施氮及间作对燕麦干物质积累、分配和氮素吸收利用的影响

2019年在甘肃省通渭县开展田间试验,采用随机区组试验设计,设N0(不施氮)、N1(基肥20%+分蘖期追肥20%+开花期追肥60%)、N2(基肥20%+分蘖期追肥30%+开花期追肥50%)和N3(基肥20%+分蘖期追肥40%+开花期追肥40%)4个施氮制度;3种种植模式(燕麦间作豌豆、燕麦和豌豆分别单作)。结果表明：施氮制度和种植模式对燕麦干物质积累和氮素吸收利用影响显著;随着燕麦生育期的不断推进,其干物质积累量在不同处理条件下均呈现出直线上升的变化趋势,燕麦拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期间作燕麦地上部干物质积累量比单作分别提高了28.50%、15.00%、10.10%和19.10%。燕麦间作和单作模式下干物质积累量都以N2制度下最高,灌浆期间作燕麦茎、叶和穗在N2制度下干物质积累量较单作分别提高了14.80%、29.10%和14.90%。间作系统的氮肥利用率显著高于单作,间作燕麦较单作高47.33%～140.98%,间作优势明显。不同施氮处理下燕麦相对于豌豆的氮素营养竞争比率随生育期的延长呈先增后减再增的变化规律,抽穗期在N2制度下最大,竞争优势明显。总体而言,在N2施氮制度下燕麦/...     

施氮制度对燕麦‖豌豆间作体系产量及种间竞争力的影响

于2019年在甘肃省通渭县以燕麦‖豌豆间作和燕麦单作为研究对象,在总施氮量相同且基肥占总施氮量20%的条件下,设不施氮(N0)、氮肥后移(N1：基肥20%+分蘖期追肥20%+开花期追肥60%)、拔节期前、后均匀配施(N2：基肥20%+分蘖期追肥30%+开花期追肥50%)和氮肥前移(N3：基肥20%+分蘖期追肥40%+开花期追肥40%)4个施氮制度,探讨不同氮处理对燕麦//豌豆间作体系产量及其种间关系的影响。结果表明：燕麦//豌豆间作系统的地上生物量和籽粒产量均高于相应单作,基于地上生物量的LER在施氮处理下均大于1;籽粒产量计算所得的LER在所有处理下均大于1,间作优势明显。间作燕麦籽粒产量和地上生物量在N2处理下最大,分别为3 705.3 kg/hm²和8.53 t/hm²,较N1和N3分别增产5.11%和22.48%,18.47%和22.03%。间作豌豆在N1处理(分枝期追肥20 kg N/hm²)下籽粒产量最高(2 073.7 kg/hm²)。间作系统中燕麦相对豌豆的种间竞争力随生育期和施氮处...     

甘肃河西绿洲灌区不同作物间作氮磷利用特征

针对河西绿洲灌区间作施肥量不合理,氮、磷利用效率低的问题,试验以小麦间作玉米、小麦间作大豆、玉米间作豌豆为研究对象,探究了不同作物间作对氮、磷养分的吸收累积及利用效率。结果表明:小麦间作玉米、小麦间作大豆和玉米间作豌豆的土地当量比为1.24～1.58,均表现出间作优势,间作各组成作物籽粒产量较单作均有提高。小麦间作大豆和玉米间作豌豆分别较单作氮素累积量高17.9%和8.4%,其中,玉米间作豌豆氮素累积量分别较小麦间作玉米和小麦间作大豆高22.8%和10.4%;小麦间作玉米、小麦间作大豆和玉米间作豌豆氮素利用效率均低于单作。除小麦间作玉米之外,小麦间作大豆和玉米间作豌豆与单作比较,磷素累积量分别提高17.1%和20.3%;但是小麦间作玉米和小麦间作大豆磷素利用效率分别较单作低24.3%和40.5%。玉米间作豌豆较小麦间作玉米、小麦间作大豆具有较高的土地当量比、籽粒产量、氮素累积量、氮素利用效率、磷素累积量和磷素利用效率,可作为绿洲灌区氮、磷养分高效利用种植模式的参考。     

不同施氮量对饲用燕麦中蛋白质和纤维素的影响

[目的]探究氮肥施用水平对饲用燕麦品质的影响,确定饲用燕麦的最适施氮量范围。[方法]选用燕麦草为供试材料,设置0(N0)、175(N175)、200(N200)、225(N225)、250(N250)、275(N275)、300(N300) kg/hm2共7个氮肥施用梯度,在苗期、分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期分别追施氮肥用量的15%、35%、30%、20%。采用大田小区下的单因素随机区组设计,每个区组设置3个重复,分别在拔节期和抽穗期测定0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层土壤碱解氮含量以及饲用燕麦的蛋白质和纤维素含量。[结果]随着施氮水平的增加,土壤碱解氮含量升高,并出现积累的现象;与不施氮肥组相比,不同施氮水平下拔节期和抽穗期各土层的土壤碱解氮含量都有不同程度的提高。饲用燕麦的品质并不会随着可利用的氮素养分含量的增加而一直提高,存在峰值;施氮水平N225时,饲用燕麦在拔节期和抽穗期的蛋白质含量均达到最大值,分别为11.55%、16.13%,增幅分别为38.15%、53.62%。饲用燕麦的分蘖数在施氮水平N175时达到最大值（分蘖中位数=8）;蛋白质和纤维素含量随施氮水平...     

覆盖和粮草间作对作物氮素吸收利用和土壤硝态氮累积的影响

为了减少普通地膜和氮肥的投入,实现该地区农业生态良性循环和土壤的可持续利用,在甘肃武威试验站采用完全随机裂区设计,研究了不同种植模式（玉米单作、玉米//毛苕子和玉米//箭筈豌豆）和覆盖方式（普通地膜覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和无覆盖）对玉米和绿肥作物氮素吸收以及土壤硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明：覆盖和间作对作物的氮素吸收利用具有显著促进作用。玉米收获期,与无覆盖相比,普通地膜覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖的玉米植株吸氮量分别增加21.46%,11.22%和34.63%,与玉米单作相比,玉米//毛苕子和玉米//箭筈豌豆的玉米吸氮量分别增加6.94%和6.26%。玉米收获期,秸秆覆盖的牧草植株吸氮量较普通地膜覆盖、生物可降解地膜覆盖和无覆盖分别增加46.75%,72.31%和21.76%,间作毛苕子的吸氮量较间作箭筈豌豆增加25.26%。玉米收获期,各处理玉米带、牧草（裸露）带0～140cm土壤硝态氮累积量均低于牧草收获期,无论牧草收获期还是玉米收获期,单作玉米的玉米带、裸露带土壤硝态氮累积量均低于间作玉米。玉米收获期,普通地膜覆盖和生物可降解地膜覆盖的玉米带0~140cm土壤硝态氮累积量较无覆盖分别显著增加32.87%和27.82%,普通地膜覆盖的牧草（裸露）带0～140cm土壤硝态氮累积量较生物可降解地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和无覆盖分别增加9.17%、6.07%和35.45%。     

根系分隔方式下紫花苜蓿/燕麦间作氮素利用及种间互馈特征研究

为探明紫花苜蓿/燕麦间作下种间氮营养竞争和互馈，试验采用桶栽土培法对紫花苜蓿和燕麦进行模拟间作，通过不同生育期、不同氮素水平及不同根系分隔方式对紫花苜蓿和燕麦的氮代谢特性、根系特性及紫花苜蓿结瘤特性进行研究。结果表明：燕麦氮代谢特性、根系特性及紫花苜蓿结瘤特性在各生育期和氮素水平下表现为不分隔>尼龙网分隔>塑料分隔≥单作，且差异显著。紫花苜蓿的氮代谢酶活性、氮含量、氮积累量在现蕾期和初花期时均表现为单作显著大于不分隔和尼龙网分隔（P<0.05），根系平均直径和根系体积在各生育期和氮素水平下表现为单作>塑料分隔>尼龙网分隔>不分隔，且单作显著大于不分隔。在两个氮素水平下，各生育期的紫花苜蓿和燕麦的氮代谢酶活性、干物质重、氮含量、氮积累量、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积、根系活力均表现为N₂₁₀（施氮水平）>N₂₁（不施氮水平），而紫花苜蓿总根瘤重、总根瘤数、有效根瘤数、有效/根瘤数均表现为N₂₁₀21，且在初花期时不同根系分隔方式间的差距最大。因此，在紫花苜蓿/燕麦间作体系中，种间根系互作越紧密，越有利于燕麦根系的生长和根系活力的提高，增强燕麦氮同化能力，促进紫花苜蓿结瘤固氮并将由此产生的氮素部分继续转移给燕麦，增强间作系统中种间氮营养的互补利用，以达到紫花苜蓿/燕麦间作体系内的种间氮营养高效回馈，从而有效提高了间作体系中氮素的利用效率；且适宜氮素的添加和生育期的推进，使得种间根系互作不断加强，加强了种间氮素的互补利用，促进其间作体系内氮素的高效利用。     

生物炭对紫花苜蓿/玉米间作系统氮吸收的影响

施加生物炭有利于提高土壤氮素吸收利用效率。本研究通过田间试验,明确施加生物炭对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)/玉米(Zea mays L.)间作系统氮吸收的影响。试验共有6个处理：玉米单作(M),苜蓿单作(A),玉米/苜蓿间作(MA),间作均施生物炭(McAc),间作仅玉米施生物炭(McA),间作仅苜蓿施生物炭(MAc)。结果表明：不同间作处理土地当量比(Land equivalent ratio, LER)均大于1,McAc的LER最高;与MA相比,施加生物炭可显著提高紫花苜蓿及玉米单株地上部氮含量,且McAc的土壤碱解氮含量提高24.95%,根表面积密度增加34.23%～275.72%,进而提高了根系吸收氮素的能力。综上,施加生物炭可以提高土壤碱解氮含量和增加植物根表面积密度,提高紫花苜蓿/玉米间作氮吸收,进而提高作物产量。相比于玉米,施加生物炭对紫花苜蓿效果良好,紫花苜蓿和玉米都施加生物炭效果最好。     

燕麦间作箭筈豌豆效应对后作产量的影响

2006-2007年,对燕麦(Avena sativa L.)与箭筈豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)不同间作比例下的产量和氮素营养特点进行研究。结果表明:间作对燕麦产量的影响极显著(P<0.01),对箭筈豌豆产草量影响较小:燕麦与箭筈豌豆按3:1间作土地当量比大于1,具有明显产量优势(P<0.05),2006和2007年间作燕麦产量分别比单作提高12.2%和16.8%;燕麦植株的含量氮提高了1.6%~6.8%;间作后茬复种燕麦产量极显著高于连作(P<0.01),其产量是连作燕麦的1.1~1.5倍,但处理间差异不显著。说明燕麦与箭筈豌豆间作,可改善土壤肥力,为后茬作物生产提供养分基础。     

祁连山区轮作对燕麦土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响

【目的】通过燕麦与油菜、箭筈豌豆、青稞、大麦等作物轮作，研究该种植模式对土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量的影响。【方法】在山丹马场连续 3 年种植燕麦的地块上，设 6 个处理，分别种植箭筈豌豆、燕麦+箭筈豌豆、油菜、青稞、大麦、燕麦，研究不同处理下土壤酶活性及微生物数量的变化情况。 【结果】土壤酶活性随土层加深而逐渐下降，轮作较连作显著提高了土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性；燕麦与豆科轮作的土壤酶活性明显高于它与禾本科轮作，其中以燕麦-箭筈豌豆轮作效果最显著，开花期 0~20 cm 土层土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性较连作分别增加了 55. 92%、 20. 36% 和 51. 47%。轮作也显著增加了土壤微生物数量，其中燕麦→箭筈豌豆处理下增幅最大，0~ 10、10~20 和 20~30cm 土层土壤细菌数量较连作分别增加了 23. 34%、16. 51% 和 38. 92%（P＜0. 05）； 真菌数量分别增加了 110%、135. 29% 和 150%；放线菌数量分别增加 112. 65%、107. 41% 和 175. 38%。【结论】燕麦与豆科轮作对土壤酶活性和微生物数量的提高幅度显著大于它与禾本科轮作。 在祁连山区燕麦生产中，燕麦与箭筈豌豆轮作有望修复连作障碍，改善土壤环境。     

饲用玉米━多花黑麦草种植系统——饲用玉米氮素通量与氮素平衡

对成都平原典型代表区饲用玉米(Zea mays)-多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)种植系统(简称CIS系统)内氮素需求、转移、利用、通量与氮素平衡进行了分析。结果表明,不施氮条件下饲用玉米地上部生物量和氮素累积量分别达26 756.82和317.39 kg·hm^-2,与施氮条件下相比差异不显著。施氮改变土壤氮含量,影响了饲用玉米在不同生育期地上部和根系的干物质和氮素累积,但不影响收获期最终干物质和氮素累积;不同处理条件下,饲用玉米生长期内土壤(0-50 cm)氮素矿化量(283.34 kg·hm^-2)和播前土壤矿质氮量(139.58 kg·hm^-2)是饲用玉米氮素需求主要供给来源,分别占不施氮条件下氮素有效累积(地上植株和根系)的86.53%和42.50%;施氮(纯氮246.30 kg·hm^-2)条件下,氮素吸收效率、氮肥利用率和氮肥表观利用率分别为0.49 kg·kg^-1、5.95%和5.45%;土壤氮素残留和其它损失是氮素转移的主要途径,分别占氮肥总量的41.60%和51.44%,氮素地表径流、淋溶及其它损失分别是不施氮条件下的13.17倍、16.67%和46.92倍。     

两种形态氮素及其配比对颠茄生长和氮代谢的影响

本研究采用砂培、浇灌营养液方法种植颠茄(Atropa belladonna),研究不同铵硝配比(0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25、100∶0)在不同处理时间(7、14、21、28d)对颠茄干重、叶绿素和主要含氮化合物含量以及氮代谢关键酶活性的影响,为颠茄的合理施肥、科学种植提供理论依据。结果表明,颠茄叶片叶绿素、游离氨基酸(FAA)及可溶性蛋白(SP)含量随铵态氮比例增加而升高,其中叶绿素、FAA含量在铵硝比75∶25时最高,SP含量在铵硝比50∶50时最高,但这种影响在不同处理时间表现并不相同;整个处理期内,全硝营养下颠茄地上部和地下部干重明显高于铵硝混合处理及全铵处理,且叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性较高,硝态氮含量也最高。综上,增加硝态氮含量能够促进颠茄干物质的积累以及NR和GS活性,合理补充铵态氮则能提高叶片叶绿素、FAA及SP含量,因此铵硝结合供氮且铵硝配比为25∶75更有利于颠茄的生长和氮素代谢。     

内源异黄酮对紫花苜蓿结瘤固氮及氮效率的调控研究北大核心CSCD

为探究紫花苜蓿体内异黄酮与结瘤固氮及氮效率的关系,以紫花苜蓿品种中氮高效的"LW6010"和氮低效的陇东苜蓿为材料,采用室内营养液砂培,设5个氮素水平,研究了不同氮效率紫花苜蓿的异黄酮含量和固氮特性以及异黄酮合酶(IFS)和结瘤信号传递通路基因(nod)的表达。结果表明:紫花苜蓿的异黄酮含量与根瘤数、单株总根瘤重以及单株固氮潜力的相关性显著,并且在低氮胁迫时紫花苜蓿的异黄酮含量以及根瘤数、单株总根瘤重和单株固氮潜力均显著上升。另外,还发现:氮高效的"LW6010"紫花苜蓿在氮胁迫时,茎叶和根系中上调的IFS基因数量和上调幅度均大于氮低效的陇东苜蓿,因此促进了nod基因的高表达,最终提高了氮效率。综上所述,1)紫花苜蓿的结瘤固氮与异黄酮含量显著正相关,在外源氮素浓度改变时,紫花苜蓿能通过茎叶和根系中不同IFS基因的表达提高体内异黄酮含量,从而刺激nod基因表达来促进结瘤和提高单株固氮潜力;2)紫花苜蓿体内异黄酮含量的差异是决定其氮效率高低的重要原因,氮高效紫花苜蓿在氮胁迫时通过多个IFS基因的高表达促进异黄酮合成,进而刺激结瘤固氮,从而表现出氮高效。     

Effects of nitrogen forms on growth and nitrogen assimilation and utilization of Buchloe dactyloides北大核心CSCD

This research explored the nitrogen (N) uptake preference of Buchloe dactyloides, in order to improve the management of this species over the whole growth cycle. The experiment included two cultivars of B. dactyloides (‘Sundancer’ and ‘Texoka’) and four different N regimes (N0: No N as the control, N1: Urea, N2: Nitrate N, N3: Ammonium N and N4: a 1:1 mixture of nitrate N and ammonium N). The rate of N applied was 500 mg N·kg soil–1 in each case. It was found that total N content, root nitrate reductase (NR) activity, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and shoot glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity of B. dactyloides were significantly improved by adding mixed N (P<0.05). Shoot nitrate N content of B. dactyloides was significantly improved by adding nitrate N (P<0.05). Root nitrate N and ammonium N contents of B. dactyloides were significantly improved by adding urea (P<0.05). The shoot ammonium N content and NR activity of B. dactyloides were significantly improved by adding ammonium N (P<0.05). Shoot GS activity of B. dactyloides was significantly reduced by adding ammonium N (P<0.05). Root GOGAT activity of B. dactyloides was significantly reduced by adding nitrate N (P<0.05). Mixed N can better improve the physiological activity and promote the growth of B. dactyloides, but single nitrogen source will inhibit some nitrogen assimilase activity. Based on these results, it is recommended that 1:1 mixed nitrogen should be used as the nitrogen source in the production of B. dactyloides. Where the ammonium:nitrate is not 1:1, urea should be used as the nitrogen source. © 2022 Editorial Office of Acta Prataculturae Sinica. All rights reserved.     

Manipulation of nitrogen digestion by sheep using defaunation and various nitrogen supplementation regimens

Five ruminally, duodenally, and ileally cannulated sheep (average BW 62 kg) were fed 65% roughage: 35% concentrate diets (CP = 15%) in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to study the applicability of using a combination of defaunation with N supplements (soybean meal [SBM], corn gluten meal [CGM], blood meal [BM], urea, and casein) with different extents of ruminal degradation to manipulate microbial protein synthesis and amount of ruminal escape protein. Diets were fed twice daily (1,759 g DM/d). Defaunation was accomplished with 30-ml doses of alkanate 3SL3 (active ingredient: sodium lauryl diethoxy sulfate)/sheep daily for 3 d with 2 d of fasting. Treatment 1 (control) involved feeding faunated sheep a diet in which the supplemental N (45% of total dietary N) was 67% SBM N and 33% urea N. Treatment 2 involved feeding defaunated sheep the same diet as the control. Treatments 3, 4, and 5 involved feeding defaunated sheep diets in which the supplemental N source was either 67% CGM-BM (1:1 N ratio) N:33% urea N, or 33% CGM-BM N:67% urea N or 33% CGM-BM N:33% urea N:33% casein N, respectively. Compared with the faunated control, defaunation decreased (P less than .05) ruminal ammonia concentration (19 vs 26 mg/dl) and increased (P less than .05) CP flow to the duodenum (253 vs 214 g/d) due to a trend for increases in both bacterial (BCP) and nonbacterial (NBCP) CP flows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization and dried distillers grains supplementation: nitrogen use efficiency

In a 3-yr study, 135 crossbred steers (330 ± 10 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate corn dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) fed to yearling steers as a substitute for forage and N fertilizer and its effect on N use efficiency in yearling steers grazing smooth bromegrass pastures. Steers were initially stocked at 6.8 animal unit months (AUM)/ha on nonfertilized smooth bromegrass pastures (CONT), at 9.9 AUM/ha on smooth bromegrass pastures fertilized with 90 kg of N/ha (FERT), or at 9.9 AUM/ha on nonfertilized smooth bromegrass pastures with 2.3 kg (DM) of DDGS supplemented daily per steer (SUPP). Paddock was the experimental unit, with 3 replications per treatment per year for 3 yr. Paddocks were strip-grazed, and put-and-take cattle were used to maintain similar grazing pressure among treatment paddocks during the 160-d grazing season. Steers consumed less forage (P < 0.01), but total N intake for SUPP was greater (P < 0.01) per steer and per hectare than for FERT, and both were greater (P < 0.01) than for CONT. Nitrogen retention for steers in the SUPP treatment was increased (P < 0.01) by 31% compared with N retention in the CONT and FERT treatments. Nitrogen retention per hectare for SUPP was 30 and 98% greater (P < 0.01) than N retention per hectare for FERT and CONT, respectively. Nitrogen excretion per steer and per hectare were also greater (P < 0.01) for SUPP than FERT, and both were increased (P < 0.01) compared with CONT. Animal N use efficiency was similar (P = 0.29) for steers in the CONT, FERT, and SUPP treatments. However, system-based N use improved (P < 0.01) by 144% for SUPP compared with FERT. The DDGS increased N intake and N excretion in yearling steers. However, because of improvements in BW gain and increases in stocking rate of pastures, DDGS can be a useful tool to increase the efficiency of N use in smooth bromegrass grazing systems.     

Effect of nitrogen intake on nitrogen recycling and urea transporter abundance in lambs

Urea recycling in ruminants has been studied extensively in the past, but the mechanisms regulating the amount of urea recycled or excreted remain obscure. To elucidate the role of urea transporters (UT) in N recycling, nine Dorset-Finn ewe lambs (20.8 +/- 0.8 kg) were fed diets containing 15.5, 28.4, and 41.3 g of N/kg of DM for 25 d. Nitrogen balance and urea N kinetics were measured during the last 3 d of the period. Animals were then slaughtered and mucosa samples from the rumen, duodenum, ileum, and cecum, as well as kidney medulla and liver, were collected. Increasing N intake tended to increase N balance quadratically (1.5, 5.1, and 4.4 +/- 0.86 g of N/d, P < 0.09), and linearly increased urinary N excretion (2.4, 10, and 16.5 +/- 0.86 g N/d, P < 0.001) and plasma urea N concentration (4.3, 20.3, and 28.4 +/- 2.62 mg of urea N/dL, P < 0.001), but did not affect fecal N excretion (5.0 +/- 0.5 g of N/d; P < 0.94). Urea N production (2.4, 11.8, and 19.2 +/- 0.83 g of N/d; P < 0.001) and urinary urea N excretion (0.7, 7.0, and 13.4 +/- 0.73 g N/d; P < 0.001) increased linearly with N intake, as well as with the urea N recycled to the gastrointestinal tract (1.8, 4.8, and 5.8 +/- 0.40 g of N/d, P < 0.001). No changes due to N intake were observed for creatinine excretion (518 +/- 82.4 mg/d; P < 0.69) and clearance (46 +/- 10.7 mL/min; P < 0.56), but urea N clearance increased linearly with N intake (14.9, 24.4, and 34.9 +/- 5.9 mL/min; P < 0.04). Urea N reabsorption by the kidney tended to decrease (66.3, 38.5, 29.1 +/- 12.6%; P < 0.06) with increasing N content of the diet. Increasing the level of N intake increased linearly the weight of the liver as a proportion of BW (1.73, 1.88, and 2.22 +/- 0.15%, P < 0.03) but only tended to increase the weight of the kidneys (0.36, 0.37, and 0.50 +/- 0.05%, P < 0.08). Urea transporter B was present in all the tissues analyzed, but UT-A was detected only in kidney medulla, liver, and duodenum. Among animals on the three diets, no differences (P > 0.10) in UT abundance, quantified by densitometry, were found. Ruminal-wall urease activity decreased linearly (P < 0.02) with increasing level of N intake. Urease activity in duodenal, ileal, and cecal mucosa did not differ from zero (P > 0.10) in lambs on the high-protein diet. In the present experiment, urea transporter abundance in the kidney medulla and the gastrointestinal tract did not reflect the increase in urea-N reabsorption by the kidney and transferred into the gut.     

施氮对武功山山地草甸土壤氮素含量、根系生长及氮素吸收的影响

本研究以武功山草甸为研究对象,采用随机区组试验设计,研究不同施氮水平(N0:不施氮;N_1:施氮量75kg·hm-2;N_2:施氮量150kg·hm-2;N_3:施氮量300kg·hm-2)下草甸土壤氮素时空变化规律和草甸植被根系形态特征及其对氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:土壤碱解氮含量随着施氮量的增加而增加(P0.05),各施氮处理土壤碱解氮含量随时间推移呈先升高后降低的趋势,并在7-9月间平均值降到最低(N0:111.7 mg·kg~(-1);N_1:140.6mg·kg~(-1);N_2:162.7mg·kg~(-1);N_3:1 169.0mg·kg~(-1));各处理0-20cm土层根系生物量密度由高到低依次为N_3(10.27mg·cm~(-3))N_2(10.02mg·cm~(-3))N_1(8.0mg·cm~(-3))N0(6.28mg·cm~(-3)),根长密度由高到低依次为N_3(20.1cm·cm~(-3))N_2(20.09cm·cm~(-3))N_1(17.2cm·cm~(-3))N0(14.3cm·cm~(-3)),其中N0、N_1和N_2这3个处理差异显著(P0.05);在0-150kg·hm-2的施氮范围内,根系对氮素的积累(N0:13.7kg·hm-2;N_1:23.3kg·hm-2;N_2:31.2kg·hm-2)随着施氮量的增加而显著增加(P0.05)。因此,在武功山草甸施用氮肥时应注意其氮肥施用量(推荐施氮范围为0-150kg·hm-2),避免氮素流失引起环境污染及资源浪费。     

Optical chlorophyll measurements as predictors of total nitrogen,nitrogen fractions and in vitro ruminal nitrogen degradability in tropical grass forages

This study evaluated whether the FieldScout CM 1000 NDVI and Yara N–Tester models can produce accurate and reliable estimates of nitrogen (N), buffer-soluble nitrogen (BSN), buffer-insoluble nitrogen (BISN), non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and in vitro ruminal nitrogen degradability after 3, 12 and 24?h incubation (ND3, ND12 and ND24) in three tropical grasses: Brachiaria hybrid, Megathyrsus maximus and Paspalum atratum. Correlation between the Yara N-Tester and N, BISN and in vitro ruminal N degradability of the Brachiaria hybrid and M. maximus were high (r 0.67–0.83). The Yara N-Tester accounted for 81% and 86% (p 0.000) of N variability in the Brachiaria hybrid and M. maximus, respectively. The Yara N-Tester prediction models explained 72% and 70% (p 0.000) BISN variability in the Brachiaria hybrid and M. maximus, respectively. In vitro ND24 of the Brachiaria hybrid (R?2 0.75) and M. maximus (R?2 0.75) was also best predicted with the Yara N-Tester. Model validation showed generally low (≤0.90) concordance correlation coefficients except for Yara N-Tester N and ND24 in M. maximus. Random error was the main source of error. We conclude that the accuracy of the Yara N-Tester prediction models was superior to that of the FieldScout CM 1000 NDVI models, and that the Yara N-Tester can produce accurate and reliable estimates of Brachiaria hybrid and M. maximus N and M. maximus ND24.     

施氮水平对甜高粱硝酸盐含量和氮素利用特性的影响

试验采用完全随机区组设计,分别于2009和2010年在华东农区生态条件下进行田间试验,研究不同施氮水平(0,100,200,300,400,500kg N/hm2)对大力士甜高粱硝酸盐积累,粗蛋白含量和氮素利用特性的影响。结果表明,随着生育期的推进,植株地上部硝酸盐含量不断降低,相比于叶片,茎秆更有利于硝酸盐的积累。随着施氮水平的提高,粗蛋白生产效率(CPPE),氮素干物质生产效率(NDMPE),干物质生产效率(DMPE)和表观回收率(NARR)逐渐下降,说明施氮量越高,氮素利用越低,损失越大。粗蛋白(crude protein,CP)和游离氨基酸(free amino acid,FAA)含量均随施氮量的增加而增加,但FAA的增幅低于CP,施氮量为500kg N/hm2时,CP的平均增幅为6.11%,FAA的平均增幅为2.99%,说明施氮虽然增加了植株CP含量,但优质蛋白质比例下降。施氮提高了甜高粱硝酸盐含量,施氮量大于400kg N/hm2时,甜高粱硝酸盐含量大于0.2%,青饲时易导致家畜硝酸盐中毒。综合考虑,大力士甜高粱在华东农区较为适宜的施氮量为200~300kg N/hm2,既可满足对甜高粱高产优质的需求,提高氮素的利用效率,又可减少氮素流失和对土壤及地下水的污染。