灌溉方式对温室樱桃番茄结果期根系特征与产量的影响

采用小区试验研究了不同灌溉方式对樱桃番茄结果期根系特性与产量的影响。试验设置了6个灌溉方式处理,即:处理Ⅰ,常规沟灌,种植行和操作行同时灌溉;处理Ⅱ,交替沟灌,种植行和操作行交替灌溉;处理Ⅲ,固定灌种植行;处理Ⅳ,固定灌操作行;处理Ⅴ,前期常规沟灌,结果期交替沟灌;处理Ⅵ,前期交替沟灌,结果期常规沟灌。结果表明,不同灌溉方式之间樱桃番茄根系的特征值差异达到显著水平,处理Ⅵ根体积显著高于其余5种处理,根系伤流量为22.37 mg/min,根系活力高达0.50 mg/(g.h)。灌溉方式对樱桃番茄单果重、产量有显著影响,前期交替沟灌结果期常规沟灌(处理Ⅵ)的单果重与产量均高于其他处理。因此,前期交替沟灌结果期常规沟灌有利于樱桃番茄根系的发育与产量的提高。     

西北荒漠绿洲区隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长及产量与经济效益的影响

2006～2007连续两年在石羊河流域下游民勤县干旱荒漠绿洲区大田试验覆膜条件下隔沟交替灌溉(AFI)和常规沟灌(CFI)对棉花生长、产量及经济效益的影响.结果表明,隔沟交替灌溉方式对棉花株高的生长起到了抑制作用,且结铃率高干常规沟灌处理;在次灌水定额为当地畦灌水平的50%左右时隔沟交替灌溉与常规沟灌处理相比,能够提高棉花的产量和霜前花比例,增加经济效益.在荒漠绿洲区隔沟交替灌溉是一种有效的灌溉方式,可以实现节水优质高效的目标.     

不同灌溉方式下制种玉米叶面积指数、干物质累积与产量研究

通过田间试验,研究了畦灌、常规沟灌、隔沟交替灌3种灌溉方式对制种玉米叶面积指数(LAI)、干物质累积及产量的影响。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下制种玉米苗期LAI与产量呈显著正相关关系,抽穗后期LAI与产量呈显著负相关关系,表明在生殖生长后期,应适当采取控水、控肥措施降低植株的生长冗余。隔沟交替灌方式使作物根区土壤保持湿润和干燥区域交替出现,能诱导作物的补偿生长效应。隔沟交替灌(AFI)方式下制种玉米进入干物质快速累积期的时间早于传统沟灌(CFI)与小畦灌(SBI)。制种玉米抽穗期干物质累积量与产量呈显著正相关关系(R~2=0.77)。隔沟交替灌溉方式下,制种玉米全生育期灌水8次,灌溉定额为2 250 m~3·hm~(-2)的灌溉制度能稳定提高经济产量,具有较好的灌水效果,但在抽穗期~灌浆期应考虑适当增加灌水频率或灌水定额。     

交替沟灌在露地春甘蓝上的应用

以生产上的大畦灌和常规沟灌为对照,研究了不同时期交替沟灌对土壤水分变化、甘蓝生长、生理、产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:与常规沟灌相比,甘蓝缓苗后交替沟灌节水17%,产量差异不显著,水分利用效率增加3.5 kg/m3;莲座期后交替沟灌节水8%,而产量增加8.1%,水分利用效率增加3.4 kg/m3。与大畦灌相比,莲座后交替沟灌节水23%,全生育期平均光合速率增加48%,蒸腾速率减少19%,根长密度和根总表面积分别增加29%和38%,产量增加24%,水分利用效率增加8.4 kg/m3。常规沟灌与大畦灌相比节水16%,产量增加15%,水分利用效率增加5.0 kg/m3。建议甘蓝种植采用莲座后交替沟灌较好。     

黄瓜结果期灌水上限的研究

为探索温室秋延后黄瓜结果期适宜灌水上限,以‘津春3号’黄瓜为试材,研究了水分上限为80%、85%、90%、95%、100%田间持水量下黄瓜生长发育、光合作用、水分利用率及产量的变化。结果表明：水分上限为90%时,植株生长旺盛,根系活力强,光合作用及水分利用率最高,总产量显著高于其它处理,比水分上限为100%处理增产18.4%,节水效果较好,90%为最适的灌水上限。     

大棚内膜下根系分区交替滴灌不同灌溉下限对甜瓜生长及水分利用效率的影响

以厚皮甜瓜为试验材料,研究大棚内膜下根系分区交替滴灌的不同灌溉下限对甜瓜生长过程中的一些生理指标、产量、品质和水分利用效率的影响,对照为常规滴灌(灌水上下限分别为最大田间持水量的95%和75%).研究表明,交替滴灌各处理叶片自由水与束缚水的比值都小于常规滴灌,叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量均高于常规滴灌;交替滴灌灌水下限为最大田间持水量的85%和75%的处理分别比常规滴灌节约用水30.33%和34.98%,水分利用效率则比常规滴灌增加40.32%和47.11%,而产量仅下降2.71%和4.34%.     

灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分及产量品质的影响

采用沟灌、畦灌、滴灌、微喷灌和不灌水(CK)5种灌溉方式,通过对比试验研究不同灌溉方式对梨园土壤水分含量、叶片光合参数及果实产量与品质的影响,筛选适宜的节水抗旱灌溉技术。结果表明:(1)果树根层(0～60 cm)土壤含水量表现为微喷灌>滴灌>畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌的蓄水能力显著高于其它灌溉方式;(2)叶片净光合速率表现为微喷灌≥滴灌≥畦灌>沟灌>CK,微喷灌处理的梨树叶片光合作用能力最强,其次是滴灌;(3)增产效果最好的是微喷灌,其次是滴灌,单株产量分别比CK提高了54.98%和44.18%;(4)在果实品质方面,微喷灌和滴灌显著提高了果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物含量及可溶性总糖含量,并且显著降低了果实硬度、含酸量及石细胞含量,两者对果实品质的改善效果明显好于沟灌和畦灌。综合分析表明,微喷灌能够明显改善梨园土壤水分条件和梨树光合能力,显著提高果实产量与品质,是较为理想的节水灌溉技术。     

不同灌水量对膜下滴灌冬马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,设置1350 m3·hm~(-2)、1650 m3·hm~(-2)、1950 m3·hm~(-2)、2250 m3·hm~(-2)4个灌水量和1个常规沟灌为对照,研究膜下滴灌对马铃薯的生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:膜下滴灌马铃薯生长发育快,株高、单株茎叶鲜重、单株结薯数、单株块茎鲜重高于常规沟灌,膜下滴灌较沟灌增产6 416.08 kg·hm~(-2),增产21.29%,水分利用率高79.5 kg·hm~(-2)·mm-1。膜下滴灌下不同灌水量马铃薯水分利用率随灌水量增加呈降低趋势,产量和耗水量随灌水量增加而增加,滴灌1950 m3·hm~(-2)的产量最高,为39 732.0 kg·hm~(-2),当灌水量增加到2250 m3·hm~(-2)时,产量较滴灌1950 m3·hm~(-2)处理的下降6 624.5 kg·hm~(-2),下降16.67%。从产量提高和节水方面考虑,在生育期间有效降雨量在70 mm左右时,灌水量在1650~1950 m3·hm~(-2)较为适宜。     

不同供水水平对玉米/豌豆间作系统作物耗水特征的影响

为探明根系分隔对间作群体产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响,解析间作群体高产和提高水分利用效率的机理,以玉米、豌豆为材料,设置了单作豌豆、单作玉米、玉米间作豌豆三种种植模式和地方传统供水水平(高)、生育期灌水低于地方传统供水水平10%(中)、生育期灌水水平低于地方传统供水水平20%(低)三个灌水梯度,并将玉米间作豌豆隔根方式分为塑料布分隔、尼龙网分隔和不分隔三种方式,于2011年4—10月在甘肃省武威市绿洲农业区系统研究了不同供水条件和根系分隔模式下玉米间作豌豆的耗水特征。结果表明:间作可以提高土地利用效率13.01%~42.13%,较单作平均提高作物水分利用效率3.07%~43.38%;不同间作处理的经济产量和生物产量比单作高12.90%~30.45%;不隔根间作作物产量比塑料布隔根处理高13.79%~17.17%,较尼龙网隔根处理高1.12%~3.52%。未隔根间作处理时,地方习惯灌水处理与低于10%灌水水平处理耗水量差异不显著,但显著低于降低20%灌水的处理。与单作相比,玉米/豌豆间作具有提高土地利用效率和作物产量的作用。隔根影响间作土地利用效率和产量的提高,且当地的传统灌水习惯也有待改进。     

分区交替灌溉对梨生长结果及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨半干旱地区农业节水的途径,以黄冠梨为试材,研究了分区交替灌溉对梨营养生长、结果和水分利用的影响.结果表明:采用1/2量分区交替灌溉较全量常规灌溉,光合速率稍有降低,但气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著降低,因此水分利用效率显著提高.在盆栽试验中灌水量为1/3量分区交替灌溉光合速率则受到显著影响,1/2量分区交替灌溉处理的枝梢和根系生长量显著大于1/3量分区交替灌溉,秋季复水后,以1/2量和1/3量分区交替灌溉处理新发生的侧根和须根较多.在田间试验不同灌溉处理中,1/2量分区交替灌溉对产量品质无显著影响,灌溉水和降雨总水分利用效率最高,较全量常规灌溉提高了22.9%.     

Mechanisms of Subsurface Drip Irrigation-Mediated Suppression of Lettuce Drop Caused by Sclerotinia minor

ABSTRACT Subsurface drip irrigation and associated mandatory minimum tillage practices significantly reduced the incidence of lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor) and the severity of corky root on lettuce compared with furrow irrigation and conventional tillage. Three possible mechanisms for the drip irrigation-mediated disease suppression were examined in this study: qualitative and quantitative differences in the soil microflora under furrow and subsurface drip irrigation; their antagonism and potential bio-control effects on S. minor; and the physical distribution of soil moisture and temperature relative to the two irrigation methods. To determine if the suppressive effects under subsurface drip irrigation were related to changes in soil microflora, soils were assayed for actinomycetes, bacteria, and fungi during the spring and fall seasons. The effects of the irrigation methods on microbial populations were nearly identical during both seasons. In the spring season, the total number of fungal colonies recovered on potato dextrose agar amended with rose Bengal generally was greater in soils under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation, but no such differences were observed during the fall. Numbers of actinomycetes and bacteria were not significantly different between irrigation methods during either season. No interaction between sampling time and irrigation methods was observed for any of the microbial populations during both seasons. Thus, the significant effect of sampling time observed for actinomycete and bacterial populations during the spring was most likely not caused by the irrigation treatments. There were also no qualitative differences in the three groups of soil microflora between the irrigation treatments. Even though some fungal, actinomycete, and bacterial isolates suppressed mycelial growth of S. minor in in vitro assays, the isolates came from both subsurface drip- and furrow-irrigated soils. In in planta assays, selected isolates failed to reduce the incidence of drop in lettuce plants. The soil moisture under subsurface drip irrigation was significantly lower at all depths and distances from the bed center after an irrigation event than under furrow irrigation. The soil temperature, in contrast, was significantly higher at both 5 and 15 cm depths under drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation. The suppression of lettuce drop under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation is attributed to differential moisture and temperature effects rather than to changes in the soil microflora or their inhibitory effects on S. minor.     

Comparison of lettuce diseases and yield under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation

ABSTRACT Subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were compared on lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cvs. Salinas and Misty Day for yield and incidence and severity of three important diseases of lettuce in the Salinas Valley, CA. Experiments were conducted between 1993 and 1995 during the spring and fall seasons. The diseases examined included lettuce drop (Sclerotinia minor), downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), and corky root (Rhizomonas suberifaciens). Replicated plots of subsurface drip and furrow irrigation were arranged in a randomized complete-block design. All plants were inoculated with S. minor at the initiation of the experiment during the 1993 spring season. Plots were not inoculated for downy mildew and corky root during any season nor were the plots reinoculated with S. minor. During each season, all plots were sprinkler irrigated until thinning, and subsequently, the irrigation treatments were begun. The furrow plots were irrigated once per week, and the drip plots received water twice per week. The distribution of soil moisture at two soil depths (0 to 5 and 6 to 15 cm) at 5, 10, and 15 cm distance on either side of the bed center in two diagonal directions was significantly lower in drip-irrigated compared with furrow-irrigated plots. Plots were evaluated for lettuce drop incidence and downy mildew incidence and severity at weekly intervals until harvest. Corky root severity and yield components were determined at maturity. Lettuce drop incidence and corky root severity were significantly lower and yields were higher in plots under subsurface drip irrigation compared with furrow irrigation, regardless of the cultivar, except during the 1994 fall season. Incidence and severity of downy mildew were not significantly different between the two irrigation methods throughout the study. The differential microclimates created by the two irrigation treatments did not affect downy mildew infection, presumably because the mesoclimate is usually favorable in the Salinas Valley. Subsurface drip irrigation is a viable, long-term strategy for soilborne disease management in lettuce in the Salinas Valley.     

Evaluation of Water and Nitrogen Use Efficiency,Digestibility and Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Forage Beet Cultivars Under Different Irrigation Methods and Nitrogen Levels

The aim of this study was to evaluate the water and nitrogen use efficiency and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of forage beet cultivars under the influence of different irrigation methods and nitrogen levels in two cropping years, 2017–18 and 2018–19, at Agricultural Research Station in Karaj, Iran. Experimental factors included the first factor with four irrigation methods (normal leakage, alternate furrow irrigation, fixed furrow irrigation, type (drip-strip)), the second factor was the amount of nitrogen fertilizer with three levels (150, 200 and 250?kg N ha^?1) and the third factor included three forage beet cultivars (Sbsi052, Jamon and Kyros). Among irrigation treatments, alternate furrow irrigation and fixed furrow irrigation had the highest sugar content with 9.28% and 9.17%, respectively. The highest yield of digestible organic matter was obtained in leakage irrigation treatment, nitrogen fertilizer of 250?kg ha^?1 and in Kyros at the rate of 19.45?t ha^?1. The highest yield of root digestible dry matter, potassium, sodium and free nitrogen was observed in leakage irrigation treatment and consumption of 200?kg ha^?1 nitrogen was observed in foreign cultivars. The highest crude protein was observed in alternate furrow irrigation conditions with a consumption of 200?kg ha^?1 nitrogen in cultivar Sbsi052 at 13.08%. Leakage irrigation and type tape had the highest consumption efficiency and efficiency of nitrogen uptake with application of 150 and 200?kg ha^?1 N, and the highest water use efficiency was also observed in leakage irrigation and type tape with application of 250?kg ha^?1 N in domestic and foreign cultivars. The type irrigation method showed better quantitative and qualitative yield than the furrow irrigation methods.

     

Nutrient uptake and yield of tomato under various methods of fertilizer application and levels of fertigation in arid lands

With rising concern about current irrigation and fertilizer NPK management, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sources and methods of fertilizer application on nutrient distribution, uptake, recovery and fruit yield of tomato grown in a sandy soil. Equal amounts of NPK were applied in solid form or through fertigation at levels of 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% with the remainder 100%, 50% and 25% applied as solid fertilizers to the soil. Available NO₃ ^?-N and K were confined to the root zone of tomato in 75% and 100% NPK fertigation levels, while they moved beyond the root zone when they applied in two equal splits as solid fertilizers with drip (0% fertigation) and furrow irrigation. The mobility of P was greater in the root zone following its application through fertigation compared to a solid application as super phosphate. Drip irrigation showed significantly higher absolute growth rate (AGR), total dry weight (TDW) and leaf area index (LAI) of tomato over furrow irrigation. Moreover, tomato plants were able to utilize applied nutrients more efficiently in fertigation system than with conventional solid fertilizer application. Highest AGR, TDW and LAI were recorded when nutrients were applied to 100% by drip fertigation. The fruit yield of tomato was higher with drip irrigation (58.62 t ha^?1) than with furrow irrigation, (47.37 t ha^?1). Maximum fruit yield was recorded with 100% NPK fertigation (74.87 t ha^?1) and was associated with a higher number of fruits per plant and a bigger fruit size than the solid applied fertilizers under both drip and furrow irrigation. On average, tomato accumulated more NPK across the fertigation levels than with drip and furrow irrigation. Similarly, the more controlled application of nutrients in fertigation treatments improved NPK recovery and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and resulted in lesser leaching of NO₃ ^?-N and K to deeper soil layers.     

微咸水简易渗灌对温室番茄生长及生理特性的影响

通过温室栽培试验,研究了两种灌溉方式(地面沟灌、简易渗灌)和两个灌溉水盐分浓度(淡水、5 g/L微咸水)共4个处理(1.沟灌+淡水,简称沟淡处理;2.沟灌+微咸水,简称沟咸处理;3.简易渗灌+淡水,简称渗淡处理;4.简易渗灌+微咸水,简称渗咸处理)下的番茄生长、产量、品质、叶水势、光合特性及土壤盐分积累的变化。结果表明:(1)两种灌溉方式比较,淡水灌溉时,简易渗灌的植株干物质量显著低于沟灌,但微咸水灌溉时的这种差异不明显;沟灌条件下,微咸水灌溉比淡水灌溉植株干物质量降低7.06%,而简易渗灌下的这种下降不明显;(2)两种灌溉方式下,微咸水灌溉均使番茄产量降低,但未达到显著水平;简易渗灌与沟灌相比,果实产量提高约3.3%,且渗咸处理的果实品质优于沟咸处理;(3)淡水灌溉时,两种灌溉方式间的叶片水势、叶绿素含量没有显著差异,但微咸水灌溉时,叶片水势降低0.07~0.15MPa、叶绿素含量降低1.65%~21.8%,简易渗灌下下降幅度显著低于沟灌;(4)沟灌条件下,微咸水灌溉与淡水灌溉相比,叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率与气孔导度分别降低14.29%、19.74%和33.46%,均达显著水平,但简易渗灌下的这种变化不明显,且蒸腾效率显著升高;(5)渗咸处理的0~40cm土层土壤积盐程度轻于沟咸处理。初步结论:温室番茄实行微咸水简易渗灌,使根层土壤积盐较轻、植株叶片水分状态较好、叶片光合等生理活动维持在较高的水平、蒸腾效率提高,从而使果实产量提高、品质较优。     

灌溉方法对温室栽培番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响

用温室小区栽培试验的方法,研究滴灌、渗灌、沟灌三种灌溉方法对番茄养分吸收、产量及水分利用效率的影响;结果表明,温室番茄栽培采用渗灌灌溉,在其它条件相同的情况下,1 m3灌溉用水生产出的番茄数量是沟灌的1.9倍、滴灌的1.2倍,滴灌则是沟灌的1.6倍;在番茄生长的整个生育期内,滴灌土壤水吸力平均值最大为24.20 k Pa,渗灌次之为23.11 k Pa,沟灌最小为22.01 k Pa;土壤温度表现出一定差异,但差异相对较小。沟灌处理番茄果实氮素含量高于滴灌和渗灌,而滴灌能够促进番茄的营养器官对氮素的吸收。渗灌和滴灌能有效地调控耕层土壤水分,有利于土壤养分供应,具有明显的节水、增产效果,是理想的设施番茄栽培灌溉模式。     

Root length density distribution and associated soil water dynamics for tomato plants under furrow irrigation in a solar greenhouse

Furrow irrigation is a traditional widely-used irrigation method in the world. Understanding the dynamics of soil water distribution is essential to developing effective furrow irrigation strategies, especially in water-limited regions. The objectives of this study are to analyze root length density distribution and to explore soil water dynamics by simulating soil water content using a HYDRUS-2D model with consideration of root water uptake for furrow irrigated tomato plants in a solar greenhouse in Northwest China. Soil water contents were also in-situ observed by the ECH_2O sensors from 4 June to 19 June and from 21 June to 4 July, 2012. Results showed that the root length density of tomato plants was concentrated in the 0–50 cm soil layers, and radiated 0–18 cm toward the furrow and 0–30 cm along the bed axis. Soil water content values simulated by the HYDRUS-2D model agreed well with those observed by the ECH_2O sensors, with regression coefficient of 0.988, coefficient of determination of 0.89, and index of agreement of 0.97. The HYDRUS-2D model with the calibrated parameters was then applied to explore the optimal irrigation scheduling. Infrequent irrigation with a large amount of water for each irrigation event could result in 10%–18% of the irrigation water losses. Thus we recommend high irrigation frequency with a low amount of water for each irrigation event in greenhouses for arid region. The maximum high irrigation amount and the suitable irrigation interval required to avoid plant water stress and drainage water were 34 mm and 6 days, respectively, for given daily average transpiration rate of 4.0 mm/d. To sum up, the HYDRUS-2D model with consideration of root water uptake can be used to improve irrigation scheduling for furrow irrigated tomato plants in greenhouses in arid regions.     

Effects of Irrigation and Verticillium dahliae on Cauliflower Root and Shoot Growth Dynamics

ABSTRACT Cauliflower root and plant growth and Verticillium wilt development were evaluated under different moisture regimes in the presence or absence of V. dahliae. Treatments included two main plots (V. dahliae-infested and fumigated), two subplots (furrow and subsurface drip irrigation), and three sub-subplots (deficit, moderate, and excessive regimes) that were arranged in a split-split-plot design in the field. Soil cores with roots were periodically sampled at 5 and 25 cm distance from plants. Total roots in each soil core were extracted with a hydropneumatic root elutriator, and root length from each sample was determined with a digital image analysis system. Incidence and severity of Verticillium wilt, plant height, number of leaves, and dry weights of leaves and roots were determined on 10 plants sampled at 7- to 10-day intervals 1 month after cauliflower transplanting and continued until harvest. To evaluate the effects of Verticillium wilt-induced stress on cauliflower plants, stomatal resistance was measured in upper healthy and lower (or diseased) leaves. Root length density at 5 and 25 cm from plant was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in subsurface drip than in furrow irrigation. Root length density was significantly higher in excessive irrigation regime than in the other regimes. Concomitantly, there was higher wilt incidence and severity in excessive and moderate regimes than deficit regime regardless of the irrigation method. Plant height was affected by irrigation methods and deficit regime. Neither the method of irrigation nor the quantity of water affected the other variables. Stomatal resistance in lower diseased leaves was significantly higher in infested than in fumigated plots but it was not in the upper healthy leaves. In this study, cauliflower yield was not affected by V. dahliae and irrigation method, but the deficit irrigation regime resulted in reduced yield even though it suppressed wilt in cauliflower. Thus, higher moisture levels resulted in higher root length density in V. dahliae-infested plots that in turn lead to greater incidence of Verticillium wilt and severity. The pathogen also affected physiological processes such as hydraulic conductance of cauliflower leaves, but not shoot growth or yield under these experimental conditions.     

沟灌渗透对直播水稻干物质积累和产量的影响

采用田间对比试验、植株分析方法,研究了相同畦宽(200cm)、不同灌水量的沟灌渗透栽培和常规淹水栽培对直播水稻茎蘖生长及干物质积累的影响。结果表明:不同时期直播水稻茎蘖生长、干物质积累、冠层叶性状和产量在不同处理之间均存在一定的差异;其中,以处理1(节水38.6%的沟灌渗透)的茎蘖生长适宜,分蘖质量高,干物质积累量大,冠层叶叶绿素含量高,有效穗数、穗长、穗粒数、实粒数和千粒重显著高于常规淹水处理,增产达8.74%。