨氮的吸附能力大大降低,其碳标化饱和吸附量Гmoc和吸附分配系数Koc分别只能达到原样的68.58%和28.24%,说明腐殖质是影响氨氮在风沙土上吸附特征的主要因素;轻组有机质是一类橡胶态胶体,氨氮在橡胶态胶体上的吸附以分配作用为主,其碳标化吸附分配系数为81.58;重组有机质对氨氮的吸附起主导作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量为3350.55mg.kg-1;重组有机质是一类玻璃态胶体,氨氮在玻璃态胶体上的吸附除分配作用外,还存在孔隙填充方式的吸附;重组有机组分中的紧结态腐殖质（胡敏素）对氨氮的吸附起关键作用,其碳标化饱和吸附量可达6626.30mg.kg-1,影响机制主要为稳、紧结态腐殖质是形成土壤疏松多孔团聚体结构的重要胶结物质。在其所形成的有机-无机复合体中存在着孔隙填充方式的氨氮吸附。考查土壤对氨氮的吸附能力不但要考虑有机质的含量,更要考虑有机质的存在形态,它也是影响土壤对氨氮吸附特征的重要因素。以重组为基准,轻组有机质、稳结态腐殖质和紧结态腐殖质携载吸附态氨氮可分别按重组的0.59、1.05倍和2.50倍估算。     

紫色土发育成的水稻土微团粒结构中有机－无机复合体的性质

This paper deals with characteristics of organo-mineral complexing of microaggregates in the paddy soils developed from purple soils in Sichuan, China. Results show that the contents of organic matter in microaggregates are in the order of 1-0.25 mm > smaller than 0.05 mm > 0.05-0.25 mm. But the organic matter in 1-0.01 mm microaggregates accounts for 68.1%-78.7% of that in soil. The organic matter in < 0.05 mm microaggregates is complexed humus on the whole, of which the degree of organo-mineral complexing varies between 96.1% and 99.5%, which is higher than that of the soil or > 0.05 mm microaggregates. The contents of loosely combined humus and the ratios of loosely and tightly combined humus markedly decline with the size of microaggregates. Flesh soil humus formed from semi-decomposed organic material or organic manure added is combined first with < 0.001 mm clay, and then aggregated with other organic and mineral particles to form larger microaggregates, in which the aging of humus happens at the same time; whereas organic matter of the light fraction is mainly involved in the formation of > 0.05 mm microaggregates.     

Dicyandiamide sorption-desorption behavoir on soils and peat humus

The sorption-desorption behavior of dicyandiamide (DCD) is an important chemical process that affects DCD fate and mobility in soils. Therefore, this study quantified DCD sorption-desorption on a phaeozem (Mollisol), a burozem (Alfisol), a soil with organic matter-removed and peat humus using the batch-equilibration procedure, and identified soil properties that influenced DCD sorption. The sorption on peat humus was higher than that on the phaeozem and the burozem, with much lower sorption observed on the soil with organic matter-removed, indicating that soil organic matter was the main carrier of DCD sorption. Due to its amphipathic property the DCD molecule sorption on the phaeozem and the burozem decreased as pH increased from about 2 to 5, but a further increase in pH led to a rise in DCD sorption.The DCD desorption hysteretic effect for peat humus was greater than that for the phaeozem and the burozem using 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl2 as the background electrolyte, suggesting that the hydrophobic domains of organic matter may play an important role in DCD sorption.     

大兴安岭北部的灰化土

大兴安岭北部,即伊勒呼里山以北的大兴安岭主体部分,大致位于北纬51°20'—53°28',东经121°31'—126°30'之间,是我国的最北端。其地带性土壤类型,过去说法不一,曾有人命名为生草灰化土¹⁾、棕色灰化土、棕色泰加林土²⁾、灰白色森林土(中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队等,1978)、棕色针叶林土³⁾、漂灰土(中国科学院南京土壤研究所主编,1978)等。     

杉木萌芽林冠下营造细柄阿丁枫对土壤腐殖质及结构性状的影响

对杉木萌芽林冠下营造细柄阿丁枫后形成的杉阔混交林土壤腐殖质及土壤结构性状研究结果表明 ,杉阔混交林土壤有机质和腐殖质含量增加 ,腐殖质中HA/HF 值和E4值升高 ,E4/E6值变小 ,土壤松结合态和紧结合态腐殖质含量及比值增加 ,土壤腐殖质活化度增强 ,土壤结构和水分性状得以改善。